Cellular Concepts: Engr. Naveed Jan
Cellular Concepts: Engr. Naveed Jan
Cellular Concepts: Engr. Naveed Jan
CELLULAR CONCEPTS
Engr. Naveed Jan
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
Mobility in real terms is the effectiveness
of same equipment & services
irrespective of an area (geographical
location).
Communication means interaction of
two entities or devices .
3
What is BTS
What is CELL
Cell is a geographical area in which a clear radio Signal from
one BTS can be sensed.
12
Area of a Hexagon
What is the Area of hexagon in terms of R???
Hint:
s=R
R
sh
13
Frequency Reuse
Each cell is assigned a part of the available
frequency spectrum.
Cellular radio systems offer the possibility of
using the same part of the frequency spectrum
more than once.
This is called frequency reuse.
Cells with identical channel frequencies are called
co-channel cells.
The co-channel cells have to be sufficiently
separated to avoid interference.
14
15
n = nc * N
If a cluster is replicated M times within the system
C = M * nc *N = M * n
The capacity of cellular system is directly proportional
to the number of times a cluster is replicated
16
18
N = i2 + ij + j2
where i greater than or equal to j.
19
20
21
23
24
Prove by yourself !
D
25
Co-Channel Interference
Co -channel interference depends on D/R.
D - distance between cells using the same
frequency.
R - radius of each cell.
As D/R increases, co-channel interference
decreases.
27
28
30
31
Level at A and B
user moving
Handover Cntd.......
A handover is performed in three stages.
1. The mobile station (MS) continuously gathers
information of the received signal level of the base
station (BS) with which it is connected, and of all
other BTSs it can detect.
2. This information is then averaged to filter out fastfading effects. The averaged data is then passed on
to the decision algorithm, which decides if it will
request a handover to another station.
3. When it decides to do so, handover is executed by
both the old BS and the MS, resulting in a
connection to the new BS.
35
Handover Cntd.......
To prevent handover resulting from
temporary fluctuations in the received
signal level, the measurements must be
averaged.
Longer averaging lengths give more reliable
handover decisions, but also result in longer
handover delays.
So its a bit of a trade-off between handover
rate & handover delay
36
Dwell Time
The time over which a call may be maintained
within a cell, without handoff, is called the
dwell time.
Even when a mobile user is stationary,
ambient motion in the vicinity of the base
station and the mobile can produce fading.
Thus even a stationary subscriber may have a
random and finite dwell time.
The statistics of dwell time vary greatly,
depending on the speed of the user and the
type of radio coverage.
37
42
43
Cell Splitting
48
Cell Sectoring
Sectoring increases the SIR so that the cluster size may
be reduced.
In this approach, first the SIR is improved using the
directional antennas, then capacity improvement is
achieved by reducing the number of cells in the cluster,
thus increasing the frequency reuse.
49
No sectorization
Sectorization implemented
51
52
55
56
57
58
61
62
64
65
Cell
B1
Cell
C1
Cell
A2
Cell
B2
Cell
C2
Cell
A3
Cell
B3
Cell
C3
1
10
19
28
2
11
20
29
3
12
21
30
4
13
22
31
5
14
23
32
6
15
24
33
7
16
25
34
8
17
26
35
9
18
27
36
Cell
A1
Cell
B1
Cell
C1
Cell
D1
Cell
A2
Cell
B2
Cell
C2
Cell
D2
Cell
A3
Cell
B3
Cell
C3
Cell
D3
1
13
25
2
14
26
3
15
27
4
16
28
5
17
29
6
18
30
7
19
31
8
20
32
9
21
33
10
22
34
11
23
35
12
24
36
66
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: