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    Lecture 4

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    Neo Chan
    Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are the largest and most economically important group of land plants. They have several key distinguishing features, including flowers with specialized reproductive structures, fruits that develop from ovaries, and double fertilization that produces triploid endosperm. Angiosperms were highly successful and rapidly diversified after first appearing 125 million years ago, becoming the dominant type of land plant. They exhibit a wide variety of growth forms from very small aquatic herbs to massive trees over 100 meters tall.

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    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    Neo Chan
    82 views32 pages
    Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are the largest and most economically important group of land plants. They have several key distinguishing features, including flowers with specialized reproductive structures, fruits that develop from ovaries, and double fertilization that produces triploid endosperm. Angiosperms were highly successful and rapidly diversified after first appearing 125 million years ago, becoming the dominant type of land plant. They exhibit a wide variety of growth forms from very small aquatic herbs to massive trees over 100 meters tall.

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    Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are the largest and most economically important group of land plants. They have several key distinguishing features, including flowers with specialized reproductive structures, fruits that develop from ovaries, and double fertilization that produces triploid endosperm. Angiosperms were highly successful and rapidly diversified after first appearing 125 million years ago, becoming the dominant type of land plant. They exhibit a wide variety of growth forms from very small aquatic herbs to massive trees over 100 meters tall.

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    82 views32 pages

    Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    Neo Chan
    Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are the largest and most economically important group of land plants. They have several key distinguishing features, including flowers with specialized reproductive structures, fruits that develop from ovaries, and double fertilization that produces triploid endosperm. Angiosperms were highly successful and rapidly diversified after first appearing 125 million years ago, becoming the dominant type of land plant. They exhibit a wide variety of growth forms from very small aquatic herbs to massive trees over 100 meters tall.

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    Apomorphy vs Synapomorphy

    All these terms have to do with identifying organisms,


    called taxa, into "family trees", according to identifying
    traits or characteristics.
    Synapomorphy: a trait share by 2 or more taxa and their
    most recent common ancestor. Derived from an
    apomorphy. Within the group which shares the apomorphy
    it can be synapomorphy (shared) between the two.
    Plesiomorphy: A characteristic shared by 2 or more taxa
    also found in their earliest common ancestor. Close
    form-ancestral state. Characteristic state that is found at
    the base of a tree. Since a plesiomorphy inherited from the
    common ancestor may appear anywhere in a tree, its
    presence provides no evidence of relationships within the
    tree. They should not be used to define a group in a
    system based on phylogeny
    Apomorphy: A characteristic believed to have evolved
    within a family tree; can be used to separate one group
    from the other. A derived state that has evolved within the
    tree. Used to separate one group in the tree from the rest.

    Modern Phylogenies
    Based on DNA sequence data and/or
    morphology
    Monophyletic groups are the goal

    What is Systematics or Why Study


    Systematics?
    Taxonom
    y

    Phylogenetics
    Biosystematics

    adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify


    rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms,
    particularly when a change in the environment makes new
    resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new
    environmental niches

    Flowering Plants: Titles

    Class Angiospermae

    Class Angiospermae : Flowering Plants


    Angio = vessel refers to the ovary which develops
    into fruit. separates from Gymnosperms (seed)
    Angiosperms are the largest group of plants with an
    estimated 350,000-400,000 species divided into
    more than 400 families (6 x the number of species of ALL
    other plant groups combined!)

    The class is the most recently evolved major group of


    plants, first appearing in the fossil record during the
    lower Cretaceous Period about 125 mya
    Major radiation lead to global distribution around 95 mya
    Angiosperms quickly became the dominant plant

    Although gymnosperms continued to rule in cold, dry, or


    sandy habitats, as they still do today

    # of families

    Regardless of the origin of the angiosperms, by the


    end of the Cretaceous (65-70 million years after their
    first appearance) most flowering plant families had
    evolved

    Seedless
    vascular
    plants

    Gymnosperms
    dominate

    Evolution of Plant Biodiversity


    Angiosperms
    First
    gymnosperms

    Angiosperms are flowering


    plants.

    They have true roots, stems, leaves


    and flowers...
    Angiosperms are more highly
    evolved than the algae, mosses,
    fungi and ferns. Their advanced
    structures allow angiosperms to
    thrive on land.

    Flowering Plants LargestAngiosperms


    group of Land Plants!

    Most important economically!


    Apomorphies:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.

    Flowers
    Carpels
    Fruits
    Double fertilization with triploid
    endosperm
    5. Specialized conductive cells
    Set of diagnostic features: ovary wall, double fertilization,
    distinct leaf venation, distinct pollen wall traits, shared
    arrangement of flower parts, highly reduced male and
    female gametophytes, and DNA sequences

    Rem

    Class Angiospermae: Flowering Plants


    Flowering plants have traditionally been treated as
    the Class Angiospermae
    Flowering plants are vascular plants that are
    members of the large Division (Phylum)
    Tracheophyta
    Most textbooks during the past 20 years have treated
    flowering plants as Division Magnoliophyta

    Growth Forms of Flowering Plants


    Trees, shrubs and herbs ranging in size from less
    than 1 mm (0.001 m) to more than 125 m in height
    Sometimes it is hard to tell what the grow form is,
    i.e., tall shrubs, rather woody herbs

    Tree: Maple

    Shrub: Lilac

    Herb: Cress Century Plant

    Big and Small


    Flowering Plants
    flower

    aquatic herb: Duckweed, 0.5-2 mm


    wide

    tree: Eucalyptus, up to 125 m tall (Could


    stand up to 300m)

    Stamens
    and a Style

    Flowering duckweed plant

    Leaf Variation in Flowering Plants

    Introduction
    Charcteristics of Angiosperms
    1. Flower parts
    2. Fruits
    3. Pollen (fertilization)
    4. Leaves
    Why have Angiosperms been so successful?
    Reproductive structures of angiosperms are
    called flowers
    A flower is a highly modified shoot bearing
    special appendages (modified leaves) bearing 1

    Flowers have up to 3 main parts


    Perianth (outer protective and or colourful
    structures attracts pollinators)
    Androecium (pollen producing structures
    -male)
    Gynoecium (ovule producing structure
    female)

    Basic Floral Morphology

    Four whorls of flower: calyx, corolla, androecium


    (male house), gynoecium (female house)

    Basic Floral Morphology

    Perianth most flowers have a perianth of 2 discrete whorls or parts: an


    outer calyx and an inner corolla. The calyx is usually green and
    photosynthetic composed of leaf-like sepals (Calyx usually for protection)
    Corolla is colourful, showy, has odour and composed of petals

    Collectively
    Sepals form the calyx
    Petals form the corolla
    Both form perianth

    Various Perianth Types


    Outer tepal is
    under inner
    tepal

    A. Typical showing two distinct whorls, sepals and corolla


    or petals.
    B. Two whorls in some flowering plants but the inner
    and outer whorl of the perianth are not differentiated
    from each other and look like each other in colour and
    texture. In this case the term tepal is used and the
    sepals are the outer tepal and corolla inner tepals
    C. Perianth arranged from sepal like structures on

    Basic Floral Morphology

    Stamens male reproductive organ of a flower. Stalk known as a


    filament
    Pollen bearing part known as Anther
    Some cases the stamen lacks a filament and the anther is attached
    directly to the rest of flower called sessile

    Contains microsporangia

    Basic Floral Morphology

    Carpel (pistil) has 3 regions. Pollen-receptive stigma, a


    connecting style and the hollow ovary with one or more
    ovules. The ovules will develop into seeds after

    Flowers with all 4 whorls (calyx, corolla,


    androecium (male house), gynoecium
    (female house) of these parts are called
    Complete
    If at least the androecium and gynoecium are
    present the flower is termed bisexual or perfect
    (most)
    If one or more of these whorls are missing the
    flower is unisexual or imperfect

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