Hydro Powerplant
Hydro Powerplant
Hydro Powerplant
Proponents:
Alcedo, Armand Lois A.
Baluyot, Nikka M.
Lopez, Kim P.
Marges, John Roby F.
Ponteras, Jeric O.
Tenerife, Darren M.
Introduction
CHAPTER 1
In this modern world, the demand for electricity goes higher and
higher. Water energy has been the most widely used form of
renewable energy for the production of electricity. With todays
emphasis on environmental considerations and conservation of
fossil fuels, other renewable resources are being used to employ
the energy sources of the sun and the earth for electricity
generation. Some of these resources that represent a viable
alternative to fossil fuels are solar power, wind power, geothermal,
biomass, and tidal power. The aspiration for bulk generation of
power in the future is nuclear fusion. If nuclear fusion is harnessed
economically, it would provide clean energy from an abundant
source of fuel, namely water.
Harnessing
HYDROPOWER
Electricity generated by hydro power.
Non Polluting
The Philippines has many rivers, lakes, waterfalls, irrigation
canals, springs, ponds and other water bodies that have vast
hydropower potential. Depending on the volume and kinetic energy
of the falling or running water many of these water sources are
technically feasible for development of micro- mini- or large
hydropower projects.
Many places in the Philippines especially those in rural areas still
need a supply of electricity. Using such a renewable source of
energy like hydroelectric power plant, there need can be sustain.
Considering these facts, the proponents designed a
hydroelectric power plant which was proposed to be
located at Agno River in Kabayan, Benguet.
This is a solution to energy crisis suffered in the
country since the design will supply energy and
contribute to power generation in Philippine using our
own available resources.
Objectives of the Study
Kabayan, Benguet
Location: Nueva Vizcaya, Cagayan Valley, Philippines
Longitude: 120.826923
Pico
Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of
under 5 kW. It is useful in small, remote communities that require
only a small amount of electricity. A Pico-hydro setup is typically run-
of-the-river, meaning that dams are not used, but rather pipes divert
some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine
before returning it to the stream.
Typically headworks comprise a structure to raise the water
level to the desired elevation and a water intake structure to
safely divert water from the river course to the waterway. In
addition, headworks are designed to allow flood discharges to
pass without risking structural instability, safe scheme
operation, or upstream flooding.
Figure 2.3 Fixed-Overflow Weir
To raise the water level, a barrier is constructed a dam or a
weir that spans the cross-section of a river or a valley.
Methodology
(Technical Considerations)
CHAPTER 3
Gathered Data:
Latitude: 120.83 N
Longitude: 16.62 E
Elevation: 1320 m
Barometric Pressure: 86 KPa
Average Annual Rainfall = 3500 mm
Design Parameters:
gh = A (xs - x)
Given the following constant value in the said area
v = 3.11 m/s
xs = 0.01598 kg/kg
x = 0.0137 kg/kg
Sa = 19000000 m3
gh = ( 25 + 19 (3.11 m/s)) (1200000) ((0.01598 kg/kg) - (0.0137kg/kg))
= 230070.24 kg/hr
= 63.9084 kg/s , 1 mm rainfall = 1 kg/s
= 0.064 m rainfall
Annual Rainfall,m = 3.5 m 0.064 m = 3.436 m
Q=(Area,m^2 x (Annual Rainfall,m))/(time,sec)
Q=(190000000 m^2 x (3.436,m))/(365*24*3600 sec)
Q = 20.70 m3/s
B. Determination of the Net Head
A.1 Method of Determining the Gross Head
For Reaction (Francis) Turbine and Propeller (Kaplan),
gross head is the difference in elevation between the
headwater and tailwater.
where:
= elevation of headwater, m
= elevation of tailwater, m
A.1 Method of Determining the Net Head
Net Head is the effective head. It is the difference
between the gross head and friction head loss.
where:
= gross head, m
= head loss, m
For
= head loss, m
= + +
m
C. Length of Penstock
Method of Determining the Friction Loss
Friction Head Loss is expressed as a percentage of the gross head.
Using Darcys Equation:
where:
f = coefficient of friction
l = length of penstock,m
v = velocity, m/sec
g = gravity, 9.81 m/s
D = inside diameter, m
L = 187.6 m
D. Water Power
Pavailable = QHn
Pavailable = 20.7 (9.81) (222.31)
Pavailable = 45.14 MW
E. Specific Speed
Method of Determining the Specific Speed of Hydraulic Turbine
The specific speed in rpm at which the turbine impeller would operate if
reduced proportionally in size so as to deliver to the rated capacity of 1 unit
rate of volume.
In SI unit
,rpm
where:
= Brake Power, Kw
N = speed, rpm
= head, m
From Power Plant Theory and Design by Potter page 651 Fig 16-3
Hn= 202.31 m approx. 670ft
Type of Turbine: Francis Turbine
Ns = 21 rpm
F. Number of Blades and Buckets
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