Bio-Fuels in Energy Sector

- Production & Effective Use

What you will Learn

World Energy Scenario

Sustainable Energy
Bio-fuels:
Performance, Combustion, Emission
Advantages & Limitations
Research Directions
NEED FOR BIOFUEL RESEARCH

Depletion of petroleum reserves

The ever increasing demand for Petrol &

Diesel
one of the major fuel in automobile sector

Reducing harmful exhaust emissions for

human health safety and environment
protection

Sustainable Energy and Environment

Crude Oil Consumption
Bio-energy: a complex problem
Transportation Share of Emissions
CO
79%
NOx
53%
VOCs
44%
CO2
33%
Particulates
25%
Lead
13%
SO2
7%

Still a major contributor,

despite reductions in new
Source: EPA vehicle emissions achieved
over the last decade
Relative Greenhouse Gases
25 50 75 100

Zero or a Credit

Zero

Zero
TRENDS AND PATTERN OF
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
 Sector wise Total Commercial Energy Consumed
(in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
250000

in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent

200000

150000

100000

50000

Industry Transport Residential Agriculture Services 9

Sector wise Total Commercial Energy consumed in the form of Petroleum Products (in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
100000

90000

80000

70000

60000

50000
in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent
40000

30000

20000

10000

Industry Transport Residential Agriculture 10

Fuel mix in Total Energy Consumed by Indian Transport Sector
(in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
50000

45000

40000

35000

30000

25000
in thousand tonnes of oil equivalent
20000

15000

10000

5000

Coal Petroleum Products

Gas Electricity 11
Combustible renewable and waste
 Projections for Crude Oil, Diesel and Motor Gasoline
demand for India, in 2011, 2021 and 2031

Authors' calculations Planning Commission

Crude Oil
Petrol Diesel
Crude Oil Crude Diesel (Million Crude Petrol
(Millio (Millio
(Million Oil (Million tonnes of Oil (Million
Year n Year n
tonnes of oil (Million tonnes) oil (Million Tonnes)
Tonnes tonnes)
equivalent) tonnes) 30 % equivalen tonnes) 5%
)5% 30 %
t)

2011 145 142 43 7 2011 166 162 49 8

2021 267 261 78 13 2021 278 272 82 14

2031 492 481 144 24 2031 486 476 143 24

Notes: Crude Oil - 1.022 Million tonne of oil equivalent per tonne 12
Global biofuel production
Ethanol Production and Consumption

Production
Consumption
US Production
US Consumption

Volum e of Ethanol in Non-US

VolumEconom
e of Ethanol
ies in the US
(Millions of Liters in
(Millions
2008) of Liters in 2008)

Data Source: EIA,

2010
Biodiesel Production and Consumption

Production
Consumption
US
Production

Volum e of Biodiesel in Non-US

Volum
Econom
e of Biodiesel
ies in the US
(Millions of Liters in 2008)
(Millions of Liters in 2008)

Data Source: EIA,

2010
 Average Fuel Prices
Nationwide Average Price Nationwide Average Price Change in Units of
This Report Last Report (6/06) Price Measurement

Gasoline (Regular) $2.22 $2.84 ($0.62) per gallon

Diesel $2.62 $2.98 ($0.36) per gallon
CNG $1.77 $1.90 ($0.13) per GGE
Ethanol (E85) $2.11 $2.43 ($0.32) per gallon
Propane $2.33 $2.08 $0.25 per gallon
Biodiesel (B20) $2.66 $2.92 ($0.26) per gallon
Biodiesel (B2-B5) $2.75 $2.97 ($0.22) per gallon
Biodiesel (B99-B100) $3.31 $3.76 ($0.45) per gallon

Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, October 2006

 Average Fuel Prices
Nationwide Average Price Nationwide Average Price Change in Units of
This Report Last Report (6/06) Price Measurement

Gasoline (Regular) $2.22 $2.84 ($0.62) per gallon

Diesel $2.62 $2.98 ($0.36) per gallon
CNG $1.77 $1.90 ($0.13) per GGE
Ethanol (E85) $2.11 $2.43 ($0.32) per gallon
Propane $2.33 $2.08 $0.25 per gallon
Biodiesel (B20) $2.66 $2.92 ($0.26) per gallon
Biodiesel (B2-B5) $2.75 $2.97 ($0.22) per gallon
Biodiesel (B99-B100) $3.31 $3.76 ($0.45) per gallon

Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report, October 2006

 Alternative Fuel Prices

Source: Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Price Report, April 2009

Clean Cities / 29
 Alternative Fuel Prices

Source: Clean Cities Alternative Fuels Price Report, April 2009

Clean Cities / 30
Sustainability

Meetingtoday's needs for environmental stewardship, economic

prosperity, and quality of life without compromising future
generations' ability to meet these needs for themselves.

Sustainable Biofuel: Demonstrates environmental stewardship

across its lifecycle by maximizing net energy balance and
minimizing negative impacts on natural ecosystems, globally and
locally; Adds value, creates wealth, and enhances quality of life
for the entire community of stakeholders.
Sustainability
Environmen Society
t
Availability of
food, water, and
Air and
nutrients
water Social justice
quality Community Sustainabil
Biodiversity
empowerment
GHG ity
emissions
Production and
consumption
costs
Local economic
development
Balance of
Economy
payments
Potential Sustainability Benefits of Bio-
Environment
Fuels
Social
al benefits benefits
Energy

Opportuni
security
(socio-
ties to
political)
address Employmen Sustainabilit
GHG
t y
emissions
opportuniti
& air
es
quality Alternative
markets for
products
Rural
developmen Economic
t benefits
Potential Sustainability Costs of
Bio-Fuels
Environmental Social
costs costs
Carbon
Production
from land uses
use negative
change, labor
loss of practices
Stresses Sustainability
biodiversit
y or water, food,
increase in or land
GHG resources
emissions Fuels or
feedstocks
are more
expensive
than
Economic
alternatives
costs
Sustainable Biofuel
Criteria
Reduced GHG emissions compared to fossil fuels
Conserve carbon stocks
Avoid negative impacts on biodiversity &and eco-systems
Improve soil health and minimize degradation
Optimize water use and minimize contamination or depletion
Do not violate water rights
Minimize air pollution
Do not violate human or labor rights, ensure decent work and
well-being of workers
Contribute to the social and economic development of local,
rural and indigenous peoples/communities
Do not impair food security
Do not violate land rights
Cost-effectiveness and production efficiency
Follow all applicable laws of the country
Involve all relevant stakeholders
Feedstock-to-biofuel
pathways

Source: Delucchi, 2006

 OILVsHYDROGENVsETHANOL
Oil Hydrogen Biofuels
EnergySecurityRisk High Low Low

CostperMile Med MedHigh Low

InfrastructureCost VeryLow VeryHigh Low

TechnologyRisk VeryLow VeryHigh Low

EnvironmentalCost VeryHigh MedLow Low

ImplementationRisk VeryLow VeryHigh Low

PoliticalDifficulty ? High Low

TimetoImpact Veryhigh Low

Source: Khosla
 Bio-fuels Fact
Gasoline and diesel are actually
ancient Bio-fuels. But they are
known as fossil fuels because they
are made from decomposed plants
and animals that have been buried in
the ground for millions of years.

Bio-fuels are similar, except that

they're made from plants grown
today.
Reduction in GHG emissions compared with
fossil fuel emissions (percentage reduction if
positive)

Source: Bamire et al., 2007

 Bio-Fuels Production
Strategies

Grow sugar crops, or starch, and

then use yeast fermentation to
produce Ethanol.

Grow plants that naturally produce

oils such as algae or Jatropha. The
oils from these plants are chemically
processed to produce Biodiesel.
Bio-Fuels
Why Ethanol is Important?

Renewable fuel
Reduced pollution & green house gas
emissions
Does not pollute ground water
Cheaper to make & easy to use in
Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFV)
Supports local farmers
Reduces dependence on foreign oil
Can be made from any waste/unusable
portions of crops
 The Benefits of Ethanol
In 2004 U.S. ethanol use reduced CO2
equivalent GHG emissions by 7 million
tons.

Renewable and biodegradable

Net Energy Balance of 25% (good but not

great)

E85 emits 72% less CO2 per km than

gasoline.

U.S.A.
Leading
producer of
corn
ethanol (E-
85)

Corn E-85

U.S.produced 4.86 billion gallons in 2006

The cost for the production of each gallon $1.09
Brazil Sugar-Cane
Ethanol
Leading
producer
of cane
ethanol

Brazil produced 3.96 billion gallons

in 2005
Production cost of $0.86 per
The process of turning grain into
ethanol entails cooking,
fermentation and distillation.
Grain is milled, mixed with water
and cooked
Enzymes are added to the mixture
to convert starch to sugar
Yeast is added to start
fermentation of the sugars
Fermented mash is distilled to
produce ethanol
Ethanol Manufacturing
Process
World ethanol fuel
production
Forms of ethanol use in
different countries
Relative Performance of Ethanol
Engines

42
Comparative Raw Exhaust
Emission

43
Comparative Aldehyde
Emission

44
Comparative Evaporative
Emission

45
 The Disadvantages of
Ethanol
The ethics of using food for fuel

Production of large quantities of ethanol may

require increased deforestation.

Objectionable farming methods

- fertilizers, factory farming, etc.

Cannot be transported in pipelines

Potentially economically infeasible

Contains less energy than gas

 Ethanol is the main bio-fuel in the media right now
that political candidates and other media friendly
people are saying is a good solution. Its NOT the BEST
solution.
Its driving prices up
It is causing starvation in
other countries
It only reduces greenhouse
emissions by 12%
Corn grain ethanol returns
only 25% more energy
then used to produce it
Properties of the fuel blends

D80 C10 D70 COME10

Properties D E C
E10 E20

Kinematic Viscosity@
2 1.131 245 3.46 2.35
40C,cSt

Density @ 15C, gm/cc 0.83 0.79 0.965 0.837 0.827

Flash Point,C 50 13.5 230 14 11

Fire Point, C 56 - 242 17 14

Cetane Number 46 6 48 44.6 43.85

Net calorific value, MJ/kg 42.30 25.18 39.5 40.20 39.0

Vision for Transportation
A sustainable alternative fuel
infrastructure
Widespread availability of AFV and ATV
products
True acceptance of diverse fuels and
technologies in national/regional/local
transportation portfolios
Cost-competitive technologies and fuels
in a variety of markets
A diverse fuel supply for transportation
A change in societal norms leading to
demand for clean and efficient vehicles
Petroleum Displacement Strategies

Replace petroleum with alternative fuels

and low-level blends.

Reduce by promoting energy efficiency

in vehicles through advanced
technologies and more fuel efficient
vehicles.

Eliminate by promoting idle reduction,

greater use of mass transit, trip
elimination, and other congestion
mitigation approaches.

Clean Cities / 6
Alternative Transportation
Fuels
Electricity
Ethanol
Hydrogen
Methanol
Natural Gas
Compressed
Liquefied
Propane
100% Biodiesel
P-Series
Electric Vehicles
Low Emissions
Quiet
At least 4% of
new vehicles Expensive
sold in Limited Range
California
starting in
2003 must be
EVs

Ford Ranger Toyota RAV4

Ethanol Vehicles
Low GHGs
Less Reactive
Subsidy Required to
be Cost
Competitive
Few Refueling
Stations but
Numbers Increasing

Ford Taurus Ford Ranger Chrysler Minivan

 Ford Crown Victoria

Natural Gas Vehicles Ford F-150

Very Low Limited Range,

Emissions but Adequate
Good for Most
Performance Applications
Lower Cost Few Refueling
Fuel Stations
Higher Cost
Vehicle

Honda Civic New Flyer D40 LF Bus

Propane Vehicles
Low Emissions
Good
Performance
Cost Similar to Few Typical
Gasoline Refueling Stations,
Many Potential
Places to Refuel
Higher Vehicle Cost

Ford F-150 Ford Club Wagon

Alternative Fuel Vehicle
- R&D
Challenges
EV Batteries
Ethanol Production from Cellulose
Reduce Natural Gas and Propane
Vehicle Cost
Expand Refueling Infrastructure
Hydrogen Production (for Fuel Cell
Vehicles)
Potential Future AFV
Technology
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Vehicles
High Efficiency Direct Injection Engines
for Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Fuel Cell Ford Focus Fuel Cell Mercedes A-Class

Hybrid Passenger Cars

DOE programs have spurred

interest in hybrid vehicle
technologies
Two models currently
available
Toyota Prius (48 mpg) Toyota Prius

Honda Insight (64 mpg)

Potential for very low
emissions
Good potential for petroleum
conservation

Honda Insight
What is Better?
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