Ch5 Runoff Final1

Engineering Hydrology
(ECIV 4323)
CHAPTER FIVE
Runoff
Overland
flow
interflow
Saturated
overland
Instructors: flow
Base flow
Dr. Yunes Mogheir

Dr. Ramadan Al Khatib
1
5.1 Introduction To Runoff
2
Runoff Parts
- Runoff normally applies to flow over a surface
- Overland flow: is the surface runoff from tracts of land

(or sheet flow) before it reaches a defined channel .
- Stream flow is used to describe the drainage after it

reaches a defined channel
Drainage basins, watersheds, sub-basins, catchments:

Defined by the total area contributing to a specific
point. This point varies with the objectives of the
project.
3
Stream Flow Components:
-Direct precipitation on the channel (typically incorporated into total

basin area)
-Overland flow: when soil moisture storage and depression storage are
filled “excess” rainfall generates overland flow.
-Interflow: all rainfall that infiltrates does not reach saturated zone
(ground water). Under certain conditions infiltrated moisture can travel
through shallow soil horizons. Usually only significant for highly
permeable soils.
-Baseflow: contribution to stream flow from groundwater
Overland flow
interflow
Saturated overland flow
Base flow
4
5.2 Hydrograph
- Streamflow in terms of discharge vs time is represented
by the hydrograph.
- Hydrograph components thus become,

1. surface runoff
2. interflow
3. baseflow
4. direct precipitation
- Direct Runoff: all moisture that reaches the stream channel

without first entering zone of saturation (overland flow +
interflow)
- Streamflow = direct runoff + baseflow

5
5.3 Runoff characteristics of streams
-Perennial Stream (Fig 5.2)
A stream which always carries some flow. It is
always fed from groundwater base flow. Even during
dry seasons the water table will be above the bed of
the stream.
-An intermittent stream (Fig 5.3)
Stream is fed from groundwater base only in the wet
season. During the wet season the water table is
above the stream bed. During dry seasons the water
table drops to a level lower than that of the stream
bed; and therefore the stream dries up.
-An ephemeral steam (Fig 5.4)
No contribution from groundwater (base flow) to the
stream (most rivers in arid zones)
6
Water Year
In annual runoff studies it is advantageous to consider
a water year beginning from the time when the
precipitation exceeds the average evaporation losses.
7
Stream is
always fed
from
groundwater
base flow
8
Stream is fed
from
Groundwater
base only in
the wet
season
9
No
contribution
from
groundwater
(base flow) to
the stream
(most rivers
in arid zones)
10
5.5 Flow-Duration curve
- Is a plot of discharge against the percentage of time the flow was
equaled or exceeded (Discharge-Frequency curve)
-Step of construction the curve

Stream flow discharge is arranged in decreasing
order.
Use class interval if we have very large number of
records (example 5.4)
Use plotting position to compute the probability of
equal or exceeded.
-m= order number of discharge (class value)

-N= number of data
-Pp= percentage probability
-Plot the discharge Q against Pp (Fig 5.6)
11 -Or semi-log or log-log paper (Fig 5.8)
5.5 Flow-Duration curve
- The flow duration curve represents the cumulative
frequency distribution
-The percentage probability of time that flow magnitude

in average year is equal or greater
Q50 = 100 m3/s
-Example 5.4
12
Example 5.4
The daily flows of a river for three consecutive years are
shown in the table below. For convenience the
discharges are shown in class intervals and the number
of days the flow belonged to the class is shown.
Calculate the 50 and 75% dependable flows for the river
13
14
15
Flow-Duration Curve for different river
16 types
17
5.6 Flow mass curve
- The flow-mass curve is a plot of cumulative discharge
against time plotted in sequential order
-The flow-mass curve integral curve (summation curve)

of the hydrograph
- See figure 5.9
18
Flow mass curve (Fig. 5.9)
Check the excel example in class web page for more

19 details on this figure
… Flow mass curve
- Unit is volume million m3 or m3/s day, cm over a
catchment area
-Slope of the mass curve =dv/dt =Q = flow rate
-Average flow rate in the time between tm and tn
-Slope of line AB is the average over whole period

records
20
Calculation of storage volume
-Assume there is a reservoir on a stream where FM
curve is shown in Fig 5.9 and it is full at the beginning
of a dry period, i.e. when the inflow rate is less than the
withdrawal (demand) rate, the storage (S) of the
reservoir
S  maximum of  V  V 
D S
VD =demand volume (withdrawal)

VS = supply volume (Inflow)
The storage “S” is the maximum cumulative deficiency
in any dry season. It is obtained as the maximum
difference in the ordinate between mass curves of
supply & demand.
If there are two dry periods, the minimum storage
volume required is the largest of S1 and S2 (Fig. 5.9)
21
… Calculation of storage volume
- i.e. The minimum storage volume required by a
reservoir is the largest value of S
Refer to Figure 5.9

CD is drawn tangential to the first part of curve
 Qd slope of CD is a constant rate of withdrawal
from the reservoir
The lowest capacity is reached at E where EF is
tangential at E
S1: the water volume needed as storage to meet the
maximum demand (reservoir is full)
S2: is for C’D’
Then the minimum reservoir storage required is the
largest storage S2>S1
22
Example 5.5
The following table gives the mean monthly flows in
a river during 1981. Calculate the minimum storage
required to maintain a demand rate of 40 m3/s.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Mean
Flow 60 45 35 25 15 22 50 80 105 90 80 70
(m3/s)
23
… example 5.5
24 The actual number of days in the month are used in calculating the monthly flow
volume. Volumes are calculated in units of cumec. day (= 8.64×104 m3)
… Example 5.5
25
Refer to Example 5.5
Compute the monthly flow volume by using the actual
days in each month
Compute the accumulated volume in (cumec – day) or

in m3.
Plot the flow mass curve (accumulated flow volume

and time)
Draw a tangential line with slope of 40 m3/s
Slope = y/x y=x(slope)

y= 60.8 days x 40 =2432 cumec-day
To draw the demand line, the number of days in a
26 month can be taken as 30.4 days.
Calculation of storage volume
Refer to Example 5.5
-Flow mass curve (Figure 5.10)
-Draw parallel line to AB in the valley point A’B’
-Vertical value S1 is the storage required to maintain the

demand
-From figure 5.10 2100 m3/s.day
-Solve Example 5.6
27
Example 5.6
Work out the example 5.5 through arithmetic
calculation without the use of the mass curve
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Mean
Flow 60 45 35 25 15 22 50 80 105 90 80 70
(m3/s)
28
… Example 5.6
29
Calculation of maintainable demand
- The storage volume is given. Your job is now
to determine the maximum demand that can be
maintained by this given storage volume.
- Fig. 5.11:
-Tangents are drawn from the ridges and valleys of
the mass curves at various slopes (since we still
don’t know the demand!).
-The demand line that requires just the given
storage is the proper demand that can be sustained
by the reservoir in that dry period.
-Similar demand lines are drawn at other valleys.
-The smallest of the various demand rates thus is
the maximum solid demand that can be sustained
by the given storage
30 - Check points 1 & 2 of page 162
Variable demand
-In practice the demand rate varies with time to meet

various end uses (such as irrigation, power and water
supply needs, etc.)
-A mass curve of demand is prepared and superposed
on the flow-mass curve.
31
Mass curve of Flow and Mass curve of Variable
Demand
32
-In the analysis of problems related to reservoirs it is
necessary to account for evaporation, leakage, and
other losses from the reservoir.
-These losses can either be included in demand rates or
deducted from inflow rates. If you used the second
method, the mass curve may have negative slopes at
some points.
-Solve Example 5.8
33
Example 5.8
-For a proposed reservoir the following data were

calculated. The prior water rights required the release
of natural flow or 5 m3/s, whichever is less. Assuming
an average reservoir area of 20 km2 , estimate the
storage required to meet these demands. (Assume the
runoff coefficient of the area submerged by the
reservoir = 0.5.)
34
35
36
- HW is 5.6, 5.8, 5.10
37

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Engineering Hydrology

Dr. Yunes Mogheir

- Overland flow: is the surface runoff from tracts of land

- Stream flow is used to describe the drainage after it

Drainage basins, watersheds, sub-basins, catchments:

-Direct precipitation on the channel (typically incorporated into total

- Hydrograph components thus become,

- Direct Runoff: all moisture that reaches the stream channel

- Streamflow = direct runoff + baseflow

-Step of construction the curve

-m= order number of discharge (class value)

-The percentage probability of time that flow magnitude

Q50 = 100 m3/s

Calculate the 50 and 75% dependable flows for the river

-The flow-mass curve integral curve (summation curve)

- See figure 5.9

Check the excel example in class web page for more

-Slope of the mass curve =dv/dt =Q = flow rate

-Average flow rate in the time between tm and tn

-Slope of line AB is the average over whole period

VD =demand volume (withdrawal)

Refer to Figure 5.9

Compute the accumulated volume in (cumec – day) or

Plot the flow mass curve (accumulated flow volume

Draw a tangential line with slope of 40 m3/s

Slope = y/x y=x(slope)

-Draw parallel line to AB in the valley point A’B’

-Vertical value S1 is the storage required to maintain the

-From figure 5.10 2100 m3/s.day

-Solve Example 5.6

-In practice the demand rate varies with time to meet

-Solve Example 5.8

-For a proposed reservoir the following data were

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