GSM RF Planning 2

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RF Network Design

Introduction
The high level life cycle of the RF network planning process can be
summarised as follows :-

• To help the operator


to identify their RF Comparative • Issuing of search ring
design requirement Analysis • Cand. assessment
• Optional Site
• Site survey, design,
Realisation
approval
• Drive test (optional)
• Discuss and agree RF
design parameters, RF Design
assumptions and requirement
objectives with the
customer • Frequency plan
RF Design • Neighbour list
Implementation • RF OMC data
• Coverage requirement
• Optimisation
• Traffic requirement
• Various level of design RF Design
(ROM to detail RF
design)
Comparative Analysis
This is an optional step

This is intended to :-
• Help an existing operator in building/expanding their network
• Help a new operator in identifying their RF network requirement, e.g.
where their network should be built

For the comparative analysis, we would need to :-


• Identify all network that are competitors to the customer
• Design drive routes that take in the high density traffic areas of interest
• Include areas where the customer has no or poor service and the
competitors have service
Comparative Analysis
The result of the analysis should include :-

For an existing operator


• All problems encountered in the customer’s network
• All areas where the customer has no service and a competitor does
• Recommendations for solving any coverage and quality problems

For a new operator


• Strengths and weaknesses in the competitors network
• Problem encountered in the competitors network
RF Network Design Inputs
The RF design inputs can be divided into :-
• Coverage requirements
– Target coverage areas
– Service types for the target coverage areas. These should be marked
geographically
– Coverage area probability
– Penetration Loss of buildings and in-cars

• Capacity requirements
– Erlang per subscriber during the busy hour
– Quality of service for the air interface, in terms GoS
– Network capacity
RF Network Design Inputs

• Available spectrum and frequency usage restriction, if any


• List of available, existing and/or friendly sites that should be included in
the RF design
• Limitation of the quantity of sites and radios, if any
• Quality of Network (C/I values)
• Related network features (FH, DTX, etc.)
Coverage Design Inputs by BSNL

• Coverage Thresholds
– Indoor Coverage : Signal Level measured at street better than –65
dBm. Indoor coverage to be provided in commercial complexes,
hotels,technology parks etc.
– In Car Coverage: Signal Level measured at street better than –75 dBm.
In Car coverage to be provided in residential areas, highways, tourist
spots etc.
– Outdoor Coverage : Signal level measured at street better than –85
dBm. All remaining areas to be covered with Outdoor coverage.
– These are general guidelines for planning , specific areas not provided.
Capacity Design Inputs by BSNL

• Frequency spectrum available 6.2 MHz (31 channels).


• Average traffic per sub for RF design : 50 mErlang.
• Synthesizer frequency hopping can be used.
• GOS: 2%
• Existing network Database
– Total No. of sites with configuration
– Site details eg location(Lat-Long), Antenna height ,azimuth,
RF Network Design
There are 2 parts to the RF network design to meet the :-
• Capacity requirement
• Coverage requirement

For the RF Coverage Design

Digitised
CW Drive Databases Customer
Testing Requirements

RF
Propagation Coverage Link
Model Design Budget
CW Drive Testing
CW drive test can be used for the following purposes :-
• Propagation model tuning
• Assessment of the suitability of candidate sites, from both coverage and
interference aspect

CW drive test process can be broken down to :-

• Equipment required • Power setting


Test • Drive route planning
• BTS antenna selection
Preparation • Test site selection
• Channel selection

Propagation • Transmitter setup • Drive test


Test • Receiver setup • Transmitter dismantle

Data • Measurement averaging


Processing • Report generation
CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation
The test equipment required for the CW drive testing :-
• Receiver with fast scanner
– Example : HP7475A, EXP2000 (LCC) etc.
– The receiver scanner rate should conform to the Lee Criteria of 36 to
50 sample per 40 wavelength

• CW Transmitter
– Example : Gator Transmitter (BVS), LMW Series Transmitter (CHASE),
TX-1500 (LCC) etc.

• Base Station test antenna


– DB806Y (Decibel-GSM900), 7640 (Jaybeam-GSM1800) etc.

• Accessories
– Including flexible coaxial cable/jumper, Power meter, extended power
cord, GPS, compass, altimeter
CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation
Base Station Antenna Selection

• The selection depends on the purpose of the test


• For propagation model tuning, an omni-directional antenna is preferred
• For candidate site testing or verification, the choice of antenna depends
on the type of BTS site that the test is trying to simulate.
– For Omni BTS :
– Omni antennas with similar vertical beamwidth
– For sectorised BTS
– Utilising the same type of antenna is preferred
– Omni antenna can also be used, together with the special feature in the
post processing software like CMA (LCC) where different antenna pattern
can be masked on over the measurement data from an omni antenna
CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation
Test Site Selection

• For propagation model tuning, the test sites should be selected so that :-
– They are distributed within the clutter under study
– The height of the test site should be representative or typical for the
specific clutter
– Preferably not in hilly areas

• For candidate site testing/verification, the actual candidate site


configuration (height, location) should be used.

• For proposed greenfield sites, a “cherry-picker” will be used.


CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation
Frequency Channel Selection
• The necessary number of channels need to be identified from the
channels available
– With input from the customer
• The channels used should be free from occupation
– From the guard bands
– Other free channels according to the up-to-date frequency plan

• The channels selected will need to be verified by conducting a pre-test


drive
– It should always precede the actual CW drive test to verify the exact
free frequency to be used
– It should cover the same route of the actual propagation test
– A field strength plot is generated on the collected data to confirm the
channel suitability
CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation

Transmit Power Setting

• For propagation model tuning, the maximum transmit power is used


• For candidate site testing, the transmit power of the test transmitter is
determined using the actual BTS link budget to simulate the coverage
• On sites with existing antenna system, it is recommended that the
transmit power to be reduced to avoid interference or inter-modulation to
other networks.
• The amount of reduction is subject to the possibility if separating the test
antenna from the existing antennas
CW Drive Testing - Test Preparation
Drive Route Determination
• The drive route of the data collection is planned prior to the drive test
using a detail road map
– Eliminate duplicate route to reduce the testing time
• For propagation model tuning, each clutter is tested individually and the
drive route for each test site is planned to map the clutter under-study for
the respective sites.
• It is important to collect a statistically significant amount of data, typically
a minimum of 300 to 400 data points are required for each clutter
category
• The data should be evenly distributed with respect to distance from the
transmitter
• In practice, the actual drive route will be modified according to the latest
development which was not shown on the map. The actual drive route
taken should be marked on a map for record purposes
CW Drive Testing - Propagation Test
Transmitter Equipment Setup
• Test antenna location
– Free from any nearby obstacle, to ensure free propagation in both
horizontal and vertical dimension
– For sites with existing antennas, precaution should be taken to avoid
possible interference and/or inter-modulation
• Transmitter installation

• A complete set of 360º photographs of the test location (at the test height)
and the antenna setup should be taken for record
CW Drive Testing - Propagation Test
Scanning Receiver Setup - HP 7475A Receiver Example

HP 7475A Receiver
CW Drive Testing - Propagation Test
Scanning Receiver Setup
• The scanning rate of the receiver should always be set to allow at least
36 sample per 40 wavelength to average out the Rayleigh Fading effect.
For example: scanning rate = 100 sample/s
test frequency = 1800 MHz
therefore, to achieve 36 sample/40 wavelength, the max. speed is =
40  0.1667
 18.52 m / s  66.67 km / h
36/100
• It is recommended that :-
– Beside scanning the test channel, the neighbouring cells is also
monitored. This information can be used to check the coverage overlap
and potential interference
– Check the field strength reading close to the test antenna before
starting the test, it should approach the scanning receiver saturation
CW Drive Testing - Propagation Test
Drive Test
• Initiate a file to record the measurement with an agreed naming
convention
• Maintain the drive test vehicle speed according to the pre-set scanning
rate
• Follow the pre-plan drive route as closely as possible
• Insert marker wherever necessary during the test to indicate special
locations such as perceived hot spot, potential interferer etc.
• Monitor the GPS signal and field strength level throughout the test, any
extraordinary reading should be inspected before resuming the test

Dismantling Equipment
• It is recommended to re-confirm the transmit power (as the pre-set value)
before dismantling the transmitter setup
Measurement Data Processing
Data Averaging
• This can be done during the drive testing or during the data processing
stage, depending on the scanner receiver and the associated post-
processing software
• The bin size of the distance averaging depends on the size of the human
made structure in the test environment

Report Generation
• For propagation model tuning, the measurement data is exported into the
planning tool (e.g. Asset)
• Plots can also be generated using the processing tool or using MapInfo
• During the export of the measurement data, it is important to take care of
the coordinate system used, a conversion is necessary if different
coordinate systems are used
Propagation Model
Standard Macrocell Model for Asset

Lp (dB) = K1 + K2 log(d) + K3 Hm + K4 log(Hm) + K5 log(Heff)


+ K6 log(Heff) log(d) + K7 Diffraction + Clutter factor

where Lp, Diffraction, Clutter factor are in dB


d, Hm, Heff are in m

• It is based on the Okumura-Hata empirical model, with a number of


additional features to enhance its flexibility
• Known to be valid for frequencies from 150MHz to 2GHz
• Applies in condition :-
– Base station height : 30 - 200 m
– Mobile height : 1 - 10 m
– Distance : 1 - 20 km
• An optional second intercept and slope (K1, K2) for the creation of a two-
piece model with the slope changing at the specified breakpoint distance.
Link Budget
Link Budget Element of a GSM Network

BTS Antenna Gain Max. Path Loss Fade Margin

LNA
(optional) Penetration Loss

Feeder Loss MS Antenna Gain,


Body and Cable Loss

ACE Diversity
Loss Gain
Mobile Transmit Mobile Receiver
Power Sensitivity
BTS Transmit BTS Receiver
Power Sensitivity
Link Budget
BTS Transmit Power
• Maximum transmit power
• GSM900 and 1800 networks use radios with 46dBm maximum transmit
power
ACE Loss
• Includes all diplexers, combiners and connectors.
• Depends on the ACE configuration
• The ACE configuration depends on the number of TRXs and combiners
used

No of Network ACE Configuration Downlink ACE


TRXs Loss (dB)
1 or 2 GSM900 2 antennas per cell, diplexer 1.0
1 or 2 GSM1800 2 antennas per cell, diplexer 1.2
3 or 4 GSM900 2 antennas per cell, diplexer + hybrid combiner 4.4
3 or 4 GSM1800 2 antennas per cell, diplexer + hybrid combiner 4.4
Link Budget
Mobile Transmit Power
• GSM900 : Typical mobile class 4 (2W)
• GSM1800 : Typical mobile class 1 (1W)

Class GSM 900 (Watt/dBm) GSM 1800 (Watt/dBm)


1 - 1 / 30
2 8 / 39 0.25 / 24
3 5 / 37 4 / 36
4 2 / 33 -
5 0.8 / 29 -

Mobile Receiver Sensitivity


• The sensitivity of GSM900 and GSM1800 mobile = -102 dBm
Link Budget
Diversity Gain
• Two common techniques used :-
– Space
– Polarisation
• Reduce the effect of multipath fading on the uplink
• Common value of 3 to 4.5 dB being used

BTS Receiver Sensitivity


• Depends on the type of propagation environment model used, most
commonly used TU50 model
• BTS :-
– Receiver Sensitivity for GSM900 = -107 dBm
Link Budget
Feeder Loss
• Depends on the feeder type and feeder length
• The selection of the feeder type would depends on the feeder length, I.e.
to try to limit to feeder loss to 3 -4dB.

BTS Antenna Gain


• Antenna gain has a direct relationship to the cell size
• The selection of the antenna type depends on :-
– The morphology classes of the targeted area and coverage
requirements
– Zoning and Local authority regulations/limitations
• Common antenna types used :-
– 65º, 90º, omni-directional antennas with different gains
Link Budget
Slow Fading Margin
• To reserve extra signal power to overcome potential slow fading.
• Depends on the requirement of coverage probability and the standard
deviation of the fading
• A design can take into consideration :-
– both outdoor and in-building coverage, which utilises a combined
standard deviation for indoor and outdoor (Default value = 9dB)
– Only outdoor coverage (Default value = 7dB)
– Pathloss slope used, 45dB/dec (Dense Urban), 42dB/dec (Urban),
38dB/dec (Suburban) and 33dB/dec (Rural)
Cell Area Combined (outdoor & Outdoor slow fade margin
Coverage indoor) slow fade margin (dB)
Probability (dB)
(%) DU U SU RU DU U SU RU
85 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 2
90 5 6 6 6 3 3 4 4
95 9 9 9 10 6 6 7 7
Link Budget
Penetration Loss
• Penetration loss depends on the building structure and material
• Penetration loss is included for in-building link budget
• Typical value used for Asia-Pacific environment (if country specific
information is not available) :-
– Dense Urban : 20 dB
– Urban : 18 dB
– Suburban : 15 dB
– Rural : 9 dB

Body Loss
• Typical value of 2dB body loss is used

MS Antenna Gain
• A typical mobile antenna gain of 2.2 dBi is used
Link Budget
Link Budget Example (GSM900)

UPLINK DOWNLINK
MS Transmit Power 33 dBm BTS Transmit Power 46 dBm
Cable Loss 0 dB ACE Loss Z
MS Antenna Gain 2.2 dBi Feeder Loss 2 dB
Body Loss 2 dB LNA Gain 0 dB
Penetration Loss W BTS Antenna Gain 18 dBi
Slow Fade Margin X Max. Path Loss Y
Max. Path Loss Y Slow Fade Margin X
BTS Antenna Gain 18 dBi Penetration Loss W
LNA Gain 0 dB Body Loss 2 dB
Feeder Loss 2 dB MS Antenna Gain 2.2 dBi
ACE Loss 0 dB Cable Loss 0 dB
Diversity Gain 4 dB Diversity Gain 0 dB
BTS Receiver Sensitivity -107 dBm MS Receiver Sensitivity -102 dBm
Antenna
Antenna Selection

• Gain
• Beamwidths in horizontal and vertical radiated planes
• VSWR
• Frequency range
• Nominal impedance
• Radiated pattern (beamshape) in horizontal and vertical planes
• Downtilt available (electrical, mechanical)
• Polarisation
• Connector types (DIN, N)
• Height, weight, windload and physical dimensions
Antenna
The antenna selection process

• Identify system specifications such as polarisation, impedance and


bandwidth

• Select the azimuth or horizontal plane pattern to obtain the needed


coverage

• Select the elevation or vertical plane pattern to be as narrow as possible,


consistent with practical limitations of size, weight and cost

• Check other parameters such as cost, power rating, size, weight,


mounting capabilities, wind loading, connector types, aesthetics and
reliability to ensure that they meet system requirements
Antenna
System Specification
• Impedance and frequency bandwidth is normally associated with the
communication system used
• The polarisation would depends on if polarisation diversity is used

Horizontal Plane Pattern


• Three categories for the horizontal plane pattern :-
– Omnidirectional
– Sectored (directional)
– Narrow beam (highly directional)

Elevation Plane Pattern


• Choosing the antenna with the smallest elevation plane beamwidth will
give maximum gain. However, beamwidth and size are inversely related
• Electrical down tilt
• Null filling
Nominal RF Design

Link Budget
Propagation Coverage Traffic
model requirements requirements
Maximum
path loss
Nominal RF
Site radius Design • Recalculate the site
(coverage) radius using the
Typical site • Standard hexagon site number of sites from
layout the traffic requirement
configuration • Friendly, candidate sites • Repeat the nominal
• Transmit Power • Initial site survey inputs RF design
• Antenna configuration Coverage site
(type, height, azimuth) count
• Site type (sector, omni)

Traffic site Traffic > Cov.


Traffic Nominal site
requirements count Cov. > Traffic count
Nominal RF Design
Calculation of cell radius
• A typical cell radius is calculated for each clutter environment
• This cell radius is used as a guide for the site distance in the respective
clutter environment
• The actual site distance could varies due to local terrain

Inputs for the cell radius calculation :-


• Maximum pathloss (from the link budget)
• Typical site configuration (for each clutter environment)
• Propagation model
Nominal RF Design
There are different level of nominal RF design :-
• Only using the cell radius/site distance calculated and placing ideal
hexagon cell layout
• Using the combination of the calculated cell radius and the
existing/friendly sites from the customer

The site distance also depends on the required capacity


•In most mobile network, the traffic density is highest within the CBD area
and major routes/intersections
•The cell radius would need to be reduce in this area to meet the traffic
requirements

•BASED ON THE SITE DISTANCE & THE COVERAGE REQUIREMENTS


CELL COUNT BASED ON COVERAGE IS CALCULATED.
Nominal RF Design
Cell count based on traffic is derived based on capacity inputs:-
– Capacity requirements
– GOS
– Spectrum availability
– Freq. Hopping techniques

If the total sites for the traffic requirement is more than the sites
required for coverage, the nominal RF design is repeated using the
number of sites from the traffic requirement
• Recalculating the cell radius for the high traffic density areas
• The calculation steps are :-
– Calculate the area to be covered per site
– Calculate the maximum cell radius
– Calculate the site distance
Site Realisation
• After completion of Nominal design based on cell count ( coverage &
capacity requirements) , search rings for each cell site issued.

•Nominal design is done , with the existing network in place(existing


BTS). Existing site location remain unchanged , azimuth , tilts as per
the new design requirements.

•Based on the search ring form physical site survey is undertaken.


Site Realisation
Search Ring Form
BSNL Circle:Haryana City / SSA:

Site Id:

Morphology Type:
Site Name:

Quasi Open , Industrial


Krishna Nagar
Search Ring Form
• Site ID
Spheroid: WGS-84
Coordinates: (GPS) deg min sec

• Site Name
Latitude: 18 39 ' 49.3 ''N Search Radius:50 m

Longitude: 73 o 47 36.7 ''E


'

Site AGL (m): 30

Antenna Orientation(Deg)
Antenna Type: 65 deg Vertical polarised
• Latitude/Longitude
Sector1
350
Sector2
120
Sector3
240 • Project name
• Issue Number and date
• Ground height
• Clutter environment
• Preliminary configuration
• Number of sector
• Azimuth
• Antenna type
• Antenna height
Coverage Objectives: Krishna Nagar, Jotiba Nagar, Shambaji Nagar, Yamuna Nagar • Location Map & SR radius
Comments
• Search ring objective
Issue Date: Revision No. : R1.1 • Approvals
Name & signature of RF Coordinator
Site Realisation
All parties Produce
Release of Suitable Y Candidates Y Arranged Y
Caravan agreed at Final RF
Search Ring Candidates? Approved? Caravan Design
N N
N
Problem Next
identifying candidate Caravan next
candidate candidate
N Exhausted
candidates
N Exhausted
Y candidates
Discuss Driveby, RF
alternative with suggest possible
customer alternative
Y

N Candidate Y
approved?

N N
Issue design Cell split Additional sites
change required required
Y Y
Site Realisation
Candidate Assessment Report-Site Survey Forms
• Site survey Forms for all suitable candidates for the search ring
• For each candidates :-
– Location (latitude/longitude)
– Location map showing the relative location of the candidates and also
the search ring
– Candidate information (height, owner etc)
– Photographs (360º set, rooftop, access, building)
– Possible antenna orientations
– Possible base station equipment location
– Information for any existing antennas
– Planning reports/comments (restrictions, possibilities of approval etc.)
Site Realisation-Site Survey Form

Date
TECHNICAL SITE SURVEY FORM
June 12, 2004
Final RF Configuration Form
BSNL Circle Bihar
CITY / SSA
Site ID BHPAT-09 BSNL/ NBSNL • Base Station configuration
Site Name Patna 09


Owner Name
Address & Contact No. Azimuth
Construction

Tower Type
Container/Room

GBT / Rooftop Bldg. Hgt 10 m.


– Antenna height
Tower Hgt 6 m. Antenna Ht 20 m.
– Antenna type
Coordinate LAT 26° 21' 25.9" N LONG 85° 48 ' 31.2" E
– Down tilt
– Antenna location
GSM ANTENNA :
TYPE AZ M-TILT
SECTOR 1 AP909014-2 85° +1.9 Spheroid:

SECTOR 2 AP909014-2 185° +0.7 – Feeder type and length


SECTOR 3 AP909014-2 307° +1.3
– BTS type

Candidate No.
Assess:
Morphology/Clutter
Accept/ Reject Priority
Transmit power
Site Blockage if Any
– Transceiver configuration
Remark

Nokia Representative BSNL Survey Team Representative


Name: Name:
Signature: Signature:
Traffic Engineering

Spectrum Reuse factor


Available

Traffic
Requirement
Maximum number of
TRX per cell

Channel No of TCH Subscriber


Traffic offered
loading available supported
Traffic Engineering
•Traffic Requirement

•The Erlang per subscriber

•Grade of Service (GoS)


• GoS is expressed as the percentage of call attempts that are blocked
during peak traffic
• Most cellular systems are designed to a blocking rate of 1% to 5% during
busy hour
Traffic Engineering
Frequency Reuse
• In designing a frequency reuse plan, it is necessary to develop a regular
pattern on which to assign frequencies
• The hexagon is chosen because it most closely approximated the
coverage produced by an omni or sector site
• Common reuse factor : 4/12, 7/21
Traffic Engineering
Channel Loading
• As the number of TRX increases, the control channels required increases
accordingly
• The following channel loading is used for conventional GSM network
• For services such as cell broadcast, additional control channels might be
required

Number of TRX Control Channels Number of TCH


1 Combined BCCH/SDCCH 7
2 1 BCCH, 1 SDCCH 14
3 1 BCCH, 2 SDCCH 21
4 1 BCCH, 2 SDCCH 29
5 1 BCCH, 3 SDCCH 36
6 1 BCCH, 3 SDCCH 44
7 1 BCCH, 3 SDCCH 52
8 1 BCCH, 3 SDCCH 60
Traffic Engineering
After determining the number of TCH available and the traffic
requirements, the traffic offered is calculated using the Erlang B table
• For example, for a 2% GoS and 3 TRX configuration, the traffic offered is
14 Erlang
• If the traffic per subscriber is 50mE/subscriber, then the total subscribers
supported per sector = 280

For a uniform traffic distribution network, the number of sites required


for the traffic requirement is :-

Total subscribe rs
Total sites 
Subscriber supported per site
Traffic Engineering
Erlang B Table
N 1% 1.20% 1.50% 2% 3% 5% 7% 10% 15% 20% 30% 40% 50%
1 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.11 0.18 0.25 0.43 0.67 1
2 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.28 0.38 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.45 2 2.73
3 0.46 0.49 0.54 0.6 0.72 0.9 1.1 1.27 1.6 1.93 2.63 3.48 4.59
4 0.87 0.92 0.99 1.09 1.26 1.52 1.8 2.05 2.5 2.95 3.89 5.02 6.5
5 1.36 1.43 1.52 1.66 1.88 2.22 2.5 2.88 3.45 4.01 5.19 6.6 8.44
6 1.91 2 2.11 2.28 2.54 2.96 3.3 3.76 4.44 5.11 6.51 8.19 10.4
7 2.5 2.6 2.74 2.94 3.25 3.74 4.1 4.67 5.46 6.23 7.86 9.8 12.4
8 3.13 3.25 3.4 3.63 3.99 4.54 5 5.6 6.5 7.37 9.21 11.4 14.3
9 3.78 3.92 4.09 4.34 4.75 5.37 5.9 6.55 7.55 8.52 10.6 13 16.3
10 4.46 4.61 4.81 5.08 5.53 6.22 6.8 7.51 8.62 9.68 12 14.7 18.3
11 5.16 5.32 5.54 5.84 6.33 7.08 7.7 8.49 9.69 10.9 13.3 16.3 20.3
12 5.88 6.05 6.29 6.61 7.14 7.95 8.6 9.47 10.8 12 14.7 18 22.2
13 6.61 6.8 7.05 7.4 7.97 8.83 9.5 10.5 11.9 13.2 16.1 19.6 24.2
14 7.35 7.56 7.82 8.2 8.8 9.73 10.5 11.5 13 14.4 17.5 21.2 26.2
15 8.11 8.33 8.61 9.01 9.65 10.6 11.4 12.5 14.1 15.6 18.9 22.9 28.2
16 8.88 9.11 9.41 9.83 10.5 11.5 12.4 13.5 15.2 16.8 20.3 24.5 30.2
17 9.65 9.89 10.2 10.7 11.4 12.5 13.4 14.5 16.3 18 21.7 26.2 32.2
18 10.4 10.7 11 11.5 12.2 13.4 14.3 15.5 17.4 19.2 23.1 27.8 34.2
19 11.2 11.5 11.8 12.3 13.1 14.3 15.3 16.6 18.5 20.4 24.5 29.5 36.2
20 12 12.3 12.7 13.2 14.0 15.2 16.3 17.6 19.6 21.6 25.9 31.2 38.2
21 12.8 13.1 13.5 14 14.9 16.2 17.3 18.7 20.8 22.8 27.3 32.8 40.2
22 13.7 14 14.3 14.9 15.8 17.1 18.2 19.7 21.9 24.1 28.7 34.5 42.1
23 14.5 14.8 15.2 15.8 16.7 18.1 19.2 20.7 23 25.3 30.1 36.1 44.1
Traffic Engineering
If a traffic map is provided, the traffic engineering is done together
with the coverage design

After the individual sites are located, the estimated number of


subscribers in each sector is calculated by :-
• Calculating the physical area covered by each sector
• Multiply it by the average subscriber density per unit area in that region
• The overlap areas between the sectors should be included in each sector
because either sector is theoretically capable of serving the area

The number of channels required is then determined by :-


• Calculating the total Erlangs by multiplying the area covered by the
average load generated per subscriber during busy hour
• Determine the required number of TCH and then the required number of
TRXs
• If the number of TRXs required exceeded the number of TRXs supported
by the available spectrum, additional sites will be required
SWAP PLAN
Why do we need a swap plan?
• To reduce mix of different vendor BTS within a large city/ area
– Reduce Inter MSC HO.
– Better maintenance efficiency

Swap Strategy
- No. of existing BTS sites with configuration known
- No. of new sites with configuration known.

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