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    Micr Biology: Chapter 4, Part A

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    This document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is in a single circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane. Bacteria come in various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. They have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have flagella, fimbriae, pili or capsule. Gram staining distinguishes cell walls. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and is a phospholipid bilayer.

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    Micr Biology: Chapter 4, Part A

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    This document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is in a single circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane. Bacteria come in various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. They have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have flagella, fimbriae, pili or capsule. Gram staining distinguishes cell walls. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and is a phospholipid bilayer.

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    This document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is in a single circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane. Bacteria come in various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. They have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have flagella, fimbriae, pili or capsule. Gram staining distinguishes cell walls. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and is a phospholipid bilayer.

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    35 views29 pages

    Micr Biology: Chapter 4, Part A

    Uploaded by

    pradipdeshmukh
    This document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is in a single circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane. Bacteria come in various shapes including cocci, bacilli, and spirilla. They have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan and may have flagella, fimbriae, pili or capsule. Gram staining distinguishes cell walls. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and is a phospholipid bilayer.

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    TORTORA • FUNKE • CASE

    Microbiology
    AN INTRODUCTION
    EIGHTH EDITION

    B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein

    Chapter 4, part A
    Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and
    Eukaryotic Cells
    Prokaryotic Cells
    • Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
    • Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for
    pre-nucleus.
    • Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for
    true nucleus.
    Prokaryote Eukaryote

    • One circular • Paired


    chromosome, not in chromosomes, in
    a membrane nuclear membrane
    • No histones • Histones
    • No membrane • Membrane bounded
    bound organelles Organelles
    • Peptidoglycan cell • Polysaccharide cell
    walls walls
    • Binary fission • Mitotic spindle
    Bacteria shapes
    • Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm  2 - 8 µm
    • Basic shapes:
    • Coccus
    • Bacillus
    • Spirillum
    • Spirochaetes
    Bacteria shapes

    • Unusual shapes
    • Star-shaped Stella
    • Square Haloarcula
    • Most bacteria are monomorphic
    • A few are pleomorphic

    Figure 4.5
    Arrangements

    • Pairs: diplococci,
    diplobacilli

    • Clusters:
    staphylococci

    • Chains:
    streptococci,
    streptobacilli
    Glycocalyx
    • Outside cell wall
    • Usually sticky
    • A capsule is neatly
    organized
    • A slime layer is
    unorganized & loose
    • Extracellular
    polysaccharide
    allows cell to attach
    • Capsules prevent
    phagocytosis

    Figure 4.6a, b
    Flagella
    • Outside cell wall
    • Made of chains of flagellin
    • Attached to a protein hook
    • Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal
    body

    Figure 4.8
    Flagella Arrangement

    Figure 4.7
    Gram negative flagella

    Figure 4.8
    Motile Cells
    • Rotate flagella to run or tumble
    • Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
    • Flagella proteins are H antigens
    (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
    Motile Cells

    Figure 4.9
    Axial Filaments

    • Endoflagella
    • In spirochetes
    • Anchored at one
    end of a cell
    • Rotation causes
    cell to move

    Figure 4.10a
    Fimbriae
    Fimbriaeand
    and PiliPili

    • Fimbriae allow
    attachment to
    surfaces
    • Pili are used to
    transfer DNA from
    one cell to another

    Figure 4.11
    Cell Wall
    • Prevents osmotic lysis
    • Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

    Figure 4.6a, b
    Peptidoglycan
    • Polymer of disaccharide
    N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid
    (NAM)
    • Linked by polypeptides

    Figure 4.13a
    Cell wall Gram + versus -

    Figure 4.13b, c
    Gram-positive cell walls Gram-negative cell walls

    • Thick peptidoglycan • Thin peptidoglycan


    • Teichoic acids • No teichoic acids
    • In acid-fast cells, • Outer membrane
    contains mycolic • LPS
    acid
    • O - polysaccaride
    • Lipid A
    Gram-Positive cell walls
    • Teichoic acids:
    • Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
    • Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
    • May regulate movement of cations
    • Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

    Figure 4.13b
    Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

    • Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.


    • Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and
    the plasma membrane.
    • Protection from phagocytes, complement, antibiotics.
    • O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7.
    • Lipid A is an endotoxin.
    • Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane
    Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

    Figure 4.13c
    More on cell wall
    • Is this Gram negative or positive?
    Gram Stain Mechanism

    • Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell


    • Gram-positive
    • Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
    • CV-I crystals do not leave
    • Gram-negative
    • Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes
    in peptidoglycan
    • CV-I washes out
    Atypical Cell Walls

    • Mycoplasmas
    • Lack cell walls
    • Sterols in plasma membrane
    • Archaea
    • Wall-less, or
    • Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino
    acids)
    Damage to Cell Walls

    • Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan.


    • Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
    • Protoplast is a wall-less Gram + cell*.
    • Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-negative cell*.
    • L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular
    shapes.
    • Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to
    osmotic lysis.
    • *may be wrong elsewhere
    Plasma Membrane

    Figure 4.14a
    Plasma Membrane
    • Phospholipid
    bilayer
    • Peripheral
    proteins
    • Integral proteins
    • Transmembrane
    proteins

    Figure 4.14b
    Fluid Mosaic Model
    • Membrane is as viscous
    as olive oil.
    • Proteins move to function
    • Phospholipids rotate and
    move laterally

    Figure 4.14b

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