Design of Intze Tank

Introduction
• For large capacity overhead tanks, thicker
floor slabs are required.

• Intze tank is a solution, where domes are used

in place of level slabs
 A typical intze tank consists of,

• Top dome
• Top ring beam
• Circular side walls
• Middle ring beam
• Conical dome
• Bottom spherical dome
• Bottom circular beam
• Staging
• Foundation
 Analysis and Design
Top dome
• Meridional thrust :
𝑤𝑅 (1− cos𝜃)
T1 =
sin2 𝜃
• Hoop force :
𝑤𝑅 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)
T2 =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Top ring beam
𝐷
• Hoop tension in ring beam = (T1cosθ)
2
• The cross sectional area of ring beam is
determined by limiting the tensile stress in the
beam (IS 456 – 2000)
Side walls
Maximum hoop tension due to water pressure
𝐷
in the tank = (wH)
2
• Minimum thickness at top is 150 to 200 mm
• Thickness at the base is designed by limiting
tensile stress.
• Distribution reinforcement – 0.35% of gross
area
Middle ring beam
• The vertical load(w1) consists of load from top
dome, top ring beam, side wall and self weight
of middle ring beam. This load is transferred
to conical dome by thrust T3
• Hoop tension per meter length of beam =
w1tanβ
• Horizontal force due to water pressure = w.h.d
• Total force = H = w1tanβ + w.h.d
𝐷
• Hoop tension = H
2
• Width of beam is kept more to serve as the
walk-way around the tank
Conical dome
• The thrust T3 at level B2 increases due to the
water load and becomes maximum at level B3
• Meridional thrust at level B3,
𝑤2
T4 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
• Horizontal pressure at mid-height of conical
𝑝
dome = + 𝑞𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
𝑝 𝐷ℎ
• Hoop tension = + 𝑞𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 2
Bottom spherical dome

• Design is similar to that of top dome

• The design load for the dome includes self

weight of dome and weight of water column
above the dome
Bottom circular girder
• Bottom girder supports the bottom spherical
dome as well as conical dome
• Beam is subjected to horizontal and vertical
loads
• Net horizontal load = T4cosα – T5cosϕ2
(compression)
• The tank and angle of domes are so adjusted
as to create compression in beam. Check the
beam for compression.
• For vertical load, beam is designed as the
beams circular in plan.
Staging – Columns and bracings
• The columns and bracings are designed for the
maximum forces and moments developed due
to gravity loads and wind loads acting on the
tower
Foundations
• Foundations for circular group of columns
comprises of a ring beam with raft slab. The
ring beam is designed for maximum bending
and torsional moments. Annular raft slab is
designed for maximum soil pressure from the
bottom
Design an intze tank with following data.
Capacity – 1 million litres
Height of staging – 18 m up to bottom of tank
Wind load – 1.5 kN/m2, throughout the height
SBC 0f soil – 235 kN/m2
Concrete – M30 grade for container, M20 grade
for columns, bracings and foundation
Reinforcement – HYSD reinforcement of grade
Fe 415
Assume the following
Diameter of cylindrical portion, D = 15 m
Diameter of bottom ring girder B3, D0 = 10 m
Height of conical dome, h0 = 2 m
Rise of top dome, h1 = 2 m
Rise of bottom dome, h2= 1.8 m
Top dome:
𝐷 2
+ ℎ12 7.52 + 22
2
Radius of dome, R1 = = = 15.063 m
2ℎ1 2 ×2
7.5
sinϕ1 = , ϕ1 = 29.863°
15.063
Bottom dome:
𝐷0 2
+ ℎ22 52 + 1.82
2
Radius of dome, R2 = = = 7.844 m
2ℎ2 2 ×1.8
5
sinϕ2 = , ϕ2 = 39.598°
7.844
Let ‘h’ be the height of cylindrical portion.
𝜋 2 ℎ0 𝜋 2 2
Capacity of tank = 𝐷 ℎ + 𝐷 + 𝐷0 + 𝐷𝐷0
4 3 4
𝜋 2
- ℎ2 (3𝑅2 − ℎ2 )
3
h = 4.669 m
Take h = 5 m
Design constants:
σcbc = 10 N/mm2
σcc = 8 N/mm2
280 280
m = = = 9.333
3𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 30
σst = 130 N/mm2
σsc = 140 N/mm2
Uncracked section:
σct = 1.5 N/mm2
σcbt = 2 N/mm2
 1
k= 𝜎𝑠𝑡 = 0.418
1+
𝑚𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐
𝑘
j = 1 – = 0.816
3
Q = ½σcbck.j = 1.798
Exposure condition = severe
Minimum cover to reinforcement = 45 mm
Design of top dome:
R1 = 15.063 m, ϕ1 = 29.863°
sinϕ1 = 0.498, cosϕ1 = 0.8672
Assume 100 mm thick slab.
Load calculation :
Self weight = 0.1 × 25 = 2.5 kN/m2
Live load = 1.5 kN/m2
Total = 4 kN/m2
𝑤𝑅1 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙1 )
Meridional force (T1) =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙1
= 32.263 kN (Compression)
32.263 × 103
Meridional stress =
100 ×1000
= 0.322 N/mm2 <σcc (safe)
 𝑤𝑅1 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙1 )
Hoop force (T2) =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙1
= -19.982 kN = 19.982 kN (Tension)
19.982 × 103
Hoop stress =
100 ×1000
= 0.2 N/mm2 < σct (Safe)
Provide nominal reinforcement @ 0.35% with 45 mm
cover.
0.35
AS = × 100 × 1000 = 350 mm2
100
Provide 8 mm # 140 mm c/c
Top ring beam B1:
𝐷
Hoop tension in ring beam = T1cosϕ1 ×
2
= 209.84 kN
𝐻𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Ast = = 1614 mm2
𝜎𝑠𝑡

Permissible tensile stress in concrete = 1.5 N/mm2

𝐹𝑡
≤ 1.5 N/mm2
𝐴𝑐 +𝑚𝐴𝑠𝑡
Provide 400 mm × 400 mm size ring beam.
Provide minimum shear reinforcement
Cylindrical wall:
𝐷
Hoop tension due to water pressure = (w.H)
2
15
= 10×h× = 75h
2
75ℎ×103
Ast = = 576.923h (mm2)
130
Depth from T Ast Area on each Reinforcement
top, h (m) (kN) (mm2) face
1
2
3
4
5
Maximum tension = 75 × 5 = 375 kN at h = 5 m
Tension in concrete ≤ 1.5
Provide 300 mm thickness at the base. Reduce it
to 200 mm at the top.
Distribution steel:
From top to mid-height, thickness = 250 mm
Provide reinforcement @ 0.35%
Ring beam B2 :
The ring beam B2 is provided at the junction of
cylindrical wall and the conical dome.
Assume 1200 mm wide × 600 mm deep beam
Total load from top dome = surface area × w
= 2πR1h1 × w
= 757.149 kN
757.149
Load/m = = 16.067 kN/m
𝜋×15
Loads on B2 :
From top dome = 16.067 kN/m
Cylindrical wall = 0.25 × 5 × 25 = 31.25 kN/m
Self weight of B1 = (0.4-0.2) × 0.4 × 25 = 2 kN/m
Self weight of B2 = (1.2-0.3) × 0.6 × 25 = 13.5 kN/m
Total load, w1 = 62.817 kN/m
Hoop tension, H1 = w1tanβ
-1 2.5
β= tan
2
tan β = 1.25
H1 = 69.067 × 1.25 = 86.334 kN/m
Horizontal water force/m length of beam,
H2 = w.h.d
= 10 × 5 ×0.6 = 30 kN/m
Total horizontal force = H1 + H2 = 116.334 kN/m
𝐷
Hoop tension = H. = 872.505 kN/m
2
872.505×103
Ast = = 6711.577 mm2
130
Tensile stress in concrete <1.5 N/mm2
Provide nominal stirrups.
Conical dome :
15+10
Average diameter = = 12.5 m
2
5+7
Average depth of water = =6m
2
Weight of water above conical dome =
(π × 12.5 × 2.5) × 6 × 10
= 5890.486 kN
Assume 500 mm thick slab.
Width of slab = 22 + 2.52 = 3.2 m
Self weight of slab = (π × 12.5) × 0.5 × 3.2 × 25
= 1570.796 kN
Weight from top dome, cylindrical wall and beams
B1 and B2 = π × 15 × 69.067
= 3254.706 kN
Total load = 5890.486 + 1570.796 + 3254.706
= 10715.988 kN
≈ 10716 kN
Total load/m length at the base of conical slab,
10716
w2 = = 341.1 kN
𝜋×10
 341.1
Meridional thrust, T3 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽
= 546.026 kN/m
546.026 ×103
Meridional stress =
500×1000
= 1.092 N/mm2 < σct
𝑝 𝐷ℎ
Hoop tension = + 𝑞𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 2
p = 10 × 5 = 50 kN/m2, β = 51.34°,
q = 0.5 × 25 = 12.5 kN/m2, Dh = 12.5 m
50 12.5
H = + 12.5 × tan 51.34 ×
cos 51.34 2
=597.898 kN
Bottom dome:
R2 = 7.844 m, φ2 = 39.598°, β = 51.34°
Assume 250 mm thick slab,
Self weight = (2πR2h2) × t × 25
= 554.46 kN
Volume of water above the dome
𝜋 𝜋ℎ22
= × 𝐷0 5 + 2 − 3𝑅2 − ℎ2
4 3
= 476.044 m3
Weight of water above dome = 4760.44 kN
Total load = 4760.44 + 554.46 = 5314.9 kN
 5314.9
Load/ surface area of dome=
2𝜋×7.844×1.8
= 59.911 kN/m2
Meridional force,T4 = 265.424 kN (Compression)
Meridional stress = 1.062 N/mm2 < σcc (safe)
Hoop force = 96.683 kN (Tension)
Hoop stress = 0.387 N/mm2 < σct (safe)
Stresses are within the limits. Provide minimum
reinforcement
Bottom circular beam B3:
Thrust from conical dome = T3cosα
= 546.026 × cos 38.66
= 426.374 kN/m
Thrust from bottom dome = T4 cos φ2
= 204.519 kN/m
Net thrust = 221.855 kN/m
𝐷𝑜
Hoop force in beam = 221.855 ×
2
= 1109.275 kN
Assume size of beam = 750 mm × 1200 mm
Hoop stress = 1.233 N/mm2
Design of beams curved in plan
Vertical load on beam/metre run
= T3sinα + T4sinφ2
= 510.282 kN/m
Self weight of beam = 0.75×1.2×25 = 22.5 kN/m
Total load = 532.782 kN/m
The beam is supported on 8 columns
𝜋
2α = , R = 5 m
4
Maximum negative BM at support = C1wR22α
Maximum positive BM at midspan = C2wR22α
Torsional moment (at φ = 9.5°) = C3wR22α
Torsion:
Maximum torsion at point of contraflexure,
i.e., at φ = 9.5° from either supports.
Shear force at point of max. torsion = wR(α-φ)
Equivalent shear – (Clause B – 6.3.1, IS 456-2000)
𝑇
Ve = 𝑉1 + 1.6
𝑏
Eq. moment – (Clause B – 6.4.2, IS 456-2000)
Mel = M+MT
𝑇 𝐷
MT = 1 +
1.7 𝑏
Transverse reinforcement:
(Clause B – 6.4.3, IS 456 – 2000)
𝑇.𝑆𝑣 𝑉.𝑆𝑣 𝜏𝑣𝑒 −𝜏𝑐 𝑏.𝑆𝑣
ASV = + <
𝑏1 𝑑1 𝜎𝑠𝑣 2.5𝑑1 𝜎𝑠𝑣 𝜎𝑠𝑣

Side face reinforcement:

Clause 8.2.4, SP 34 or 26.5.1.3, IS 456 – 2000
Design of columns:
Vertical loads:
From container (Refer B3) = 2092.23 kN
Self weight(750 mm diameter)
𝜋
= × 0.752 × 19 × 25
4
= 209.849 kN
Bracing (500 mm × 500 mm)
𝜋×10
= 0.5 × 0.5 × × 4 × 25
8
= 98.125 kN
Total = 2400.254 kN
Weight of water = 5890.486 + 4760.44
= 10650.926 kN
10650.926
Weight per column =
8
= 1331.366 kN
Thus, load on column is,
When tank is full → 2400.254 kN
When tank is empty → 2400.254–1331.366
= 1068. 888 kN
Wind loads:
Wind pressure = 1.5 kN/m2
Shape factor for circular container = 0.7
Net pressure = 1.5 × 0.7 = 1.05 kN

Wind load on tank, domes and ring beam

2 16+11
=ቂ 15.5 × 5 + 15.4 × × 2.1 + 1.8 × +
3 2

= 143.073 kN
This may be assumed to act at about 5.5 m above the
bottom of ring beam B3
Wind load on columns (5 No.s) = 18 × 0.75 × 5 × 1.05
= 70.875 kN
Wind load on bracings = 0.5 × 10 × 4 × 1.5
= 30 kN
Total horizontal wind force = 243.948 kN
Shear per column = 30.494 kN
Moment at the base of column due to wind load,
Mw = (143.073 × 23.5) + (70.875 × 9) + (7.5 × 14.4)
+ (7.5 ×10.8) + (7.5 × 7.2) + (7.5 × 3.6)
= 4270.091 kN
 𝑀𝑤 ×𝑟
Vertical load on column due to wind = σ 𝑟2
Where, ‘r’ is the distance of column from N.A.
5 2
Σr2 = 2 × 52 + 4 × = 100 m2
2

Maximum compression in farthest column on

4270.91×5
leeward side = = 213.546 kN
100

= Maximum tension in farthest column on

windward side
Maximum moment in column
𝑐/𝑐 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
= horizontal shear ×
2
= 30.494 × 3.6 × 0.5 = 54.89 kN-m
Loading case for column design:
Design will be carried out by using limit state
method
(1) DL + LL
Pu = 1.5 ×2400.254 = 3600.381 kN
(2) DL + LL + WL, tank empty – windward column
Pu = 1.2(1068.888 – 213.546) = 1026.41 kN
Mu = 1.2 × 54.89 = 65.868 kN-m
(3) DL + LL +WL, tank full – windward column
Pu = 1.2(2400.254 – 213.546) = 2624.05 kN
Mu = 1.2 × 54.89 = 65.868 kN-m
(4) DL + LL + WL, tank empty – leeward column
Pu = 1.2(1068.888 + 213.546) = 1538.921 kN
Mu = 1.2 × 54.89 = 65.868 kN-m
(5) DL + LL +WL, tank full – leeward column
Pu = 1.2(2400.254 + 213.546) = 3136.56 kN
Mu = 1.2 × 54.89 = 65.868 kN-m
Horizontal shear = 1.5 × 30.494 = 45.741 kN
𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐷
Minimum eccentricity= +
500 30

= 31.2 mm
Moment due to minimum eccentricity:
Case 2 : 1026.41 × 31.2 × 10-3
= 32.024 kN-m < 65.868 kN-m
Case 3 : 2624.05 × 31.2 × 10-3
= 81.870 kN-m > 65.868 kN-m
Mu = 81.870 + 65.868 = 147.738 kN-m
Case 4 : 1538.921 × 31.2 × 10-3
= 48.014 kN-m < 65.868 kN-m
Case 5 : 3136.56 × 31.2 × 10-3
= 97.861 kN-m > 65.868 kN-m
Mu = 97.861 + 65.868 = 163.729 kN-m
 0.05D = 0.05 × 750 = 37.5 mm <emin
Pu = 0.4fckAc + 0.67fyAsc
Asc = 244.73 mm2
0.8 𝜋
As min = × × 7502 = 3534.292 mm2
100 4

Provide 8 - 25mm #
Case Pu (kN) Mu (kNm) 𝑃𝑢 𝑀𝑢 𝑝
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐷 3 𝑓𝑐𝑘
2
3
4
5