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    Cell Division

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    ayfilon

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    ayfilon
    239 views32 pages

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    Cell Division.ppt

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    239 views32 pages

    Cell Division

    Uploaded by

    ayfilon

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 32

    1 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008

    2 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    What is the cell cycle?
    All cells are formed by division of existing cells.
    Eukaryotic cells always divide in one of two ways:

     Mitosis: division into two


    daughter cells that are
    genetically identical to each
    other and to the parent cell.

     Meiosis: division into four


    unique daughter cells with
    half the chromosomes of
    the parent cell.

    All cells follow the same sequence of events between mitotic


    divisions, and this is known as the cell cycle.

    3 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    The cell cycle

    4 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Stages of the cell cycle

    5 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    6 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008
    What is mitosis?
    Mitosis specifically refers to the process of nuclear division
    that occurs before a cell physically divides in two.
    During mitosis, the cell’s DNA is copied into each of the two
    daughter cells. In multicellular organisms, mitosis provides
    new cells for growth and tissue repair.

    In eukaryotes, it can also


    be a form of asexual
    reproduction. This most
    commonly occurs in
    single-celled organisms,
    such as yeast.

    7 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Mitosis

    8 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Phases of mitosis

    9 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Cell cycle summary

    10 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Stages of the cell cycle

    11 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    12 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008
    Specialized cells
    In a single-celled organism, all the functions necessary for
    life must be carried out in one cell. In contrast, multicellular
    organisms can delegate jobs to particular groups of cells.

    Cells that have adapted to a specific function are known as


    specialized cells.
    Specialized cells are grouped into tissues, which combine
    to make organs and organ systems.

    13 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Tissues, organs and organ systems

    14 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Stem cells

    15 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Rest phase
    Cells often stop dividing once they are fully differentiated,
    so where do they fit into the cell cycle?

    Specialized cells move from


    G1 into a resting phase
    known as G0.

    A cell may remain in G0 G0


    for the rest of its lifetime,
    or it may just rest in this
    state temporarily.

    G0 is also the phase in which stem cells wait until their


    associated body cells need replacing.

    16 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Plant structure

    17 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Cell differentiation

    18 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    19 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008
    Chromosome number
    A human somatic (body) cell
    contains 46 chromosomes.
    These consist of 23 pairs of
    homologous chromosomes.

    Each pair contains one


    chromosome from each
    parent. Other species
    have different numbers of
    these homologous pairs.

    Sex cells, or gametes, have only one copy of each


    chromosome: they are haploid. A somatic cell,
    containing two of each, is called diploid.

    20 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Haploid gametes
    All somatic cells in a multicellular organism are genetically
    identical because they are the result of mitosis.

    They are all descended from a single cell – a zygote.

    A zygote is formed when


    two haploid gametes fuse.

    These gametes are


    genetically unique
    because, unlike somatic
    cells, they were formed by
    a special form of cell
    division called meiosis.

    21 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Meiosis I and II
    Meiosis is the process of cell division underlying sexual
    reproduction. It is a two-stage process:

     Meiosis I introduces genetic


    diversity by randomly dividing
    a cell’s genes in two. It results
    in two haploid cells.

     Meiosis II is similar to mitosis. It


    splits each chromosome into its
    two chromatids and places one
    in each daughter cell. It results in
    four haploid gametes.

    22 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Genetic variation
    Sexual reproduction creates
    genetic diversity within a
    population, which is vital to
    a species’ survival.

    Two processes during


    meiosis determine the
    unique genetic make-up
    of the four daughter cells:

     During meiosis I, homologous pairs of chromosomes swap


    parts of their genetic material. This is crossing over.

     The chromosomes from each pair are randomly allotted to


    the daughter cells by independent assortment.

    23 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Meiosis

    24 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Meiosis: true or false?

    25 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Variation from meiosis

    26 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Chromosome mutations

    27 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    28 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008
    Glossary

    29 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    What’s the keyword?

    30 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Mitosis and meiosis

    31 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008


    Multiple-choice quiz

    32 of 32 © Boardworks Ltd 2008

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