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    Non-Uniform Quantization and Companding

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    Mark Jason Casil
    Quantization involves rounding analog signal values to the nearest discrete levels, converting a continuous signal to digital form. This introduces quantization error and noise. Companding compresses data during transmission and expands it during reception to reduce noise. Common techniques include A-law, which has a mid-rise characteristic, and μ-law, which has a mid-tread characteristic and is used for speech and music signals. Quantization and companding are important techniques in analog to digital conversion.

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    Non-Uniform Quantization and Companding

    Uploaded by

    Mark Jason Casil
    248 views16 pages
    Quantization involves rounding analog signal values to the nearest discrete levels, converting a continuous signal to digital form. This introduces quantization error and noise. Companding compresses data during transmission and expands it during reception to reduce noise. Common techniques include A-law, which has a mid-rise characteristic, and μ-law, which has a mid-tread characteristic and is used for speech and music signals. Quantization and companding are important techniques in analog to digital conversion.

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    3. Non-Uniform Quantization and Companding

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    Quantization involves rounding analog signal values to the nearest discrete levels, converting a continuous signal to digital form. This introduces quantization error and noise. Companding compresses data during transmission and expands it during reception to reduce noise. Common techniques include A-law, which has a mid-rise characteristic, and μ-law, which has a mid-tread characteristic and is used for speech and music signals. Quantization and companding are important techniques in analog to digital conversion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    248 views16 pages

    Non-Uniform Quantization and Companding

    Uploaded by

    Mark Jason Casil
    Quantization involves rounding analog signal values to the nearest discrete levels, converting a continuous signal to digital form. This introduces quantization error and noise. Companding compresses data during transmission and expands it during reception to reduce noise. Common techniques include A-law, which has a mid-rise characteristic, and μ-law, which has a mid-tread characteristic and is used for speech and music signals. Quantization and companding are important techniques in analog to digital conversion.

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    Quantization and Companding

    A report by Ignatius S. Ignacio


    Quantization
    • The digitization of analog signals involving the
    rounding off of the values which are
    approximately equal to the analog values. The
    method of sampling chooses a few points on the
    analog signal and then these points are joined
    to round off the value to a near stabilized value.
    Quantitizing an Analog Signal
    • The analog-to-digital
    converters perform this
    type of function to create a
    series of digital values out
    of the given analog signal.
    The following figure
    represents an analog signal.
    This signal to get converted
    into digital, has to undergo
    sampling and quantizing.
    Quantitizing an Analog Signal
    • The quantizing of an analog signal is done by
    discretizing the signal with a number of
    quantization levels. Quantization is representing
    the sampled values of the amplitude by a finite set
    of levels, which means converting a continuous-
    amplitude sample into a discrete-time signal.
    Quantitizing an Analog Signal
    • The following figure shows
    how an analog signal gets
    quantized. The blue line
    represents analog signal
    while the brown one
    represents the quantized
    signal.
    Quantitizing an Analog Signal
    • Both sampling and quantization result in the loss of
    information. The quality of a Quantizer output
    depends upon the number of quantization levels
    used. The discrete amplitudes of the quantized
    output are called as representation
    levels or reconstruction levels. The spacing
    between the two adjacent representation levels is
    called a quantum or step-size.
    Quantitizing an Analog Signal
    • The following figure shows
    the resultant quantized
    signal which is the digital
    form for the given analog
    signal.
    • This is also called as Stair-
    case waveform, in
    accordance with its shape.
    Types of Quantization
    • Uniform Quantization
    • Quantization Levels are Uniformly Spaced.
    • Non-Uniform Quantization
    • Quantization Levels are unequal.
    Types of Quantization

    Unifor Nonunifo
    m rm
    Quantization Error
    • The difference between an input value and its
    quantized value is called a Quantization Error.
    • A Quantizer is a logarithmic function that
    performs Quantization (rounding off the value).
    An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) works as a
    quantizer.
    Quantization Noise
    • It is a type of quantization error, which usually
    occurs in analog audio signal, while quantizing it
    to digital. For example, in music, the signals keep
    changing continuously, where a regularity is not
    found in errors. Such errors create a wideband
    noise called as Quantization Noise.
    Companding
    • Companding is a combination of Compressing
    and Expanding, which means that it does both.
    • This is a non-linear technique used in PCM which
    compresses the data at the transmitter and
    expands the same data at the receiver. The effects
    of noise and crosstalk are reduced by using this
    technique.
    Companding Techniques
    • A-law Companding Technique
    • Uniform quantization is achieved at A = 1, where the
    characteristic curve is linear and no compression is
    done.
    • A-law has mid-rise at the origin. Hence, it contains a
    non-zero value.
    • A-law companding is used for PCM telephone systems.
    Companding Techniques
    • µ-law Companding Technique
    • Uniform quantization is achieved at µ = 0, where the
    characteristic curve is linear and no compression is
    done.
    • µ-law has mid-tread at the origin. Hence, it contains a
    zero value.
    • µ-law companding is used for speech and music signals.
    Thank You

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