Piers and Abutments

PIERS AND ABUTMENTS
TOPICS INCLUDED :
• GENERAL FEATURES
• BED BLOCK
• MATERIALS PIERS AND ABUTMENTS
• TYPES OF PIERS
• FORCES ACTING ON PIERS
• STABILITY ANALYSIS OF PIERS
• GENERAL FEATURES OF ABUTMENTS
• FORCES ACTING ON ABUTMENTS
• STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ABUTMENTS
1.GENERAL FEATURES
• SUBSTRUCTURE COMPRISES THE PIERS
AND ABUTMENTS WHICH ARE LOCATED
BELOW THE LEVEL OF BEARINGS AND
REST ABOVE FOUNDATIONS
• PIERS AND ABUTMENTS ARE BUILT UP
OF BRICK OR STONE MASONRY OR
CONCRETE ARE SUPPORTED ON
FOUNDATION
• SUPERSTRUCTURE COMPRISING THE
SLAB OR BEAM TRANSMIT THE
REACTIONS TO PIERS AND ABUTMENTS
THROUGH BRIDGE BEARINGS AND BED
BLOCKS
2.BED BLOCK
• A R.C.C BEDBLOCK RESTING OVER
THE TOP OF PIERS AND ABUTMENTS
PROVIDED TO DITRIBUTE THE DEAD
AND LIVE LOADS TO PIERS AND
ABUTMENTS
• GENERALLY CAST WITH M-15 GRADE

CONCRETE AND REINFORCED WITH
STEEL OF AREA =0.3% OF CROSS
SECTIONAL DIMENSIONS AND
DISTRUBUTED AS MESH
REINFORCEMENT NEAR THE TOP
AND BOTTOM SURFACES OF BED
BLOCK
3.MATERIALS FOR PIERS AND ABUTMENTS
MATERIAL GRADE MIX OTHER MAX IMUM MAX IMUM
PROPERTIES COMPRESSIVE TENSILE
PERMISSIBLE PERMISSIBLE
STRESS STRESS
MASS CONCRETE M-10 1:3:6 40MM MAX SIZE 2 N/MM2 0.25 N/MM2
AGGREGATES
REINFORCED CONCRETE M-15 1:2:4 4 N/MM2` 0.5 N/MM2
COARSE RUBBLE 1:4 1.5 N/MM2 0.30 N/MM2

MASONRY +CEMENT
MORTAR
PRESTRESSED M-30 TO AS PER 14 N/MM2 3 N/MM2(FOR
CONCRETE(FOR TALL M-40 MINIMUM TYPE 2
PIERS) REQUIREMENT MEMBERS)
4.TYPES OF PIERS
TYPE OF PIERS ABOUT LOCATION SUITABLE
1.SOLID TYPE PIER BUILT USING BRICK OR STONE WIDELY USED FOR RIVER BRIDGES
MASONRY OR CONCRETE
2.TRESTLE TYPE PIER COMPRISES OF RCC COLUMNS • WIDELY USED IN FLYOVERS AND
WITH CONNECTING CAP ELEVATED ROADWAYS AND
CROSSING
3.HAMMER HEAR TYPE PIER MASSIVE SINGLE PIER WITH ELEVATED ROADWAYS USIED IN
CANTILEVER CAPS ON OPPOSITE RIVER BRIDGES AS THERE IS MIN
SIDES RESEMBLING THE HEAD OF RESTICTION FOR
HAMMER
4.CELLULAR TYPE PIER MASSIVE PIERS CARRYING MULTILANE TRAFFIC ROADS
MULTILANE TRAFFIC ,FOR
ECONOMICAL REASONS ITS BETTER
TO ADOPT
5.FRAMED TYPE PIERS AESTHETICALLY SUPERIOR AND IDEALLY SUITED TO REDUCE THE
RIGID DUE TO MONOLITHIC JOINTS SPAN LENGTH OF MAIN GIRDER ON
BETWEEN THE MEMBERS EITHER SIDE OF CENTRE LINE OF
THE PIER RESULTING IN SAVINGS
OF COST OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
FORCES ACTING ON PIERS
• DEAD LOAD OF SUPERSTRUCTURE AND PIER
• LIVELOADS OF VEHICLE MOVING ON THE BRIDGE
• EFFECT OF ECCENTRIC LIVE LOADS
• IMPACT EFFECT FOR DIFFERENT CLASSES OF LOADS
• EFFECT OF BUOYANCY ON THE SUBMERGED PART
OF PIER
• EFFECT OF WIND LOADS ACTING ON THE MOVING
VEHICLES AND SUPER STRUCTURE
• FORCES DUE TO WATER CURRENT
• FORCES DUE TO WAVE ACTION
• LONGITUDNAL FORCES DUE TO BRAKING OF
VEHICLES
• LONGITUDNAL FORCES DUE TO RESISTANCE IN
BEARINGS
• EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE FORCES
• FORCES DUE TO COLLISON OF PIERS IN NAVIGABLE
RIVERS
DESIGN OF
COMPONENTS PIER NECESSITY
DIMENSIONS OTHER FACTORS
HEIGHT 1 TO 1.5M ABOVE THE TO PROTECT THE

HFL BEARINGS FROM
FLOODING
PIER WIDTH 600 MM MORE THAN TO ACCOMODATE TWO

OUTER TO OUTER BEARINGS
DIMENSION OF THE
BEARING PLACES
PIER BATTER SIDES ARE PROVIDED INCREASED BOTTOM SHORT PIERS HAVE
WITH BATTER OF 1 IN 12 WIDTH IS REQUIRED TO VERTICAL SIDES
TO I IN 24. RESTRICT THE STRESSES
DEVELOPED UNDER
LOADS
CUT AND EASE WATERS CIRCULAR OR STREAMLING THE

TRAINGULAR (60 O ) PASSAGE OF WATER
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF
PIERS(PROBLEM)
VARIOUS FORCES ACTING ON PIER ARE LISTED
• DEAD LOADS OF EACH SPAN = 2000 KN
• REACTION DUE TO LIVE LOAD ON ONE SPAN = 1000 KN
• BRAKING FORCES =140 KN
• WIND PRESSURE IN PIER = 2.4 kN-M2
• MATERIAL OF PIER =1:3:6 CEMENT CONCRETE
• DENSITY OF CONCRETE = 24 KN/M2
CALCULATE THE STRESSES DEVELOPED AT THE BASE OF PIER DUE TO FOLLOWING CASES:
• DEAD LOAD AND SLEF WEIGHT OF PIER
• EFFECT OF BUOYANCY
• DUE TO ECCENTRICITY OF LIVE LOAD
• DUE TO LONGITUDNAL BRAKING FORCES
• DUE TO WIND PRESSURE
ESTIMATE THE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM STRESSES DEVELOPED AT THE BASE OF PIER DUE TO CRITICAL COMBINATIONS
OF THE VARIOUS LOADS
DESIGN
COMPUTATIONS:-
1. STRESS DUE TO DEAD LOADS AND SELF WEIGHT OF PIER

DEAD LOAD FROM SUPERSTRUCTURE = 2 X 2000 =4000KN
SELF WEIGHT OF PIER = 8.5 X (0.5(2+3) X 10) X 24 =5100 KN
TOTAL DIRECT LOAD =9100KN
COMPRESSIVE STRESS AT BASE OF PIER = 9100/(8.5 X 3) =356.8 kn/M2
2.EFFECT OF BUOYANCY:-
WIDTH OF PIER AT H.F.L =1.9M
SUBMERGED VOLUME OF PIER =8.5 X [0.5 X 9 X (1.9+3)] = 187.4 M 2
REDUCTION IN WEIGHT OF PIER DUE TO BUOYANCY = 187.4 X 10 =1874 KN
TENSILE STRESS AT BASE DUE TO BUOYANCY = - [1874/(8.5 X 3)] = -73.5 KN/M2
3.STRESSES DUE TO ECCENTRICITY OF LIVE LOAD
REACTION DUE TO LIVE LOAD FROM ONE SPAN IS 1000 KN ACTING AT AN ECCENTRICITY OF e = 0.5 m
MOMENT ABOUT BASE = M = 1000 X 0.5 = 500 KN-m
SECTION MODULUS = Z = [(8.5 X 9)/6] =12.75 m3
STRESS DEVELOPED:
MAX AND MIN STRESS = [1000/(8.5 X3)] +- [500/12.75] =78.4 & 0
4.STRESSES DUE TO WIND PRESSURE
TOTAL WIND PRESSURE ON PIER = AREA X WIND INTENSITY =[(2+3)/2 X 10 X 2.4] = 60 KN

ASSUMING THE WIND TO ACT MID HEIGHT OF THE PIER = 60 X 5 = 300 KN
MODULUS OF SECTION AT BASE = Z [3 X 8.5 2 / 6] = 361.25 m3
STRESS DEVELOPED AT BASE DUE TO WIND LOADS = +- [M/Z] = +- 0.83 kN/m2
STRESS AT BASE WITHIN SAFE LIMITS

GENERAL FEATURES OF
ABUTMENTS
ABUTMENTS ARE END SUPPORTS TO THE SUPERSTRUCTURE OF A BRIDGE AND THEY RETAIN EARTH ON THEIR BACK
SIDE WHICH SERVES AS AN APPROACH TO THE BRIDGE
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS:-
1. BREAST WALL :- SUPPORTS DL+LL OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE AND RETAINS EARTHFILLING ON THE REAR SIDE
2. WING WALL:- EXTENSIONS OF BREAST WALL RETAINS EARTHFILL WITHOUT RESISTING ANY LOADS FROM SUPER
STRUCTURE.
3. BACK WALL:- SMALL RETAINING WALL LOCATED JUST BEHIND THE BRIDGE SEAT AND PREVENTS THE EARTHFILL
FROM FLOWING INTO THE BRIDGE SEAT AND BEARINGS.
FORCES ACTING ON ABUTMENT
• DEAD LOAD DUE TO SUPERSTRUCTURE
• LIVELOAD OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
• SELFWEIGHT OF THE ABUTMENT
• LONGITUDINAL FORCES DUE TO

TRACTIVE EFFORT AND BRAKING
• FORCES DUE TO TEMPERATURE

VARIATION
• EARTHPRESSURE DUE TO BACKFILL

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ABUTMENTS(PROBLEM)
• S.B.C OF SOIL =150 KN/M2

• COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION = 0.5
• DENSITY OF STONE MASONRY = 25
KN/M2
COMPUTE THE STRESSES DEVELOPED AT
THE BASES ABD CHECK FOR THE
STABILITY OF ABUTMENT
1.ANALYSIS OF FORCES:-
TOTAL VERTICAL FORCES = W = W1+W2+W3+W4
W1 = WEIGHT OF RECTANGULAR PORTION OF ABUTMENT
= 1 X 3 X 25 =75 KN
W2 = WEIGHT OF TRIANGULAR PORTION OF ABUTMENT
= 0.5 X 1 X 3 X 25 = 37.5 KN
W3 = LIVE LOADS AND DEAD LOADS
= 20 KN
W4 = VERTICAL LOAD DUE TO EARTH = 15 KN
TOTAL VERTICAL FORCES = W =147.5 KN
CONSIDERING MOMENT OF ALL FORCES ABOUT TOE “A”
M =(95*0.5)+(37.5*1.33)+(15*1.67)-(20*1) = 102.3 KN-M
POSITION OF RESULTANT R FROM A
Z = (M/W) = 0.69 M
e = [B/2 - Z] = 0.31 (which is less than b/6 so only compressive stresses are developed)
W 6e
MAX OR MIN STRESS = [1  ] = 144 & 7.6 kn/M2
b b
1. MAX STRESS SHOULD BE LESS THAN S.B.C ---> SAFE

2. MIN STRESS SHOULD BE GREATER THAN 0 ----> SAFE
CHECK FOR SLIDING
1.TOTAL VERTICAL FORCES = W = 147.5 kN
mW = 0.5 X 147.5 =73.75kn
F.OS AGANIST SLIDING = 73.75/20 = 3.68 [>2] -----> SAFE

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PIERS AND ABUTMENTS

• GENERALLY CAST WITH M-15 GRADE

COARSE RUBBLE 1:4 1.5 N/MM2 0.30 N/MM2

HEIGHT 1 TO 1.5M ABOVE THE TO PROTECT THE

PIER WIDTH 600 MM MORE THAN TO ACCOMODATE TWO

CUT AND EASE WATERS CIRCULAR OR STREAMLING THE

1. STRESS DUE TO DEAD LOADS AND SELF WEIGHT OF PIER

4.STRESSES DUE TO WIND PRESSURE

TOTAL WIND PRESSURE ON PIER = AREA X WIND INTENSITY =[(2+3)/2 X 10 X 2.4] = 60 KN

STRESS AT BASE WITHIN SAFE LIMITS

• DEAD LOAD DUE TO SUPERSTRUCTURE

• LIVELOAD OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE

• SELFWEIGHT OF THE ABUTMENT

• LONGITUDINAL FORCES DUE TO

• FORCES DUE TO TEMPERATURE

• EARTHPRESSURE DUE TO BACKFILL

• S.B.C OF SOIL =150 KN/M2

1. MAX STRESS SHOULD BE LESS THAN S.B.C ---> SAFE

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