GOOD AFTERNOON!

WORD GAME:

• Identify the cell organelle/structure using

the description given and the number of
letters corresponded by the boxes.
IT IS THE CONTROL CENTER OF THE
EUKARYOTIC CELLS THAT
REGULATES ITS ACTIVITIES AND
CONTAINS THE GENETIC MATERIAL
OF THE INDIVIDUAL.

NUCL EUS
           
 THE MATERIAL INSIDE
THE CELL ENCLOSED BY
THE CELL MEMBRANE.

ORGANE L L E
           
 THE THREADLIKE STRUCTURE OF
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN FOUND
IN THE NUCLEUS OF MOST LIVING
CELLS, CARRYING GENETIC
INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF GENES.

C H R OM O S O ME S
           
IT IS A MASS OF GENETIC MATERIAL
COMPOSED OF DNA AND PROTEINS
THAT CONDENSE TO FORM
CHROMOSOMES DURING
EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION.

CH R OM A T I N
           
 IT IS THE DOUBLE
MEMBRANE THAT
ENCLOSES THE NUCLEUS.
N U C L E A R
         

EN V E L O P E
         
Can you name these parts of the Human
Cheek Cell?
Parts of the Human Cheek Cell at 40X Magnification
 THE CELL CYCLE AND
CELL DIVISION
Session 3
THE GREAT DIVIDE
BIOLOGY IS THE
ONLY SUBJECT
IN WHICH
MULTIPLICATION
IS THE
SAME THING
AS DIVISION…
2007-2008
You started
as a cell
smaller than
a period at
the end of a
sentence… WHERE IT
ALL BEGAN…
 GETTING • Going from egg to baby….
FROM the original fertilized egg has to divide…
THERE TO
and divide…
HERE…
and divide…
and divide…
WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
• For reproduction
• asexual reproduction
• one-celled organisms

• For growth
• from fertilized egg to
multi-celled organism amoeba

• For repair & renewal

• replace cells that die from
normal wear & tear or from
injury
 COORDINATION OF
CELL DIVISION
• A multicellular organism needs to
coordinate cell division across
different tissues & organs
• critical for normal growth,
development & maintenance
• coordinate timing of
cell division
• coordinate rates of
cell division
• not all cells can have the
same cell cycle
 FREQUENCY OF CELL DIVISION
• Frequency of cell division varies by cell type
• embryo
• cell cycle < 20 minute
• skin cells
• divide frequently throughout life
• 12-24 hours cycle
• liver cells
• retain ability to divide, but keep it in reserve  M
 anaphase
 metaphase
• divide once every year or two  prophase  telophase
 C
• mature nerve cells & muscle cells  G2

• do not divide at all after maturity  interphase (G1, S, G2 phases)

• permanently in G0  mitosis (M)
 cytokinesis (C)
 S  G 1
 - phone - bi

CELL CYCLE
 is a repeating sequence of cellular growth
and division.
CELL CYCLE
GETTING
THERE!
Interphase
It is a phase of the cell cycle, defined
only by the absence of cell division.
During interphase, the cell obtains
nutrients, and duplicates (copies) its
chromatin (genetic material). The
genetic material is located in the
nucleus of the cell and is made of the
molecule DNA.
 cell division What process NEVER occurs in
interphase?

 Nutrients Cells obtain ______________

and duplicate or copy their
 Chromatin ___________ or genetic material
during interphase.

 Nucleus Where is chromatin found in a

cell?

 DNA Chromatin is made of a molecule

called ___________
 During Interphase DNA replicates which must occur before Mitosis can begin .
Get the terminology right
centrioles
organize spindle
centromere is microtubules
the part of a
chromosome
that links sister
chromatids Spindle
microtubules
(also referred
to as spindle
fibers)

Sister chromatids are In animal cells two centrioles

duplicated chromosomes are held by a protein mass
attached by a centromere referred to as a centrosome
After anaphase when the sister
chromatids separate they should then
be referred to as chromosomes
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chromosome.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Interphase
Most eukaryotic cells spend most of their time in
interphase. For example, human skin cells, which divide
about once a day, spend roughly 22 hours in interphase.
About 90 percent of cells are in interphase. Some cells,
such as nerve cells, can stay in interphase for decades.
There are 3 parts of interphase: G1 (gap 1, in which the
cell creates organelles and begins metabolism), S phase
(DNA synthesis, in which the chromosomes of the cell
are copied) and G2 (gap 2, in which the cell grows in
preparation for cell division).
5.In what PHASE do most cells
spend the majority of their
INTERPHAS
lifetime? E
6. How often do human skin cells
divide each day?
once a day

7. How many hours per day is a

human skin cell in interphase? 22 HOURS
8. What type of cell may spend
decades in interphase instead of Nerve cells
dividing?
 Gap 1
G1, S, G2
10. What does G1
9. Name the 3
stand for and what
stages in
occurs in this
interphase.
stage?

11. What does S 12. What does G2

stand for and what stand for and what
occurs in this occurs in this
stage? stage?

Synthesis Gap 2
 Interphase
 Divided into 3 phases:  G0

 G1 (1st gap) = small cell is absorbing

nutrients, growing & doing its job.
 S (synthesis) = cell is continuing to grow &
duplicates its DNA.
 G2 (2nd gap) = cell keeps growing & doing
its job.
 Interphase
Sometimes the cells exit the cell cycle (usually
from G1 phase) and enter the G0 phase. In the G0
phase, cells are alive and metabolically active,
but do not divide. In this phase cells do not copy
their DNA and do not prepare for cell division.
Many cells in the human body, including those in
heart muscle, eyes, and brain are in the G0
phase. If these cells are damaged they cannot be
replaced and typically become non-functional
scar tissue.
 cells are alive and What happens to cells
metabolically that enter the G0
stage?
active

Name 3 types of cells

 heart muscle, eyes, that enter the G0 phase
and brain when they are mature.

 become non- What happens if these

cells are damaged
functional scar during your lifetime?
tissue
 Interphase : G1
 The G1 phase is a period in the cell cycle during interphase,
after cytokinesis (process whereby the cytoplasm of a single
cell is divided resulting in two identical daughter cells) and
before the S phase. For many cells, this phase is the major
period of cell growth and normal cell functioning during its
lifespan. This would represent about 10-12 hours of a cell
whose cell cycle was 24 hours long. During this stage new
organelles are being synthesized (made), so the cell
requires both structural proteins and enzymes, resulting in
great amount of protein synthesis.
 What stage
Gap 1 (G1) Phase occurs after
cytokinesis?

What part of the

cell is divided
during Cytoplasm
cytokinesis?

Daughter cells What are the new cells

called and how do
Identical they compare with
each other?
What is major thing happening to a cell during
G1?
new organelles are being synthesized (made)

What percent of a cell’s life cycle is spent in G1?

50 percent
Since organelles and enzymes are being made during G1,
there is a great amount of _______________________
occurring.
protein synthesis
 Interphase : S phase
 The S phase, short for synthesis phase, is a period
in the cell cycle during interphase, between G1
phase and the G2 phase. Following G1, the cell
enters the S stage, when DNA synthesis or
replication occurs. This ensures that each
daughter cell inherits an identical set of DNA. S
phase takes about 6 hours of a 24 hour cell cycle.
Why is DNA replication necessary?
 To ensures that each daughter cell inherits an identical
set of DNA
What would happen if each cell did not
inherit a complete set of DNA?
 The cell will remain in S phase until the
chromosomes are properly copied, or
the cell will undergo programmed cell death
What percent of the cell cycle does a cell spend in
S phase?

25 percent
S PHASE: COPYING / REPLICATING DNA

• Synthesis phase of Interphase

• dividing cell replicates DNA
• must separate DNA copies correctly
to 2 daughter cells
• human cell duplicates ~3 meters DNA
• each daughter cell gets complete
identical copy
• error rate = ~1 per 100 million bases
 ACTGGTCAGGCAATGTC

ORGANIZING DNA DNA

• DNA is organized in
chromosomes histones
• double helix DNA molecule
• wrapped around histone proteins
• like thread on spools
• DNA-protein complex =
chromatin
• organized into long thin fiber chromatin
• condensed further during mitosis

double stranded chromosome

duplicated mitotic chromosome
 COPYING DNA & PACKAGING
• After DNA duplication,IT…
chromatin condenses
• coiling & folding to make a smaller package
DNA mitotic chromosome

chromatin
 double-
stranded
mitotic human
chromosomes
 MITOTIC CHROMOSOME
 Duplicated chromosome
 2 sister chromatids
 narrow at centromeres

 contain identical

copies of original DNA

homologous homologous
chromosomes chromosomes

sister chromatids
single-stranded
double-stranded homologous = “same information”
 Interphase : G2 phase
 G2 phase is the third, final, and usually the shortest subphase
during interphase within the cell cycle in which the cell undergoes
a period of rapid growth to prepare for mitosis. It follows
successful completion of DNA synthesis and replication during
the S phase, and occurs during a period of about 4 hours. The
DNA is still in the form of loosely packed chromatin fibers. The
G2 phase continues growth of the cell and prepares the cell for
mitosis (M phase) by producing all of the enzymes that the
cell will need in order to divide. After the G2 phase of interphase,
the cell is ready to start dividing. The nucleus and nuclear
material (chromosomes made of DNA) divide first during stage
known as CELL DIVISION.
What is the final and shortest
phase of interphase? G2 phase
About how long would a typical
cell (24 hours cell cycle) be in the
G22 phase?
4 hours
By producing all the
How is the cell prepared for cell
division during the G22 phase? enzymes needed for cell
division

What follows the G22 phase? “M” phase (Cell

division)
What part of the cell is actually nucleus and nuclear
dividing in mitosis?
material
 INTERPHASE
• 90% of cell life cycle
• cell doing its “everyday job”
• produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes

• prepares for duplication if triggered

I’m working here!

Time to divide
& multiply!
 M
Mitosis

CELL CYCLE
G2
Gap 2
G1
• Cell has a “life cycle” Gap 1

G0
cell is formed from S Resting
a mitotic division Synthesis

cell grows & matures cell grows & matures

to divide again to never divide again

G1, S, G2, M liver cells G1G0

epithelial cells, brain / nerve cells

blood cells, muscle cells
stem cells
 INTERPHASE
• Divided into 3 phases:  G0
• G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)
• cell doing its “everyday job”
• cell grows
a l to
signvide• S = DNA Synthesis
 di
• copies chromosomes
• Duplicates centrioles
• G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)
• prepares for division
• cell grows (more)
• produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
  green = key features

INTERPHASE
• Nucleus well-defined
• DNA loosely packed
in long chromatin
fibers
• Prepares for mitosis
‘CHECKPOINTS’
‘CHECKPOINTS’
There are several checkpoints, but the three most
important ones are:
• The G1
• start at the G1/S transition.
• The G2
• ​start G2/M transition.
• The spindle checkpoint, at the transition from
metaphase to anaphase.
 The G1
• a cell checks whether internal and
external conditions are right for
division. Here are some of the
‘CHECKPOINTS’ factors a cell might assess:
• Size.
• Nutrients.
• Molecular signals.
• DNA integrity.
 ‘CHECKPOINTS’ - The G1

• What do you think will happen If a cell

doesn’t get the go-ahead cues it needs at
the G1?
it may leave the cell cycle and
enter a resting state called G0
 The G2
At this stage, the cell will
‘CHECKPOINTS
’ check:

• DNA integrity.
• DNA replication.
 ‘CHECKPOINTS’ - The G2

• What do you think will happen if errors or

damage are detected?
the cell will pause at the G2
checkpoint to allow for repairs
• What will happen if the damage is
irreparable?
the cell may undergo apoptosis
‘CHECKPOINTS’

THE
SPINDLE
EXIT TICKET #3
MITOSIS
 The Mitotic Phase
 Divided into 4 stages of Mitosis:
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
(+) PLUS
 Cytokinesis
 Prophase
 To begin mitosis, the
nuclear membrane breaks
down.
 while the chromosomes
shorten and thicken

 http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm
 Prophase
 Chromatids condense
becoming visible.
 The centrioles (an organelle
that makes microtubules)
appears and migrate to
opposite sides.
 spindle fibers start to form
between them

 http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm
 Prophase DNA supercoils*
chromatin condenses
and becomes sister
chromatids, which are
visible under a light
microscope

The centrosomes
move to opposite
poles of the cell
and spindle fibres
begin to form The nuclear
between them membrane
is broken
down and
disappears
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Metaphase
The spindle has
now formed and
the nuclear
membrane has
broken down
 Metaphase
 Chromosomes
line-up on the
metaphase plate
 Centromeres are
attached to
spindle fibers
 Metaphase

Spindle fibers from each

of the two centrosomes
attach to the centromere
of each pair of sister
chromatids
Contraction of the
microtubule spindle fibers
cause the sister chromatids to
line up along the center of the http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
cell. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Anaphase
 Spindle fibers contract
 Centromeres divide
 Sister chromatids are
pulled away from each
other towards the poles
 Renamed as
chromosomes
 Continued contraction of the
Anaphase microtubule spindle fibers
cause the separation of the
sister chromatids

The chromatids are now

referred to as chromosomes

Chromosomes move
to the opposite poles
of the cell
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Telophase
 The chromosomes
reach the poles
 The spindle has
broken down and
disappeared
 Nuclear membranes
form around the 2
new nuclei
 Telophase
 The cell membrane
pinches in (forms a
cleavage furrow)
along the center
creating two separate
cells .
 Telophase
 At this time, the
chromosomes uncoil
and become less
visible (as they are
during Interphase),
the nuclear membrane
reforms.
 Telophase The chromosomes
uncoil de-condense to
chromatin (and are no
Chromosomes longer visible under a
arrive at the poles. light microscope).

Microtubule
spindle
fibers
disappear

New nuclear membranes

reform around each set of Now cytokinesis
chromosomes begins!
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov04macro/jronionroot.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#mediaviewer/File:Mitosis_cells_sequence.svg
 Cytokinesis
 The cytoplasm
distributed equally Animal Plant
between the 2 new cells
 In animals, a cleavage
furrow forms from
outside in
 In plants, a cell plate
forms from inside out
What Mitosis Actually Looks Like

Interphase
Prophase Metaphase

Telophase
Anaphase
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/multimedia/mitosis/mitosis_gif2.html
http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/bio1int.htm
 At What Stage Are Our Cells At In The Cell Cycle?

 Different cells can be

in different stages
 Interphase
 Mitosis:
 Prophase
 Metaphase
 Anaphase
 Telophase
 Cytokinesis
 The Guarentee
 The product of
mitosis is 2 cells Mother
cell
 The daughter cells
are identical to each
other & to the mother
cell
Identical
daughter
Why is this so cells

important?
 The Daughter Cells
 In humans, the 2
daughter cells will have 46
chromosomes (23 pairs)
 Each chromosome is said
to have the same gene
sequence
Identical
daughter
cells
MITOSIS – ONION ROOT TIP

 Interphase  Metaphase  Prophase

 Telophase  Anaphase
1.6.U1 MITOSIS IS DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS INTO TWO GENETICALLY
IDENTICAL DAUGHTER NUCLEI.

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
 http://www.flickr.com/photos/chuckp/252924532/
1.6.U1 MITOSIS IS DIVISION OF THE NUCLEUS INTO TWO GENETICALLY
IDENTICAL DAUGHTER NUCLEI.

People
Meet
And
Talk
 http://www.flickr.com/photos/chuckp/252924532/
 What Happens After Mitosis?
 The cell
returns to
interphase
 The cycle
repeats itself
over &
over…
 Cell Cycle Tidbits
How long is one cell cycle?
 Depends on the cell- skin cells = ~24 hours,
nerve cells = never after maturity, cancer
cells = very short
 Remember: every cell only has a certain # of
divisions it can undergo, then it dies =
apoptosis (programmed cell death)
 Getting Older…
 All cells are only allowed to complete a certain
number of divisions
 Then they die (programmed cell death)

How does cell division change over a lifetime?

 Childhood = cell division > cell death
 Adulthood = cell division = cell death
 The Later Years = cell division < cell death