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    GNSS

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    Dr. Madhu R
    Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) use networks of satellites to provide positioning and navigation data globally. GNSS calculates location as latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, direction and time. Major GNSS systems include GPS (US), GLONASS (Russia), and Galileo (Europe). GPS was first launched in 1978 and consists of 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes. GLONASS and Galileo have similar satellite constellations but operate at different frequencies than GPS. All GNSS systems provide positioning data to users via receivers.

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    GNSS

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Madhu R
    659 views16 pages
    Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) use networks of satellites to provide positioning and navigation data globally. GNSS calculates location as latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, direction and time. Major GNSS systems include GPS (US), GLONASS (Russia), and Galileo (Europe). GPS was first launched in 1978 and consists of 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes. GLONASS and Galileo have similar satellite constellations but operate at different frequencies than GPS. All GNSS systems provide positioning data to users via receivers.

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    Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) use networks of satellites to provide positioning and navigation data globally. GNSS calculates location as latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, direction and time. Major GNSS systems include GPS (US), GLONASS (Russia), and Galileo (Europe). GPS was first launched in 1978 and consists of 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes. GLONASS and Galileo have similar satellite constellations but operate at different frequencies than GPS. All GNSS systems provide positioning data to users via receivers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    659 views16 pages

    GNSS

    Uploaded by

    Dr. Madhu R
    Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) use networks of satellites to provide positioning and navigation data globally. GNSS calculates location as latitude, longitude, altitude, speed, direction and time. Major GNSS systems include GPS (US), GLONASS (Russia), and Galileo (Europe). GPS was first launched in 1978 and consists of 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes. GLONASS and Galileo have similar satellite constellations but operate at different frequencies than GPS. All GNSS systems provide positioning data to users via receivers.

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    Global Navigation

    Satellite Systems (GNSS)


    GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

    •A network of satellites that transmit ranging


    signals used for positioning and navigation
    anywhere around the globe; on land, in the air or at
    sea.

    •Calculates the position in terms of latitude, longitude,


    altitude, speed direction and time.
    Applications of GNSS

    • Resource investigation
    • Surveying
    • Military – defense system
    • Navigation – car navigation systems
    • Map-making
    • Mission – ambulance, police, etc
    • Aviation - Air Traffic Management System (ATM)
    • Mountain-climbing
    GPS
    •It’s the oldest GNSS system that began operation in 1978
    and was made available for global use in 1994.

    •Developed by the U.S. Department of Defense.

    •It is a "constellation" of twenty-four 20,000 km high MEO satellites. The


    satellites are distributed on 6 orbits, 4 per orbit.

    •GPS operates in a frequency band referred to as the L-Band


    L1: 1575 MHz and L2: 1227 MHz.
    L2 being reserved for the American Army.

    •Today, GPS is the most accurate navigation system


    in the world. 

    •The latest generation of GPS satellites use rubidium 


    clocks that are accurate up to ±5 parts in 1011

    •Coding technique: CDMA.


    GLONASS

    •GLONASS was developed by Soviet Union as the


    military communication system during the 1970s.

    •It is a "constellation" of twenty-four in 3 orbital planes;


    8 satellites per plane.

    •GLONASS satellites orbit about 20000 km above the earth’s surface.

    •GLONASS operates in a frequency band


    referred to as the L-Band
    L1: 1603 MHz and L2: 1246 MHz.

    •Coding technique: FDMA.


    Galileo

    •Galileo is Europe’s own navigation system.

    • Started its initial services from Dec 2016.

    •It is a "constellation" of 24 operational satellites plus 6 in orbit spares.

    •All satellites positioned in 3 circular MEO planes at 23,222 km altitude at


    an inclination of 56 degrees to the equator.

    •Galileo operates in a frequency band


    referred to as the L-Band:
    E5a: 1176 MHz, E5b: 1207 MHz,
    E6: 1278 MHz and E1: 1575 MHz.

    •Coding technique: CDMA.


    Global Positioning Systems

    (GPS)
    Four Basic Functions of GPS

    Position and coordinates.

    The distance and direction between any two


    waypoints, or a position and a waypoint.

    Travel progress reports.

    Accurate time measurement.


    Three segments of GPS

    • Space segment
    – At least 24 satellites around the earth

    • Control segment
    – Five control stations located around the world

    • User segment
    – GPS receiver
    Space segment

    • Consists of at least 24 satellites (21 active plus 3


    operating spares) is the heart of the system.

    • The satellites are in a “high orbit” about 12,000


    miles above the Earth’s surface.

    • The satellites are arranged in their orbits so a


    GPS receiver on earth can always receive from at
    least four of them at any given time.
    Control segment

    US Space
    Command

    Hawa
    ii Kwajalein
    Atoll
    Diego
    Ascension Garcia
    Is.

    Master Control Station Monitor Station Ground Antenna


    Limitations of GPS

     In case of ionosphere & troposphere some amount of delay


    in the signal may occur.
     Due to multipath communication the travel time increased.

     Does not work underground and underwater.

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