Induction Machines

 Induction machines are rotating electromechanical energy

converting devices
 In induction machines, alternating currents are applied directly to
the stator windings. Rotor currents are then produced by induction,
i.e., transformer action.
 The induction machine may be regarded as a generalized
transformer in which electric power is transformed between rotor
and stator together with a change of frequency and a flow of
mechanical power.
 Although the induction motor is the most common of all motors, it
is seldom used as a generator;
 The induction machine may also be used as a frequency changer.

1
 Induction Machines
Advantages
 It has simple and rugged construction.
 It is relatively cheap.
 It requires little maintenance.
 It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
 It has self starting torque.
Disadvantages
 It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be
changed easily.
 Its starting torque is inferior to d.c shunt motor.

2
 Construction
 An induction motor has two main parts
A stationary stator
 consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core.
 core, constructed from stacked laminations, having a number of evenly
spaced slots, providing the space for the stator winding.
 …Contd..
A revolving rotor
 composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor slots, providing
space for the rotor winding.
Two types of rotor windings
 Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) similar to the
winding on the stator.
 Aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings, forming a
squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage).

Squirrel cage rotor Wound rotor

 Principle of operation
  Inorder to generate power the rotor speed must be slightly above
the synchronous speed
 The harder the rotor is cranked, the more power will be fed into
the electrical grid
The Slip

 Where s is the slip. Slip is one of the most important variables in the control
and operation of induction machines.
s = 0: if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s = 1: if the rotor is stationary
s is –ve : if the rotor runs at a speed above the synchronous speed
s is +ve : if the rotor runs at a speed below the synchronous speed

5
 …Contd..
 Depending on the value of slip, an IM can have the following
operating regions.
a) Motoring mode, 1 > S > 0 :- the corresponding speed values
are ZERO (s = 1.0) and synchronous speed (S = 0).
b) Generating mode , S < 0 :- the rotor speed is above
synchronous speed.
c) Breaking mode , S > 1 :- This condition can be achieved by
driving the rotor with a prime mover opposite to the direction of
rotating magnetic field. ( eg. plugging action)

6
 Frequency
• The frequency of the voltage induced in the rotor is given by

Where fr = the rotor current frequency (Hz)

P = number of stator poles
n = slip speed (rpm)
Torque
 The Rotating Magnetic Field
 The principle of operation of the induction machine is based on the
generation of a rotating magnetic field.
 An induction motor is one in which alternating current is supplied to
the stator directly and to the rotor by induction or transformer action
from the stator.
 In a three phase induction machine, there are three sets of windings
phase A winding, phase B and phase C windings.
 These are excited by a balanced three-phase voltage supply.
 This would result in a balanced three phase current.
 The windings are not all located in the same place.
 They are distributed in the machine 120 degree away from each
other
 …Contd..
 When currents flow through the coils, they generate mmfs.
 Since mmf is proportional to current, these waveforms also
represent the mmf generated by the coils and the total mmf.
 Further, due to magnetic material in the machine (iron), these mmfs
generate magnetic flux, which is proportional to the mmf (assume
that iron is infinitely permeable and non-linear effects such as
hysteresis are neglected).
 Three-phase induction motors are the most common and frequently
encountered machines in industry
 …Contd..
The basic idea of an electric motor is to generate two magnetic
fields: rotor magnetic field and stator magnetic field. The rotor will
constantly be turning to align its magnetic field with the stator field.
The 3-phase set of currents, each of equal magnitude and with a
phase difference of 120o, flow in the stator windings and generate a
rotating field will constant magnitude.
 Equivalent Circuit
The induction motor is similar to the transformer with
the exception that its secondary windings are free to
rotate.

As we noticed in the transformer, it is easier if we can

combine these two circuits in one circuit but there are
some difficulties.
 …Contd..
 When the rotor is locked (or blocked), i.e. s =1, the largest
voltage and rotor frequency are induced in the rotor, Why?
 On the other side, if the rotor rotates at synchronous speed, i.e.
s = 0, the induced voltage and frequency in the rotor will be
equal to zero, Why?

Where ER0 is the largest value of the rotor’s induced voltage

obtained at s = 1(locked rotor)
…Contd..
…Contd..

15
…Contd..

16
…Contd..
…Contd..
Power losses in Induction machines
Power flow in induction motor

20
Power relations

21
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
Torque, power and Thevenin’s Theorem
 …Contd..

03/15/2021 24
…Contd..

25
Determining maximum internal torque of IM
 Maximum torque is referred as Stalling torque; Pull out torque
or Break down torque.
 Maximum torque occurs when the power transferred to R2/s is
maximum.
 Maximum internal torque can be obtained by using the
maximum power transfer theorem of a circuit theory.
i.e. power transfer becomes max. when the load impedance
is equal to the source impedance.
 PERFORMANCE CHARATERISTICS OF IM
 The equivalent circuits derived in the preceding section can be
used to predict the performance characteristics of the
induction machine.
 The output parameters of IM are speed and torque and their
inter relation during starting ,steady state and braking are
going to be seen.
 The important performance characteristics in the steady state
are:
- The efficiency
- Power factor
- Current
- Starting torque
- Maximum (or pull-out) torque and
- So forth.
 …Contd..
 Steady state operating characteristics of an IM can be
shown graphically as the shaft load increases from
zero to full load.
 These operating characteristics during starting,
steady state, and braking are governed mainly by:-
- rotor resistance,
- air gap length, and
- shape of stator and rotor slots
 Input Power Factor

• The
 phasesupply power factor is given by PF = , where is the
angle of the stator current .
 This phase angle is the same as the impedance angle of
the equivalent circuit
 …Contd..
 Speed : At no load, the rotor speed is near to synchronous speed; therefore,
the no-load slip is very small. Also, the no-load torque, sufficient to
overcome the loss-torque required by friction and windage, is very low
 Stator current: The no-load stator current is about 30 to 50% of rated
current, the larger values being applicable to smaller sizes. With the
increase in load, the current rises correspondingly.

EFFICIENCY
 fixed losses (= core loss + friction and windage loss) and variable load
losses.
 At no load, the shaft power output is zero, therefore, efficiency is zero.
 As the load is increased, the efficiency also rises and becomes maximum
when fixed losses and variable losses are equal.
 Maximum efficiency occurs at about 80 to 95% of rated output rapidly
than the output, consequently the efficiency decreases.
EFFICIENCY

•  
…Contd..
 …Contd..

Fig. Operating Characteristics of IM 33

 PARAMETER DETERMINATION
No Load Test
 Like the open-circuit test on a transformer, the no-load test on an
induction motor gives information with respect to exciting current
and no-load losses.
 This test is ordinarily performed at rated frequency and with
balanced three phase voltages applied to the stator terminals.
 Assume the no-load test is made with the motor operating at its
rated electrical frequency fr and that the following measurements
are available from the no-load test:
 Vl,nl - The line-to-neutral voltage [V]
 I,nl -- The line current [A]
 Pnl -- The total three electrical input power [W]
 …Contd..
 An induction machine in its equivalent circuit form is similar to a
transformer with ’slip’ as an additional parameter.
 As a result, the equivalent circuit parameter estimation of
induction machine proceeds on similar lines as that of a
transformer’s. The equivalent circuit for induction machine is
shown below.
 …Contd..
The no-load test approximates the stator circuit (Rs and Xs1) and
magnetization branch parameters (Xm) of an induction machine.
The machine is brought to its rated speed by applying rated three
phase voltage at the stator (Vnl).
Corresponding no-load current (Inl) and no-load real power
input(Pnl) are recorded.
When no mechanical load is driven by the machine, slip (s) is a very
small value. As a result, the rotor circuit branch resistance quantity,
Rr( 1−s/s ) carries a large value.
The impedance of rotor circuit branch is thus much higher
compared to the magnetization branch impedance and their parallel
combination would turn out to be close to jXm (neglecting core
conductance).
 …Contd..
Thus we have:

where, Znl and Rnl are the no-load equivalent impedance and
resistance respectively.
But:

Power loss (frictional)

 …Contd..
Blocked rotor test
The blocked rotor test is performed to estimate parameters that
affect machine’s performance under load such as its leakage
impedance, similar to the short circuit test done for a transformer.
In blocked rotor test, the machine shaft is locked or is prevented
from rotating via external means.
Blocking the shaft essentially amounts to making the slip equal
unity (nr = 0).
If E2’ is the voltage appearing across the rotor circuit, we have:
 …Contd..
With the rated current (Ibr) flowing in the stator, we note the stator
applied voltage (Vbr) and the power input(Pbr).
 It should be noted that the rotor position in blocked state affects the
stator voltage (Vbr) required for setting up Ibr.
Hence, an average calculated over different rotor positions can be
taken.
Assuming we have the stator circuit parameters Rs ready, the other
machine parameters can be calculated as indicated below.
 …Contd..
Here, Zbr=Rbr+jXbr is the equivalent impedance offered by the
machine with rotor blocked.
As the real power consumed during blocked rotor test is almost
entirely the real power loss in the machine, we can use it to calculate
the machine equivalent resistance.
In other words, the applied stator voltage being low, the core loss
component is quite a small fraction of rated core-loss.
To approximate Xs1, X’r1 and R’r one needs to calculate the Thevenin
equivalent impedance looking into the equivalent circuit of the
machine from stator terminals.
 …Contd..
Hence

Equating the real and imaginary parts with

 …Contd..
However, Xr>>R’r , the term R’2r/Xr and R’2r in the denominator can
be neglected.

Again, in general, as Xm >>Xr1, Xr1/Xm can be neglected which yields:

 SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS
 The synchronous speed Ns of an ac motor is related to supply
frequency f and poles P by the equation.
Ns = 120f
p
 As regards induction motor, the rotor speed is given by
N= (1-S)Ns
Where S is the slip
 It is found from the above two equations that the basic methods of
speed control of an induction motor are:
a)by changing the number of poles and
b)by varying the line (input) frequency.
 The slip can be changed by the following methods.
c)by varying the input voltage
d)by varying the rotor resistance
 The methods (c-d) are applicable to slip-ring (WR) induction motors,
whereas only the methods (a-b-c) can be applied to machines with
cage rotor.
 Example
• A 3φ, 460V, 1740rpm, 60Hz, 4-pole wound-rotor
induction motor has the following parameters per
phase:
Example Cont’d
Example Cont’d
Example Cont’d
Example Cont’d
Example Cont’d
Example Cont’d
Example Cont’d
Example Cont’d
Thank you!

53