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    Storage System & Technology

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    Farhan Sheikh Muhammad
    The document discusses different types of computer storage systems and technologies. It describes the physical characteristics of semiconductor, magnetic, and optical storage. It then outlines the storage hierarchy from fastest to slowest: registers, caches, main memory, disk caches, disks, optical media, and tape. The document goes on to provide details on cache organization and operation, different types of semiconductor memories like RAM, ROM, and disk and optical storage technologies.

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    Storage System & Technology

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Sheikh Muhammad
    18 views40 pages
    The document discusses different types of computer storage systems and technologies. It describes the physical characteristics of semiconductor, magnetic, and optical storage. It then outlines the storage hierarchy from fastest to slowest: registers, caches, main memory, disk caches, disks, optical media, and tape. The document goes on to provide details on cache organization and operation, different types of semiconductor memories like RAM, ROM, and disk and optical storage technologies.

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    2019-08_bit2133_notes_1571878812_l5

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    The document discusses different types of computer storage systems and technologies. It describes the physical characteristics of semiconductor, magnetic, and optical storage. It then outlines the storage hierarchy from fastest to slowest: registers, caches, main memory, disk caches, disks, optical media, and tape. The document goes on to provide details on cache organization and operation, different types of semiconductor memories like RAM, ROM, and disk and optical storage technologies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    18 views40 pages

    Storage System & Technology

    Uploaded by

    Farhan Sheikh Muhammad
    The document discusses different types of computer storage systems and technologies. It describes the physical characteristics of semiconductor, magnetic, and optical storage. It then outlines the storage hierarchy from fastest to slowest: registers, caches, main memory, disk caches, disks, optical media, and tape. The document goes on to provide details on cache organization and operation, different types of semiconductor memories like RAM, ROM, and disk and optical storage technologies.

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    You are on page 1of 40

    Lecture 5

    Storage System & Technology


    Outline

    • Physical type
    • Physical characteristics
    • Organisation

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 2


    Physical Types

    • Semiconductor
    – RAM

    • Magnetic
    – Disk & Tape

    • Optical
    – CD & DVD

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 3


    Physical Characteristics

    • Decay
    • Volatility
    • Erasable
    • Power consumption

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 4


    Hierarchy List

    • Registers
    • L1 Cache
    • L2 Cache
    • Main memory
    • Disk cache
    • Disk
    • Optical
    • Tape
    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 5
    Cache

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 6


    Cache/Main Memory Structure

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 7


    Cache operation – overview
    • CPU requests contents of memory location
    • Check cache for this data
    • If present, get from cache (fast)
    • If not present, read required block from main memory to cache
    • Then deliver from cache to CPU
    • Cache includes tags to identify which block of main memory is
    in each cache slot

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 8


    Cache Read Operation - Flowchart

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 9


    Typical Cache Organization

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 10


    Semiconductor Memory Types

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 11


    Semiconductor Memory

    • RAM
    – Misnamed as all semiconductor memory is random access
    – Read/Write
    – Volatile
    – Temporary storage
    – Static or dynamic

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 12


    Memory Cell Operation

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 13


    Dynamic RAM
    • Bits stored as charge in capacitors
    • Charges leak
    • Need refreshing even when powered
    • Simpler construction
    • Smaller per bit
    • Less expensive
    • Need refresh circuits
    • Slower
    • Main memory
    • Essentially analogue

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 14


    DRAM Operation
    • Address line active when bit read or written
    – Transistor switch closed (current flows)
    • Write
    – Voltage to bit line
    – The signal address line
    • Read
    – Address line selected
    – Charge from capacitor fed via bit line to sense amplifier
    – Capacitor charge must be restored

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 15


    Static RAM
    • Bits stored as on/off switches
    • No charges to leak
    • No refreshing needed when powered
    • More complex construction
    • Larger per bit
    • More expensive
    • Does not need refresh circuits
    • Faster
    • Cache
    • Digital

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 16


    Static RAM Operation

    • Transistor arrangement gives stable logic state


    • State 1
    • State 0

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 17


    Read Only Memory (ROM)

    • Permanent storage
    • Microprogramming
    • Systems programs (BIOS)
    • Function tables

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 18


    Types of ROM

    • Written during manufacture


    • Programmable (once)
    • Read “mostly”
    – Erasable Programmable (EPROM)
    – Electrically Erasable (EEPROM)
    – Flash memory

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 19


    Types of External Memory

    • Magnetic Disk
    • Optical
    • Magnetic Tape

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 20


    Magnetic Disk

    • Disk substrate coated with magnetizable material


    • Substrate used to be aluminium
    • Now glass
    – Improved surface uniformity
    – Reduction in surface defects
    – Better stiffness
    – Better shock/damage resistance

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 21


    Read and Write Mechanisms

    • Recording & retrieval via conductive coil called a


    head
    • May be single read/write head or separate ones
    • During read/write, head is stationary, platter rotates
    • Write
    • Read

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 22


    Data Organization and Formatting

    • Concentric rings or tracks


    • Tracks divided into sectors
    • Minimum block size is one sector
    • May have more than one sector per block

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 23


    Disk Data Layout

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 24


    Disk Velocity

    • Bit near centre of rotating disk passes fixed point


    slower than bit on outside of disk
    • Increase spacing between bits in different tracks
    • Rotate disk at constant angular velocity (CAV)
    • Can use zones to increase capacity

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 25


    Disk Layout Methods Diagram

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 26


    Finding Sectors

    • Must be able to identify start of track and


    sector
    • Format disk
    – Additional information not available to user
    – Marks tracks and sectors

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 27


    Characteristics

    • Fixed or movable head


    • Single or double (usually) sided
    • Single or multiple platter
    • Head mechanism
    – Contact
    – Fixed gap
    – Flying

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 28


    Fixed/Movable Head Disk

    • Fixed head
    – One read write head per track
    – Heads mounted on fixed ridged arm

    • Movable head
    – One read write head per side
    – Mounted on a movable arm

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 29


    Removable or Not
    • Removable disk
    – Can be removed from drive and replaced with another disk
    – Provides unlimited storage capacity
    – Easy data transfer between systems

    • Non removable disk


    – Permanently mounted in the drive

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 30


    Multiple Platter

    • One head per side


    • Heads are joined and aligned
    • Aligned tracks on each platter form cylinders
    • Data is striped by cylinder
    – reduces head movement
    – Increases speed (transfer rate)

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 31


    Multiple Platters

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 32


    Tracks and Cylinders

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 33


    RAID
    • Redundant Array of Independent Disks
    • Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
    • 6 levels in common use
    • Not a hierarchy
    • Set of physical disks viewed as single logical drive by O/S
    • Data distributed across physical drives
    • Can use redundant capacity to store parity information

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 34


    Optical Storage CD-ROM
    • Originally for audio
    • 650Mbytes giving over 70 minutes audio
    • Polycarbonate coated with highly reflective coat, usually aluminium
    • Data stored as pits
    • Read by reflecting laser
    • Constant packing density
    • Constant linear velocity

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 35


    CD Operation

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 36


    CD-ROM Format

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 37


    Random Access on CD-ROM

    • Difficult
    • Move head to rough position
    • Set correct speed
    • Read address
    • Adjust to required location

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 38


    Other Optical Storage

    • CD-Recordable (CD-R)
    • CD-RW
    • Digital Video Disk
    • Digital Versatile Disk

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 39


    Magnetic Tape

    • Serial access
    • Slow
    • Very cheap
    • Backup and archive

    BTECH 2306 Computer Architecture 40

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