INERTIAL

NAVIGATION
SYSTEM LTN-92
 SEQUENCE
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LTN - 92
POSITION UPDATING
 POSITION CHECK
 MANUAL POSITION UPDATE
 AUTOMATIC POSITION UPDATE
 TRIPPLE SYSTEM MIXING(TMIX)
RNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES
 RNAV APPROACH MODE
CHARACTERISTICS
 HOW TO INITIATE RNAV APPRAOCH
 SEQUENCE
 NAV UPDATE
 RAPID REALLIGNMENT
 POST FLIGHT PROCEDURES
 OPERATING CAUTIONS
 CONCLUSION
 Q&A
 GENERAL DISCRIPTION
• It is a self contained navigation system, which
do not require any ground based equipment
for its navigation.

• The INS provides basic navigation along with

present position, heading, attitude reference,
accelerations, ground speed, drift angle and
attitude rate information accomplished
through computations based on
ACCELEROMETERS and RING LASER GYRO
sensed signals.
 GENERAL DISCRIPTION

The LTN 92 consists of four units :

– Mode Selector Unit (MSU)

– Control Display Unit (CDU),
– Inertial Navigation Unit (INU).
– Battery Unit (BU)
 GENERAL DISCRIPTION

•The MSU and CDU are used for operator

control of the INS and are installed in the
cockpit.
•The INU and BU are installed in the aircraft
electronics bay.
•The Litton LTN-92 Inertial Navigation System
(INS) is a navigation system, with automatic
radio update capabilities (VOR-DME, TACAN)
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• RING LASER GYRO measure how the
vehicle is twisting in space. There is one
gyro for each of the three axes: pitch (nose
up and down), yaw (nose left and right) and
roll (clockwise or counterclockwise from the
cockpit).
• ACCELEROMETERS measure how the
vehicle moves. Since it can move in three
axes (up & down, left & right, forward &
back), it has a linear accelerometer for each
axis.
POSITION UPDATING

POSITION UPDATING
 POSITION UPDATING
During NAV mode the inertial position can
be updated in 3 manners :-

• Manual Position Update

• Automatic RNAV Position Update

• Automatic TMIX Position Update

• Whenever a position update is performed, the
position used for Horizontal guidance calculations
is slewed to the new updated position at the rate
of 1.9 nmi / min. This is to smooth the transitions
from non-updating position to updated position.

The slewing is inhibited under the following

conditions :-

• Altitude less than 10,000 ft.

• Altitude invalid and ground speed less than 250
kts.
 POSITION CHECK
TO COMPARE UPDATED POSITION TO
NONUPDATED (PURE INITIAL) POSITION, OR TO
CHECK UPDATED POSITION AGAINST A KNOWN
FIX POSITION, PERFORM THE FOLLOWING:

1. PRESS POS; POSITION PAGE IS DISPLAYED

2. PRESS HLD;DISPLAY FREEZES AND
NONUPDATED LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
ARE ADDED TO DISPLAY ON LINES 3 AND 4
3. PRESS HLD;DISPLAY RETURNS TO POSITION
PAGE
 NOTE
DURING THE DISPLAY FREEZE, THE
INS CONTINUES TO CALCULATE
PRESENT POS BASED ON
AIRCRAFT MOVEMENTS BUT THEY
ARE NOT DISPLAYED.
 POSITION
LAT 34 11 . 9 ‘ N
* LON 1 18 35 . 8 ‘ W
GMT 09:18:40
H POSITION N
LAT 34 11 . 9 ‘ N
* LON 1 18 35 . 8 ‘ W
LAT ( I ) 34 11 . 9 ‘ N
LON 1 18 35 . 8 ‘ W
 POSITION
LAT 34 12 . 0 ‘ N
* LON 1 18 35 . 9 ‘ W
GMT 09:21:41
MANUAL POSITION
UPDATING
 MANUAL POSITION UPDATE

MANUAL UPDATING MUST BE PERFORMED AT

A KNOWN FIX POSITION

1. PRESS POS, THEN PRESS HLD

 POSITION
LAT 34 11 . 9 ‘ N
* LON 1 18 35 . 8 ‘ W
GMT 09:18:40
 MANUAL POSITION UPDATE
MANUAL UPDATING MUST BE PERFORMED AT
A KNOWN FIX POSITION

1. PRESS POS, THEN PRESS HLD

2. COMPARE DISPLAYED POSITION WITH KNOWN
FIX TO DETERMINE NEED FOR UPDATE
3. IF UPDATE NOT REQUIRED PRESS HLD;
DISPLAY RETURNS TO POSITION PAGE
IF ONLY LAT OR LON IS TO BE UPDATED,
PRESS HLD AFTER ENTERING THE
DESIRED PARAMETER
H POSITION N
LAT 34 11 . 9 ‘ N
* LON 1 18 35 . 8 ‘ W
LAT ( I ) 34 11 . 9 ‘ N
LON 1 18 35 . 8 ‘ W

PRESS
AND 2N
 MANUAL POSITION UPDATE

4. SLEW LAT TO ENTRY LINE.

5. ENTER UPDATED LATITUDE.
6. PRESS ENT; UPDATED LATITUDE
IS DISPLAYED PRECEDED BY *.
7. SLEW LON TO ENTRY LINE.
8. ENTER UPDATED LONGITUDE.
9. PRESS ENT; DISPLAY RETURNS TO
POSITION PAGE WITH UPDATED
LATITUDE / LONGITUDE
H POSITION N
LAT -- --.-- ‘N
* LON 1 18 18 . 0 ‘ W *
ENT/CLR

PRESS
3,4,1,5,6
AND
ENT
H POSITION N
* LAT 34 15 . 6 ’ N
* LON 1 18 18 . 0 ‘ W *

LAT( I ) 34 19 . 0 ’ N
LON 1 18 18 . 0 ‘ W

Press
L
W4
H POSITION N
* LAT 34 15 . 0 ‘ N

* LON --- --.- ‘ W *

LAT( I ) 34 19 . 0 ‘ N
ENT/CLR

PRESS
1,1,8,4,6
,4 AND
ENT
KEYS
 POSITION N
LAT 34 15 . 0 ‘ N
* LON 1 18 46 . 4’ W *

GMT 0 1 : 1 8 :5 5
 NOTE

THE INS PERMITS MANUAL POSITION UPDATES OF

UPTO 30 NMI IN LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. IF AN
ATEMPT IS MADE TO PERFORM AN UPDATE OF
GREATER THAN 30 NMI, THE MESSAGE “DELTA >
30 NMI” IS DISPLAYED (LINE 3 FLASHING) ON THE
CDU. PRESSING CLR WILL RETURN TO THE
PREVIOUSLY DISPLAYED COORDINATE BEFORE
THE UPDATE WAS ATTEMPTED
H POSITION N
LAT 47 00 . 0 ‘ N
* DELTA > 30 NMI
CLR : RETURN

UPDATE > 30 NMI ( LINE 3 FLASHING )

 CAUTION

WHEN IN FLIGHT AND INS

COUPLED TO AUTOPILOT, THE
AIRCRAFT WILL BE STEERED TO
NULL CROSS-TRACK DEVIATION
 NOTE

MANUAL POSITION UPDATES ARE

INHIBITED ABOVE 89’ LATITUDE. IF
LAT IS GREATER THAN 89 THE
MESSAGE LAT > 89 WILL BE
DISPLAYED. PRESS CLR TO RETURN
TO ORIGINAL DISPLAY.
 AUTOMATIC POSITION UPDATING

AUTOMATIC POSITION UPDATING MAY BE

ACCOMPLISHED BY EITHER RNAV OR
TRIPLE MIXING UPDATES. TMIX CAN ONLY
BE ENABLED IN A TRIPLE INSTALLATION
 RNAV UPDATING
 RNAV UPDATING ALLOWS THE SYSTEM TO UPDATE
ITS INERTIAL POSITION ERRORS USING RADIO NAV-
AIDS.

RNAV UPDATE SOURCES

INS 1 INS 2 INS 3

DME DME DME 1
VOR VOR DME 2
TACAN TACAN
 RNAV UPDATE PRIORITIES

INS 1 AND INS 2

1. DME DME 2 TACAN ( R/R/R )

2. DME TACAN ( R/R )
3. DME 2 TACAN ( R/R )
4. DME DME 2 ( R/R )
5. TACAN ( R/ ø )
6. DME VOR ( R/ ø )
7. ENABLED ( NOT UPDATING )
 RNAV UPDATING
1. PRESS STS; SYS/STS PAGE IS DISPLAYED.
2. SLEW UPDATE TO ENTRY LINE; MODE SELECTION MENU
IS DISPLAYED UNDER CHANGE UPDATE MODE TITLE.
3. PRESS EXP; THE FOLLOWING SEVEN UPDATE MODE
CONTROL OPTIONS ARE DISPLAYED.
 ENABLE RNAV
 DISABLE RNAV
 ENABLE TMIX*
 DISABLE TMIX*
 FLUSH ( CLEARS ALL UPDATES )
 INHIBIT VOR
 INHIBIT DME 2
 INHIBIT TACAN
 INHIBIT DME
 RNAV UPDATING

* VALID ONLY IN ACTIVE TRIPLE SYSTEM ONLY. SINGLE

SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS UTILIZE VOR--DME / TACAN
UPDATES ONLY.

4. SLEW DIRECT CONTROL OPTION TO ENTRY LINE

5. PRESS ENT
 SYS/STS
UPDATE
* NAV 1 *
TIME 1.2 HRS
ACTION:NONE

Y
 UDT MODE:INS

* CHANGE UDT MODE*

Z
EXP
 UDT MODE:INS
DISABLE RNAV
* ENABLE RNAV *
ENABLE TMIX
DISABLE TMIX

ENT
U UDT MODE:RNAV
DME VOR --- ---
* CHANGE UDT MODE*
D/V:ABC TAC
 CAUTION

WHEN THE INS HAS BEEN OPERATING IN

NAV MODE WITHOUT UPDATE, THE
SYSTEM WILL SLEW TO THE UPDATED
POSITION. IF ON AUTOPILOT, THE
AIRCRAFT WILL BE STEERED TO NULL
THE NEW CROSS-TRACK DEVIATION
 RNAV UPDATING
WHEN RNAV IS ENABLED, 2 MODES OF RADIO TUNING MAY BE
SELECTED ON THE RADIO CONTROL HEAD.

1. MANUAL
OPERATOR SELECTS THE STATION FREQUENCY OR CHANNEL
NUMBER. THE SYSTEM FINDS THE STATION WITH THE
MATCHING FREQUENCY OR CHANNEL NUMBER IN ONE OF THE
CATALOGS AND UPDATES USING THAT STATION.

2. AUTO
INS TUNES THE RADIOS TO THE CLOSEST STATIONS IN THE
LOCAL STATION CATALOG. IF DATA IS RECEIVED, THE SYSTEM
WILL UPDATE USING THAT STATION FOR 2 MINUTES THEN
RETUNE TO THE NEXT LOCAL STATION. IF DATA IS NOT
RECEIVED, THE SYSTEM WILL RETUNE AFTER 15 SECONDS.
 TRIPLE SYSTEM MIXING
(TMIX)

Triple mixing allows the system to

average its inertial position with other two
systems inertial position. This yield a
more accurate position to navigate the
aircraft.
RNAV APPROACH PROCEDURES
 RNAV APPROACH MODE CHARACTERISTICS

THE SYSTEM PROVIDES SPECIAL FEATURES FOR AIDING THE PILOT IN

THE EXECUTION OF AN RNAV APPROACH. WHEN THE APPROACH
MODE IS SELECTED , THE SYSTEM WILL:

• CHANGE FROM TRUE NORTH REFERENCE COORDINATES TO

SYNTHETIC MAGNETIC NORTH REFERENCE COORDINATES IF THAT
MODE HAD NOT BEEN PREVIOUSLY SELECTED.

• CHANGE HSI CROSS-TRACK DEVIATION SCALING FROM 3.75 NMI

TO 1 NMI PER DOT.

• PROVIDE 10 SECOND WAYPOINT ALERT ANNUNCIATION PRIOR

TO AUTOMATIC LEG SWITCHING.
 PROVIDE SPECIAL ANNUNCIATION AT MISSED
APPROACH POINT (-MAP ) WAYPOINT:

• THE SYSTEM AUTOMATICALLY INHIBITS

AUTOMATIC LEG CHANGE AT THE -MAP
WAYPOINT AND PROVIDES GUIDANCE ON THE
EXTENSION OF THE PREVIOUS TRACK; THE
HSI TO / FROM INDICATOR SWITCHES from TO
to FROM WHEN -MAP IS OVERFLOWN.

• THE ALERT ANNUNCIATOR COMES ON 10

SECONDS PRIOR TO THE MAP WAYPOINT AND
FLASHES FOR 10 SECONDS PAST MAP.
 TO INITIATE AN RNAV APPROACH

1 .PRESS WPT.

2 .PRESS A*N; DISPLAY SLEWS FIRST UNASSIGNED

WAYPOINT NUMBER TO ENTRY LINE.

3 .ENTER SEQUENTIAL WAYPOINT IDENTS FROM THE

RNAV APPROACH CHART INTO FLIGHT PLAN.

4 .DESIGNATE -MAP WAYPOINT BY IDENT ENTRY OF -, M,

A, P; FOLLOWED BY THE ENTRY OF MAP LATITUDE
AND LONGITUDE.
 TO INITIATE AN RNAV APPROACH
5. MANUALLY TUNE VHF NAV FREQUENCY OF DESIG
NATED VORTAC STATION ( IF IN AUTOTONE, NO
UPDATE / UPDATE ANNUNCIATORS WILL FLASH ).

6. PROCEED ON APPROACH PATH, NOTING SEQUENTIAL

LEG CHANGES AS EACH WAYPOINT IS OVERFLOWN.

7. EXECUTE A NORMAL VISUAL APPROACH PRIOR TO

REACHING MAP
 NOTE

CONTINUOUS RADIO UPDATING SHOULD BE

MAINTAINED USING REFERENCE VORTAC FOR A
MINIMUM OF 5 MINUTES PRIOR TO FINAL APPROACH.

AIRCRAFT UPDATE ANNUNCIATOR MUST REMAIN ON

THROUGHOUT FINAL APPROACH. RNAV APPROACH
MUST BE TERMINATED IF UPDATED GOES OUT AND
NO UPDATE ANNUNCIATOR COMES ON.
 NOTE

WHEN MAP IS MISSED AND A GO-

AROUND IS EXECUTED, THE SYSTEM
WILL PROVIDE ONLY LATERAL
GUIDANCE ALONG THE EXTENSION OF
THE PREVIOUS TRACK TO MAP OR
GUIDANCE TO ANY WAYPOINT IF A
DIRECT TO LEG CHANGE IS MADE
 RAPID
REALIGNMENT
WHEN MAKING AN INTERMEDIATE STOP
AND IT IS DESIRED TO INCREASE SYSTEM
ACCURACY, A RAPID REALIGNMENT MAY
BE PERFORMED WHILE THE AIRCRAFT IS
STATIONARY.
 POINTS TO REMMEMBER

1. ENSURE THE MSU MODE SWITCH HAS NOT BEEN

MOVED OUT OF NAV.

2. ENSURE PRIMARY POWER WILL BE

CONTINUOUSLY AVAILABLE.

3. PRESS STS; SYS STS / TEST PAGE DISPLAYED.

4. SLEW RAPID REALIGN TO ENTRY LINE.

 POINTS TO REMMEMBER

5. PRESS ENT; THE MSU ALLIGN ANNUNCIATOR

COMES ON, ANY CURRENT LEG WILL BE
DESELECTED, AND THE CDU DISPLAYS THE
MESSAGE ENTER PPOS.

6. ENTER PRESENT POSITION.

• A RAPID REALIGN MAY ALSO BE INITIATED BY
SWITCHING THE MSU FROM NAV TO STBY OR
ALIGN. RESIDUAL GROUND SPEED MUST BE
LESS THAN 20 KNOTS AND THE AIRCRAFT
STATIONARY TO INITIATE A RAPID REALIGN

• 30 SECONDS AFTER THE PRESENT POSITION IS

ENTERED, IF THE MSU IS IN THE NAV
POSITION, THE MSU ALIGN ANNUNCIATOR
GOES OUT AND THE SYSTEM AUTOMATICALLY
REENTERS NAV MODE
 NOTES
• WHEN A RAPID REALIGNMENT CANNOT BE PERFORMED
DUE TO RESIDUAL GROUND SPEED OR THE AIRCRAFT
NOT STATIONARY, THE DISPLAY WILL INDICATE THE
REASON. A FULL 10-MINUTE ALIGNMENT MUST BE
INITIATED.

• THE AIRCRAFT SHOULD NOT BE MOVED DURING A

RAPID REALIGN.

• IF THE OPERATOR DOESNOT WAIT 69 SECONDS AFTER

A RAPID REALIGN OR INITIAL ALIGNMENT BEFORE
PERFORMING ANOTHER RAPID REALIGN, NO MESSAGE
WILL BE DISPLAYED BUT THE RAPID REALIGN WILL NOT
TAKE PLACE
NAV UPDATE
 PURPOSE

THE PURPOSE OF NAV UPDATE IS

TO COMPUTE THE RESIDUAL
NORTH, EAST AND AZIMUTH
GYRO BIASES. THE NAV UPDATE
FUNCTION ESTIMATES GYRO
BIAS ERRORS IN TWO WAYS :
1 . BY OBSERVING TILT RATES ABOUT THE
LEVEL AXIS:
(a) DURING NORMAL ALIGN MODE.
(b) WHEN THE AIRCRAFT REMAINS STATIONARY IN
NAV MODE AFTER A NORMAL ALIGNMENT AND
BEFORE ANY AIRCRAFT MOTION.
(c) WHEN THE AIRCRAFT REMAINS STATIONARY
DURING AN INTERMEDIATE STOP.

2 . BY OBSERVING POSITION ERRORS USING

POST FLIGHT UPDATES. POSITION ERRORS ARE
OBSERVED BY STORING THE SYSTEM POSITION
AT TURN OFF AND COMPARING THE ENTERED
POSITION AT THE NEXT TURN ON.
THE NAV UPDATE OPERATION IS AUTOMATIC BUT MAY
BE APPARENT TO THE OPERATOR BECAUSE OF

VELOCITY RESET

THE SYSTEM REQUIRES THREE MINUTES TO DETERMINE

IF THE AIRCRAFT IS BE STATIONARY, THE VELOCITIES
WILL BE RESET TO ZERO.

HEADING UPDATE.

AT AN INTERMEDIATE STOP OVER, THE SYSTEM WILL

ESTIMATE THE GYRO BIAS ERRORS AND COMPUTE A
CORRESPONDING HEADING ERROR. THE HEADING WILL
BE REMOVED WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS MOVED AGAIN.
THE NAV UPDATE OPERATION IS AUTOMATIC BUT MAY
BE APPARENT TO THE OPERATOR BECAUSE OF

POSITION UPDATE.

AT AN INTERMEDIATE STOP OVER, THE SYSTEM WILL

ESTIMATE THE GYRO BIAS ERRORS AND COMPUTE
CORRESPONDING LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ERRORS.
THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE ERRORS WILL BE
REMOVED WHEN THE AIRCRAFT IS MOVED AGAIN.
POST FLIGHT PROCEDURES
 PURPOSE
IF INS ACCURACY MONITORING IS DESIRED, THE
OPERATOR MAY PERFORM AN ACCURACY CHECK
VIA THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE.

NOTE:
INS ACCURACY IS ALWAYS SHOWN WITHOUT
NAV UPDATE POSITION CORRECTION.

NOTE:
THIS PROCEDURE SHOULD ONLY BE PERFORMED
WHEN AN ACCURATE RAMP POSITION IS
AVAILABLE.
 PROCEDURE
1 .PRESS STS; SYS STS/ TEST PAGE IS DISPLAYED.
2 .PRESS SLEW UP KEY TO PLACE ACCURACY TEST
ON THE ENTRY LINE.
3 .PRESS EXP; ACCURACY TEST PAGE IS DISPLAYED
WITH PROMPTS FOR LAT AND LONG ENTRY OR
IDENT ENTRY.
4 .KEY IN THE KNOWN RAMP LATITUDE OR SLEW
IDENT TO LINE THREE AND ENTER IDENT OF RAMP
FROM CATALOG.
5 .PRESS ENT.
6 .PRESS ENT; UDT ERR, INS ERR, INS DFT, AND
RESID GS ARE DISPLAYED.

AT COMPLETION OF FLIGHT SET MODE SWITCH TO OFF.

 NOTE
 THERE IS A 12- SEC SHUTDOWN DELAY
BEFORE THE INS SHUTS DOWN. DURING THIS
TIME THE SYSTEM IS STORING THE
INFORMATION INTO MEMORY. DONOT PULL
CIRCUIT BREAKERS TO THE INS UNTIL THE
SYSTEM CDU BLANKS AFTER THE MSU HAS
BEEN TURNED TO OFF.
 THE INS MAY BE LEFT IN NAV

1. INTERMEDIATE STOP.

2. PRIMARY OPERATING POWER IS

CONTINUOUSLY AVAILABLE.

3. SYSTEM REALLIGNMENT IS NOT

REQUIRED
 CAUTION
 WHEN PRIMARY OPERATING POWER IS
INTERRUPTED THE INS AUTOMATICALLY
SWITCHES TO BACKUP POWER AND WILL
DEPLETE AN AIRCRAFTS BATTERY IN 15 TO 45
MINUTES ( DEPENDING ON BATTERY USE).

 PLACE MODE SWITCH TO OFF WHENEVER

PRIMARY POWER:

 IS SHUT DOWN
 MAY BE SHUT DOWN
 IS OF DOUBTFUL DEPENDABILITY
 SYSTEM TEST

* ACCURACY TS T *
DBASE : TYPE / DATE
AP / FLT DIR # 1

PRESS
EXP
 ACCURACY TST N
RAMP POSITION:
* LAT ____’____.__ `+ *
LON _____’____.__ `+
LOC I D _________

PRESS
OR
 ACCURACY TST A
RAMP POSITION:
* LOC I D ________ *
LAT ____’____.__ `+
LON _____’____.__ `+

PRESS
V,N,Y,
ENT
 ACCURACY TST N
RAMP :VNY
* LAT 34 ’ 12 . 3 ‘ N *
LON 118 ‘ 29 . 4 ‘ W
ENT : ACPT CLR; REJ
 OPERATING CAUTIONS
• Do not set the MSU switch out of NAV after
navigation mode has been selected ( unless there
is an INS failure). This destroys system alignment
and alignment will have to be repeated on the
ground.
• When the MSU Align indicator is ON, the system is
performing an alignment. The a/c must remain
stationary during this period.
• If CDU Bat annunciator comes On, the INS is
operating on DC backup power.
• If the MSU Batt annunciator comes ON, the DC
Backup power is insufficient for INS operation.
CONCLUSION
QUESTION AND ANSWERS