Colon and Rectum Colorectal Cancer

Colon and rectum
ColoRectal
Cancer
Introduction
*The longest part of the large intestine.

Colon makes up the first 5 to 6 feet of the large
intestine. rectum makes up the last 6 inches.
*The important role of the body’s ability to process
waste.
*absorb water and some nutrients from what we eat
and drink. form and store stool. move waste out of
the body.
Colorectal cancer
begins when healthy
cells in the lining of
the colon or rectum
change and grow out
of control, forming a
mass called a tumor. A
tumor can be
cancerous or benign. A
cancerous tumor is
malignant, meaning it
can grow and spread to
other parts of the body.
Anatomy and Physiology
Colon cancer typically
affects older adults,
though it can happen at
any age. It usually
begins as small,
noncancerous (benign)
clumps of cells called
polyps that form on the
inside of the colon. Over
time some of these
polyps can become
Polyps may be small and produce
colon cancers. few, if any, symptoms. For this
reason, doctors recommend regular
screening tests to help prevent colon
cancer by identifying and removing
polyps before they turn into cancer.
Rectal cancer is
cancer that begins
in the rectum. The
Rectum is the last
several inches of
the large intestine.
It starts at the end
of the final segment
of your colon and
Cancer inside the rectum (rectal cancer) and
ends when it cancer inside the colon (colon cancer) are often
reaches the short, referred to together as "colorectal cancer.“
narrow passage
leading to the anus. This is mainly because the rectum sits in a tight
space, barely separated from other organs and
structures. The tight space can make surgery to
remove rectal cancer complex.
CAUSES/ETIOLOGY
FAMILY
HISTORY
COLON
POLYPS
AGE 50 OR
OLDER
OBESITY
NOT
PHYSICALLY
ACTIVE
TO MUCH
ALCOHOL
Sign and Symtoms Colon Cancer
A persistent change in your bowel habits, including
diarrhea or constipation or a change in the consistency
of your stool
Rectal bleeding or blood in your stool
Persistent abdominal discomfort, such as cramps, gas
or pain
A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely
Weakness or fatigue
Unexplained weight loss
Sign and Symtoms Rectal Cancer
A change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea,
constipation or more-frequent bowel movements
Dark maroon or bright red blood in stool
Narrow stool
A feeling that your bowel doesn't empty completely
Abdominal pain
Unexplained weight loss
Weakness or fatigu
Pathophysiology
DCC/DPC4 APC
Indefinite Low
Colitis,no grade High
dysplasia Carcinoma
dysplasia dsyplasi grade
a dsyplasia
P53 P53
MU LO
T H
K-ras
ANEUPLOI
DY/CIN MSI
METHYLAT
ION COX-2
 DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE AND ITS
NORMAL VALUE
 Colonoscopy. As described in Screening, a colonoscopy
allows the doctor to look inside the entire rectum and colon
while a patient is sedated. A colonoscopist is a doctor who
specializes in performing this test. If colorectal cancer is
found, a complete diagnosis that accurately describes the
location and spread of the cancer may not be possible until
the tumor is surgically removed.
 Biopsy. A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue
for examination under a microscope. Other tests can
suggest that cancer is present, but only a biopsy can make a
definite diagnosis of colorectal cancer
Biomarker testing of the tumor. testing is a way to
look for genes, proteins, and other substances (called
biomarkers or tumor markers) that can provide
information about cancer
Blood tests. Because colorectal cancer often bleeds
into the large intestine or rectum, people with the
disease may become anemic.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). can be used to
measure the tumor’s size, MRI is the best imaging test
to find where the colorectal cancer has grown.
Ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of
the internal organs to find out if cancer has spread.
 MEDICAL AND SURGICAL
MANAGEMENT COLORECTAL CANCER
MEDICATION
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)-and is one of the
most commonly used drugs to treat
cancer
Capecitabine (Xeloda), a pill that is
changed into 5-FU once it gets to the
tumor.-Xeloda is also used as adjuvant
therapy or neoadjuvant therapy with
radiation in people who have rectal
cancers.
Irinotecan (Camptosar)-Irinotecan is in a
class of antineoplastic medications called
topoisomerase I inhibitors. It works by
Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin)-or
adjuvant treatment of stage III
colon cancer in patients who
have undergone complete
resection of the primary tumor
and also for treatment of
advanced colorectal cancer
Trifluridine and tipiracil-is
used to treat metastatic
colorectal cancer (cancer of
the colon or rectum that has
spread to other parts of the
body) in patients who have
received other cancer
medicines
NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Acute pain related to damage of mucosa layer of the
colon and rectum.
Fluid deficit related to increased intestinal movement
Immbalance nutrition less than body requirement
related to to disease process
Sleeping pattern distubance related to pain
Pain related to tissue injury from tumor invasion and
the surgical incision
NURSING IMPLICATION
Encourage patients to follow healthy lifestyles, including
exercising regularly, maintaining their ideal body weight,
stopping smoking, limiting alcohol consumption, and
practicing sun safety. Include a diet high in fruits,
vegetables, and whole grains and low in fat, processed
foods, and red meat
Maintain a healthy weight. If you are at a healthy weight,
work to maintain your weight by combining a healthy diet
with daily exercise. If you need to lose weight, ask your
doctor about healthy ways to achieve your goal. Aim to lose
weight slowly by increasing the amount of exercise you get
and reducing the number of calories you eat
Exercise most days of the week. Try to get at least 30
minutes of exercise on most days. If you've been
inactive, start slowly and build up gradually to 30
minutes. Also, talk to your doctor before starting any
exercise program.
Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. If you choose to
drink alcohol, limit the amount of alcohol you drink to
no more than one drink a day for women and two for
men
Stop smoking. Talk to your doctor about ways to quit
that may work for you.

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Colon and rectum

*The longest part of the large intestine.

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