Electrostatics

Electrostatics
Links
 Electrostatics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXMgvrS8Gr8&list=WL&index=53
 Electric Vocabulary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBRTR2dlwvA&list=WL&index=51
 Electric charge & Coulomb’s Law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFlVWf8JX4A&list=WL&index=52
Introduction
 Basic Charges – +, -
 Static – Stationary
 Electrostatic - charges are stationary
 Unlike charges attract
 Like charges repel
 Force = Mass x Acceleration
 Electrostatic force
 Type of charge
 Charge magnitude
 Distance
 Gravitational force (only attractive force)
 Mass magnitude
 Distance
 Vigorous Rubbing –
Procedure – Rub comb on hair, it attracts bits of paper
Some electrons fro hair are removed and they transfer to comb. Comb becomes negative charge.
Static Electricity is produced.
Rubbing charges objects by moving electrons from one to the other.
 Static Electricity can be created by rubbing.
 Every object is made up of Atoms.
 An atom is electrically neutral
 Number of Protons = Number of Electrons
 Proton – Positive (+)
 Electron – Negative (-)
 Neutron – Neutral
 Electric charge is conserved—the arithmetic sum of the total charge cannot change in any
interaction.
Facts about atoms
 Every atom has a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged
electrons.
 All electrons are identical.
 The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons.
 All protons are identical
 Similarly, all neutrons are identical.
 Atoms usually have as many electrons as protons, so the atom has zero net charge.
 A proton has nearly 2000 times the mass of an electron, but its positive charge is equal in
magnitude to the negative charge of the electron.
 The protons in the nucleus attract the electrons and hold them in orbit. Electrons are
attracted to protons, but electrons repel other electrons.
Electric Forces and charges
 The fundamental electrical property to which the mutual attractions or repulsions between electrons or protons is
attributed is called charge.
 By convention, electrons are negatively charged and protons positively charged.
 Neutrons have no charge, and are neither attracted nor repelled by charged particles.
 Convention – a practice established by usage by scientific community
Like charges – Repel

Opposite charges – Attract
Conservation of Charge
 An object that has unequal numbers of electrons and protons is electrically charged.
 If an electron is removed from an atom, the atom is no longer neutral. It has one more positive charge than
negative charge.
 A charged atom is called an ion.
 A positive ion has a net positive charge; it has lost one or more electrons.
 A negative ion has a net negative charge; it has gained one or more extra electrons
 But if there is an imbalance in the numbers, the object is then electrically charged.
 An imbalance comes about by adding or removing electrons.
 The proton is never involved in reactions
 Electrons are neither created nor destroyed but are simply transferred from one material to another. This principle
is known as conservation of charge.
 How much energy is required to tear an electron away from an atom varies for different substances.
 The innermost electrons in an atom are bound very tightly to the oppositely charged atomic nucleus.
 The outermost electrons of many atoms are bound very loosely and can be easily dislodged.
 When electrons are transferred from the fur to the rod, the rod becomes negatively charged
 Glass Rod + +
 Amber - -
 Plastic - -
 In every event, whether large-scale or at the atomic and nuclear level, the principle of conservation of charge
applies.
 Any object that is electrically charged has an excess or deficiency of some whole number of electrons—electrons
cannot be divided into fractions of electrons. This means that the charge of the object is a whole-number multiple
of the charge of an electron.
 Q = Total charge on object
 N = Number of charges
 Coulomb = SI unit for charge
 By contact Gain Electron – Silk, Paper, Wood, Amber,
Rubber Balloon and Plastic Wrap
 By contact Lose Electron – Rabbit fur, Hair, Glass,
Mica, Wool
Coulomb's Law
 Coulomb’s law states that for charged particles or objects
that are small compared with the distance between them,
the force between the charges varies directly as the
product of the charges and inversely as the square of the
distance between them.
 Recall from Newton’s law of gravitation that the
gravitational force between two objects of mass m1 and
mass m2 is proportional to the product of the masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance d
between them
 Because most objects have almost exactly equal numbers
of electrons and protons, electrical forces usually balance
out
 The electrical force between any two objects obeys a similar inverse-square relationship with
distance.
 The relationship among electrical force, charges, and distance—Coulomb’s law—was
discovered by the French physicist Charles Coulomb in the eighteenth century.
 For charged objects, the force between the charges varies directly as the product of the charges
and inversely as the square of the distance between them.
Where:
 d is the distance between the charged particles.
 q1 represents the quantity of charge of one particle.
 q2 is the quantity of charge of the other particle.
 k is the proportionality constant. (electrical constant)
 The proportionality constant k in Coulomb’s law is similar to G in Newton’s law of gravitation.
 k = 9,000,000,000 N·m2/C2 or 9.0 × 109 N·m2/C2
 If a pair of charges of 1 C each were 1 m apart, the force of repulsion between the two charges would be
9 billion newtons. That would be more than 10 times the weight of a battleship!
 The SI unit of charge is the coulomb, abbreviated C.
 A charge of 1 C is the charge of 6.24 × 1018 electrons.
 A coulomb represents the amount of charge that passes through a common 100-W light bulb in about one second.
 Newton’s law of gravitation for masses is similar to Coulomb’s law for electric charges.
 The greatest difference between gravitation and electrical forces is that gravity only attracts but electrical forces
may attract or repel.

Electrostatics

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Electrostatics

Like charges – Repel

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