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    Descriptive Statistics

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    AnnRubyAlcaideBlando
    This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to describe and interpret sample data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (range, standard deviation, variance). Inferential statistics are used to make inferences about the population from a sample through techniques like correlation, t-tests, ANOVA, and regression. The appropriate measure of central tendency depends on the level of measurement and shape of the distribution. Standard deviation measures how scores differ from the mean and is calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

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    Descriptive Statistics

    Uploaded by

    AnnRubyAlcaideBlando
    23 views19 pages
    This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to describe and interpret sample data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (range, standard deviation, variance). Inferential statistics are used to make inferences about the population from a sample through techniques like correlation, t-tests, ANOVA, and regression. The appropriate measure of central tendency depends on the level of measurement and shape of the distribution. Standard deviation measures how scores differ from the mean and is calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

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    This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to describe and interpret sample data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (range, standard deviation, variance). Inferential statistics are used to make inferences about the population from a sample through techniques like correlation, t-tests, ANOVA, and regression. The appropriate measure of central tendency depends on the level of measurement and shape of the distribution. Standard deviation measures how scores differ from the mean and is calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    23 views19 pages

    Descriptive Statistics

    Uploaded by

    AnnRubyAlcaideBlando
    This document discusses descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics are used to describe and interpret sample data through measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and variability (range, standard deviation, variance). Inferential statistics are used to make inferences about the population from a sample through techniques like correlation, t-tests, ANOVA, and regression. The appropriate measure of central tendency depends on the level of measurement and shape of the distribution. Standard deviation measures how scores differ from the mean and is calculated by taking the square root of the variance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Descriptive Statistics

    Statistics used to describe and interpret


    sample data.
    Results are not really meant to apply to other
    samples or to the larger population

    • Frequency Distribution
    • Central Tendency (Mean, Median, Mode)
    • Percentile Values
      
    Inferential Statistics
    Statistics used to make inference about
    the population from which the sample
    was drawn.
    Correlation
    T-test
    ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
    Regression
    Population vs. Sample
    Population: A large group of people to
    which we are interested in generalizing.
    ‘parameter’
    Sample: A smaller group drawn from a
    population.
    ‘statistic’
    Measures of Central Tendency
    Statistics that identify where the center or
    middle of the set of scores are.

    Mode : Most frequently occurring scores.


    Median : the 50th percentile, the second quartile
    Mean : Arithmetic means, average, Add all the
    scores and divide by the number of scores.
    Which central tendency to use?
    Depends on :
    • The level of measurement of the data.

    2. The shape of the score distribution.


    (Skewness)
     
    Level of Measurement
    Nominal: Categorical scale
    e.g. Male/Female, Blue eye/Brown eye/Green eye
    Ordinal: Ranking scale
    (Differences between the ranks need not be equal)
    e.g. Scored highest (100 pts), middle (85 pts), lowest (20 pts)
    Interval: The distance between any two adjacent units of
    measurement (intervals) is the same but there is no meaningful
    zero point.
    e.g. Fahrenheit temperature
    Ratio: The distance between any two adjacent units of
    measurement is the same and there is a true zero point.
    e.g. Height measurement, Weight measurement
    Which central tendency to use?
    1. The level of measurement of the data.

    Mode---Nominal, Ordinal, Interval or Ratio

    Median--- Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio

    Mean---Interval or Ratio
     
    Shape of the distribution:
    Skewness
    A measure of the lack of symmetry, or the
    lopsidedness of a distribution. (> or < 2)
    Use “median”
    Shape of Distribution: Kurtosis
    How flat or peaked a distribution appears.
    (Does not affect the central tendency)

    Leptokurtic Mesokurtic Platykurtic


    (Normal Distribution)
    Shape of the distribution:
    unimodal, bimodal
    Bimodal --- 2 Modes
    Mode is not a good indicator of the central
    tendency.
    Which central tendency to use?
    Symmetric, unimodal, Normal distribution ---
    Mode, Median, Mean all the same.
    Skewed --- use the Median.
    Bimodal --- do not use the Mode.
    Describing data using Tables and
    Charts
    Frequency table

    Stem and leaf


    Polygon
    Histogram
    Box and whisker
     
    Measures of Variability
    Reflects how scores differ from one another.
    - spread
    - dispersion

    Example:
    7, 6, 3, 3, 1
    3, 4, 4, 5, 4,
    4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
    Measures of Variability
    Range

    Highest score – lowest score


    Example:
    7, 6, 3, 3, 1 ---- range = 6
    3, 4, 4, 5, 4 ---- range = 2
    4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ---- range = 0

    Variance
    Standard Deviation
    Measures of Variability
    Range
    Standard Deviation
    Variance
    Standard Deviation
    Standard Deviation: A measure of the spread of
    the scores around the mean.
    Average distance from the mean.
    Example:Can you calculate the average distance of
    each score from the mean? (X=4)
    7, 6, 3, 3, 1 (distance from the mean: 3,2,-1,-1,-3)
    3, 4, 4, 5, 4, (distance from the mean: -1,0,0,1,0)
    You can’t calculate the mean because the sum of
    the ditance from the mean is always 0.
    Formula for Standard Deviation
    Sigma: sum of what follows
    Each individual score

    s = (X-X)2 Mean of all the scores

    n-1
    Sample size

    Standard deviation
    of the sample
    Why n-1?
    s (lower case sigma) is an estimate of the population
    standard deviation ( :sigma) .

    In order to calculate an unbiased estimate of the


    population standard deviation, subtract one from
    the denominator.

    Sample standard deviation tends to be an


    underestimation of the population standard
    deviation.
    Variance
    Variance: Standard deviation squared.
    S = (X-X)2
    n-1
    Not likely to see the variance mentioned by
    itself in a report.
    Difficult to interpret.
    But it is important since it is used in many
    statistical formulas and techniques.

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