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    Growth and Development II

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    Tina Fontenot
    This document provides information on developmental tasks and physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and moral development from birth through adolescence. It discusses typical development in these areas for each stage of development, including neonates/infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, and adolescents. Assessment approaches and health promotion guidelines are also outlined for each developmental period.

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    Growth and Development II

    Uploaded by

    Tina Fontenot
    113 views51 pages
    This document provides information on developmental tasks and physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and moral development from birth through adolescence. It discusses typical development in these areas for each stage of development, including neonates/infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, and adolescents. Assessment approaches and health promotion guidelines are also outlined for each developmental period.

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    This document provides information on developmental tasks and physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and moral development from birth through adolescence. It discusses typical development in these areas for each stage of development, including neonates/infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, and adolescents. Assessment approaches and health promotion guidelines are also outlined for each developmental period.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    113 views51 pages

    Growth and Development II

    Uploaded by

    Tina Fontenot
    This document provides information on developmental tasks and physical, cognitive, psychosocial, and moral development from birth through adolescence. It discusses typical development in these areas for each stage of development, including neonates/infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, and adolescents. Assessment approaches and health promotion guidelines are also outlined for each developmental period.

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    Growth and Development II

    Victoria Craig-Cherry MSN, APN

    Developmental Tasks from Birth through Adolescence


    Neonates and infants (birth to1 year)
    Adjustment to environment outside the uterus

    Toddlers (1 to 3 years)
    Progress from no control to walking and speaking Control elimination Acquire information about environment

    Developmental Tasks from Birth through Adolescence


    Preschoolers (4 and 5 years)
    Physical growth slows Control of body and coordination greatly increases World enlarges with relatives, friends, etc.

    School-age children (6 to 12 years)


    Deciduous teeth are shed Includes preadolescence (or prepuberty) Period ends with onset of puberty Skills learned are important for later life

    Developmental Tasks from Birth through Adolescence


    Adolescents (12 to 18 years)
    Physically and psychologically mature Acquire personal identity
    Ready to enter adulthood

    Physical Development: Neonates and Infants


    Weight
    Doubles by 5 mo Triples by 12 mo

    Length
    Gains 13.75 cm (5.5 in.) by 6 mo Additional 7.5 cm (3 in.) by 12 mo.

    Head and Chest Circumference


    Head > chest at birth Head = chest 9-10 mo. Head < chest after 1 yr.

    Physical Development: Neonates and Infants


    Anterior fontanel closes between 9 and 18 mo. Posterior fontanel closes between 2 and 3 mo. Vision
    Birth - blinks in response to bright light 1 mo - focus on objects 4 mo - almost complete color vision, follows object in 180 arc 5 mo - reaches for objects 6-10 mo - focus on object and follow in all directions 12 mo - depth perception developed

    Physical Development: Neonates and Infants


    Hearing
    Intact at birth
    Moro reflex to loud noises

    2-3 mo - vocalize to sounds and voices 3-6 mo - looks for sounds, pause to listen, responds to angry/happy voices 6-9 mo - may look at named objects/people 9-12 mo - understands some words, uses gestures, say one or two words 12 mo - responds to simple commands

    Physical Development: Neonates and Infants


    Smell and Taste
    Intact at birth

    Touch
    Well developed at birth Poor temperature regulation Diffuse response to pain

    Reflexes
    Reflexes present at birth Disappear to permit voluntary movement

    SIDS Video

    Click here to view a video on sudden infant death syndrome.


    Back to Directory

    Motor Development: Neonates and Infants


    Uncoordinated at birth 1 mo - lifts head when prone, head lag present 4 mo - minimal head lag 6 mo - sits without support 9 mo - reach, grasp, transfer object from hand to hand 12 mo - fine motor skills begin to
    develop

    Physical Development: Toddlers


    Lose the baby look by age 2 Gain 35 kg (710 lb) between ages 1 and 3 Height spurts between ages 1 and 2, then slows By 24 mo., head circumference 80% adult size Vision continues to mature; 20/40 at age 2 Hearing, taste, smell, and touch increasingly developed Fine and gross motor skills improve

    Physical Development: Preschoolers


    Body appears out of proportion as extremities grow more quickly Weight gain generally slow Doubles birth length by age 5 20/30 normal vision at age 5 Hearing at optimal levels Shows taste preferences Motor abilities strengthen as child begins to master physical activities

    Physical Development: Schoolage Children


    Major weight gain at age 912 (girls) and 1012 (boys) Growth spurt at age 1012 (girls) and 1214 (boys) 20/20 vision established between ages 911 Well-developed senses of hearing and touch Increased perspiration and other prepubertal changes Motor abilities well developed during this period

    Physical Development: Adolescents


    Body parts reach adult size, beginning with head, hands, and feet Rapid growth in height and weight for boys, slower in girls Glandular changes cause increased sweat and acne Primary and secondary sexual characteristics develop

    Psychosocial Development (Erikson)


    Neonates and Infants
    Trust versus mistrust

    Toddlers
    Autonomy versus shame

    Preschoolers
    Initiative versus guilt

    School-age Children
    Industry versus inferiority

    Adolescents
    Identity versus role confusion

    Cognitive Development (Piaget): Neonates and Infants


    Sensorimotor Phase
    Perceptual recognition (48 mo.) Responds to new stimuli, remembers objects, looks for them (6 mo.) Concept of both space and time develops (12 mo.)

    Cognitive Development (Piaget): Toddlers


    Completes Sensorimotor Phase
    Trial-and-error problem solving Solving problems mentally

    Preconceptual Phase (2 yr)


    Learn sequence of time Develop some symbolic thought

    Cognitive Development (Piaget): Preschoolers


    Intuitive Thought Phase
    Still egocentric, but subsiding
    Learn through trial and error Think of one idea at a time Do not understand relationships 5 yr count pennies, reading skills develop

    Cognitive Development (Piaget): School-age Children


    Concrete Operations Phase
    Cooperative interactions Intuitive reasoning Cause-and-effect Concepts of money and time learned Reading skills well developed

    Cognitive Development (Piaget): Adolescents


    Formal Operations Phase
    Thinking beyond the present Idealistic thinking Abstract thinking

    Moral Development (Kohlberg)


    Neonates and infants
    No related stage Pleasure/pain Parent tone of voice, facial expressions

    Toddlers
    Preconventional level
    Stage 1: Punishment and reward

    Moral Development (Kohlberg)


    Preschoolers
    Prosocial behavior Modeling moral behavior

    School-age children
    Preconventional level
    Stage 1: Punishment and reward Stage 2: Instrumental-relativist

    Conventional level
    Stage 3: Good boy-nice girl Stage 4: Law and order

    Moral Development (Kohlberg)


    Adolescents
    Conventional Level (Young Adolescent) Postconventional or Principled Level

    Spiritual Development (Fowler)


    Toddlers
    Undifferentiated

    School-age children
    Mythic-literal

    Preschoolers
    Intuitive-projective

    Adolescents
    Synthetic-conventional

    Assessment: Neonates and Infants


    Apgar scoring Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST-II) Physical development
    Growth in normal range Appropriately size fontanels Vital signs in normal range Ability to habituate to stimuli and clam self Gross and fine skills in normal range Appropriate reflexes Symmetrical movements No hyper- or hypotonia

    Motor development

    Assessment: Neonates and Infants


    Sensory development
    Follows moving objects Responds to sound Coos, babbles, laughs Imitate sounds

    Psychosocial development
    Interacts with parents through movement and vocalizations

    Development in activities of daily living (ADL)


    Eats, drinks appropriate amounts Exhibits elimination patterns normal for age Exhibits normal rest and sleep patterns

    Assessment: Toddlers
    Physical development
    Physical growth in normal range Vital signs in normal range Vision, hearing within normal range

    Motor development
    Achieves gross and fine motor milestones

    Psychosocial development
    Achieves milestones

    Assessment: Toddlers
    Development in ADL
    Feeds self Eats variety of foods Begins to develop bowel and bladder control Rest and sleep patterns appropriate for age

    Assessment: Preschoolers
    Physical development
    Physical growth within normal range Vital signs in normal range Vision, hearing within normal range

    Motor development
    Achieves gross and fine motor milestone

    Psychosocial development
    Achieves milestones

    Assessment: Preschoolers
    Development in ADL
    Control of bowel and bladder functions Performs simple hygiene activities Dresses and undresses self Engages in bedtime rituals Demonstrates ability to put self to sleep

    Assessment: School-age Children


    Physical development
    Physical growth within normal range Vision, hearing within normal range Vital signs in normal range Demonstrate male or female prepubertal changes

    Motor development
    Possesses coordinated motor skills for age

    Assessment: School-age Children


    Psychosocial Development
    Achieves milestones

    Development in ADL
    Concern for personal cleanliness and appearance Expresses need for privacy

    Assessment: Adolescents
    Physical development
    Physical growth within normal range Demonstrates male or female sexual development within standards Vital signs within normal range for gender Hearing, vision within normal range

    Assessment: Adolescents
    Psychosocial development
    Interacts well with parents and others Likes self Has plans for future Choose lifestyle and interests that fit own identity Determines own beliefs and values Begins to establish a sense of identity in family Seeks help from appropriate people as needed

    Assessment: Adolescents
    Development in ADL
    Knowledge of physical development, menstruation, reproduction, and birth control Exhibits healthy lifestyle practice Demonstrates concern for personal cleanliness and appearance

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Neonates and Infants


    Health examinations
    Birth, 2 weeks, 2, 4, 5, and 12 mo

    Protective measures
    Immunizations Fluoride supplementation as needed Screening for TB and PKU Prompt attention to illness Appropriate hygiene Importance of supervision Home environmental safety Feeding measures Appropriate toys

    Infant safety

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Neonates and Infants


    Nutrition
    Breast and formula feeding Solid foods Iron supplementation

    Rest/Sleep
    Patterns

    Sensory stimulation
    Touch stimulation Visually stimulating toys Hearing loss screening and intervention

    Elimination
    Characteristics Frequency Diarrhea

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Toddlers


    Health examinations
    15, 18 months and then as recommended by physician

    Protective measures
    Immunizations Screening for TB, lead poisoning Fluoride supplementation as needed

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Toddlers


    Safety
    Supervision Teaching Home environment safety Outdoor safety Appropriate toys

    Nutrition
    Nutritious meals and snacks Mealtime manners Dental care

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Toddlers


    Elimination
    Toilet training

    Rest/Sleep
    Sleep disturbances

    Play
    Adequate space Toys for acting on behavior Motor and sensory stimulation

    Health Promotion Guidelines


    Additional safety and health concerns for toddlers
    Injuries Visual problems Respiratory and ear infections Dental caries

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Preschoolers


    Health Examinations
    Every 1-2 years

    Preschooler safety
    Education Play safety Prevention of poisoning

    Protective measures
    Immunizations Screening for TB, vision, hearing, dental Fluoride treatment

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Preschoolers


    Nutrition
    Nutritious meals and snacks

    Rest/Sleep
    Sleep disturbances

    Elimination
    Proper hygiene

    Play
    Group play activities Teach simple cooperative and interactive games Toys for dress-up

    Health Promotion Guidelines


    Additional safety and health concerns for preschoolers
    Injuries Visual problems Dental caries Respiratory tract and ear infections
    Communicable disease Congenital abnormalities correction

    Health Promotion Guidelines: School-age Children


    Physical development
    As recommended

    Protective measures
    Immunizations Screening for TB Periodic vision, speech, hearing, dental screening Fluoride treatment Sexual education

    Health Promotion Guidelines: School-age Children


    Safety
    Sports safety Education

    Play and Social Interaction


    Organized group activities Parental expectations Parental responsibilities

    Nutrition
    No skipped meals Balanced diet Obesity

    Health Promotion Guidelines


    Additional safety and health concerns for school-age children
    Communicable Diseases Dental Cavities Injuries Obesity

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Adolescents


    Health Examinations
    As recommended

    Protective measures
    Immunizations Periodic screenings for TB, vision, hearing, dental screening Accurate sexual information

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Adolescents


    Safety Issues
    Motor vehicle safety Sports safety Substance abuse Emotional disturbances

    Nutrition and exercise


    Health snacks Appropriate food intake and exercise

    Health Promotion Guidelines: Adolescents


    Social Interaction
    Positive relationships Peer group activities Home environment Family responsibilities and participation

    Health Promotion Guidelines


    Additional safety and health concerns for adolescents
    Consequences of Risky Behavior
    Injury Sexually transmitted disease Teen pregnancy

    Psychological and Emotional Challenges


    Addiction Schizophrenia may appear Suicide

    Infectious Diseases

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