ECE 476

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 5
Power System Operation, Transmission Lines

Professor Tom Overbye

Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Reading and Homework

• 1st Exam moved to Oct 11 (in class)

• For lectures 4 through 6 please be reading Chapter 4
– we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11, and 4.12 in detail though
you should still at least skim those sections.
• HW 1 is 2.9, 22, 28, 32, 48; due Thursday 9/8
• For Problem 2.32 you need to use the PowerWorld Software. You can
download the software and cases at the below link; get version 15.
http://www.powerworld.com/gloversarma.asp
Direct PowerWorld download page is
http://www.powerworld.com/DemoSoftware/GloverSarmaSimdwnldv15.asp

2
Substation Bus

3
Power Transactions

 Power transactions are contracts between areas to do

power transactions.
 Contracts can be for any amount of time at any price
for any amount of power.
 Scheduled power transactions are implemented by
modifying the area ACE:

ACE = Pactual,tie-flow - Psched

4
 100 MW Transaction

8 MW -8 MW
Bus 2 -2 MVR 2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
225 MW
113 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR
-84 MW -92 MW
150 MW AGC ON
27 MVR 30 MVR 100 MW
138 MVR AVR ON
85 MW 93 MW
-23 MVR -25 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
113 MW
Scheduled Transactions 56 MVR
100.0 MW 291 MW AGC ON

Scheduled 8 MVR AVR ON

Net tie-line
100 MW flow is now
Transaction from Left to Right 100 MW
5
Security Constrained ED

 Transmission constraints often limit system

economics.
 Such limits required a constrained dispatch in
order to maintain system security.
 In three bus case the generation at bus 3 must
be constrained to avoid overloading the line
from bus 2 to bus 3.

6
Security Constrained Dispatch

-22 MW 22 MW
Bus 2 4 MVR -4 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
357 MW
179 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
100% 37 MVR
-122 MW
194 MW OFF AGC -142 MW
49 MVR 41 MVR 100 MW
232 MVR AVR ON
145 MW 100% 124 MW
-37 MVR -33 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
179 MW
Scheduled Transactions 89 MVR
100.0 MW 448 MW AGC ON
19 MVR AVR ON

Dispatch is no longer optimal due to need to keep line

from bus 2 to bus 3 from overloading
7
Multi-Area Operation

 If Areas have direct interconnections, then they may

directly transact up to the capacity of their tie-lines.
 Actual power flows through the entire network
according to the impedance of the transmission
lines.
 Flow through other areas is known as “parallel
path” or “loop flows.”

8
 Seven Bus Case: One-line

System has
44 MW -42 MW -31 MW 31 MW 80 MW
three areas 1.05 PU
1
3
0.99 PU
4
30 MVR
1.00 PU
Area top
62 MW 106 MW -37 MW 110 MW -32 MW
has five
AGC ON 40 MVR
94 MW
buses
Case Hourly Cost AGC ON
38 MW 16933 $/MWH
-14 MW
-61 MW
32 MW
1.04 PU 79 MW -77 MW 1.01 PU
2
Top Area Cost 5
8029 $/MWH
40 MW -39 MW 130 MW
40 MW
20 MVR 40 MVR
168 MW AGC ON
-40 MW 40 MW
20 MW -20 MW
1.04 PU 1.04 PU
6 20 MW 7
-20 MW
200 MW 200 MW
0 MVR Left Area Cost Right Area Cost
Area left 200 MW AGC ON
4189 $/MWH 4715 $/MWH
201 MW AGC ON
0 MVR

has one
Area right has one
bus
bus
9
 Seven Bus Case: Area View

Area Losses
Top 7.09 MW

Actual
40.1 MW
flow
-40.1 MW
0.0 MW
0.0 MW between
System has areas
40 MW of
Scheduled
“Loop Flow”
Left Right flow
Area Losses 40.1 MW Area Losses
0.33 MW 0.0 MW 0.65 MW

Loop flow can result in higher losses

10
Seven Bus - Loop Flow?

Area Losses
Top 9.44 MW

Note that
4.8 MW
0.0 MW
-4.8 MW Top’s
0.0 MW
Losses have
increased
from
7.09MW to
Left Right
9.44 MW
Area Losses 104.8 MW Area Losses
-0.00 MW 100.0 MW 4.34 MW

100 MW Transaction Transaction has

between Left and Right actually decreased
the loop flow 11
Pricing Electricity

 Cost to supply electricity to bus is called the locational

marginal price (LMP)
 Presently some electric makets post LMPs on the web
 In an ideal electricity market with no transmission
limitations the LMPs are equal
 Transmission constraints can segment a market, resulting in
differing LMP
 Determination of LMPs requires the solution on an Optimal
Power Flow (OPF)

12
 3 BUS LMPS - OVERLOAD IGNORED
60 MW 60 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh
Gen 2’s Gen 1’s
cost cost
0 MW 10.00 $/MWh
is $12 is $10
120 MW 180 MW
per 120% per
MWh 0 MW MWh
60 MW
120% 120 MW
Total Cost 60 MW
1800 $/hr
Bus 3 10.00 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW

Line from Bus 1 to Bus 3 is over-loaded; all

buses have same marginal cost

13
LINE OVERLOAD ENFORCED

20 MW 20 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

60 MW 12.00 $/MWh
100 MW 120 MW
80% 100%
0 MW
80 MW
80% 100% 100 MW
Total Cost 80 MW
1921 $/hr
Bus 3 14.01 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW

Line from 1 to 3 is no longer overloaded, but now

the marginal cost of electricity at 3 is $14 / MWh 14
MISO and PJM

MISO and
PJM are
the reliability
coordinators
covering the
electric grid
in Illinois.
ComEd is in
PJM, and
Ameren is in
MISO.
15
MISO LMPs 8/31/11 at 11:05 AM

www.midwestmarket.org
16
Development of Line Models

Goals of this section are

1) develop a simple model for transmission lines
2) gain an intuitive feel for how the geometry of the
transmission line affects the model parameters

17
Primary Methods for Power Transfer

 The most common methods for transfer of electric

power are
1) Overhead ac
2) Underground ac
3) Overhead dc
4) Underground dc
5) other

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345 kV+ Transmission Growth at a
Glance

19 1
345 kV+ Transmission Growth at a
Glance

20 2
345 kV+ Transmission Growth at a
Glance

21 2
345 kV+ Transmission Growth at a
Glance

22 2
345 kV+ Transmission Growth at a
Glance

23 2
Magnetics Review

Ampere’s circuital law:

F   H dl  I e

F = mmf = magnetomtive force (amp-turns)
H = magnetic field intensity (amp-turns/meter)
dl = Vector differential path length (meters)
  = Line integral about closed path 
(dl is tangent to path)
Ie = Algebraic sum of current linked by 

24
Line Integrals

Line integrals are a generalization of traditional

integration

Integration along the

x-axis

Integration along a
general path, which
may be closed

Ampere’s law is most useful in cases of symmetry,

such as with an infinitely long line
25
Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic fields are usually measured in terms of flux

density
B = flux density (Tesla [T] or Gauss [G])
(1T = 10,000G)
For a linear a linear magnetic material
B =  H where  is the called the permeability
 = 0  r
 0 = permeability of freespace = 4  10-7 H m
 r = relative permeability  1 for air

26
Magnetic Flux

Total flux passing through a surface A is

 = A Bda
da = vector with direction normal to the surface
If flux density B is uniform and perpendicular to an
area A then
 = BA

27
Magnetic Fields from Single Wire

Assume we have an infinitely long wire with current

of 1000A. How much magnetic flux passes through a
1 meter square, located between 4 and 5 meters from
the wire?

Direction of H is given
by the “Right-hand” Rule

Easiest way to solve the problem is to take advantage

of symmetry. For an integration path we’ll choose a
circle with a radius of x.
28
Single Line Example, cont’d
I
2 xH  I  H 
2 x
B  0 H
0 I
5
  A  0 H dA  4 dx
2 x
I 5 7 5
   0 ln  2  10 I ln
2 4 4
  4.46  105 Wb
2  104 2 For reference, the earth’s
B  T  Gauss magnetic field is about
x x 0.6 Gauss (Central US)
29
Flux linkages and Faraday’s law

Flux linkages are defined from Faraday's law

d
V = where V = voltage,  = flux linkages
dt
The flux linkages tell how much flux is linking an
N turn coil:
N
 = i
i=1

If all flux links every coil then   N

30
Inductance

For a linear magnetic system, that is one where

B = H
we can define the inductance, L, to be
the constant relating the current and the flux
linkage
 =Li
where L has units of Henrys (H)

31
Inductance Example

Calculate the inductance of an N turn coil wound

tightly on a torodial iron core that has a radius of R
and a cross-sectional area of A. Assume
1) all flux is within the coil
2) all flux links each turn

32
Inductance Example, cont’d

Ie   Hdl
NI  H 2 R (path length is 2 R)
NI
H  B   H   r 0 H
2 R
  AB   N  LI
NI
  NAB  NA r  0
2 R
N 2 A r  0
L  H
2 R
33
Inductance of a Single Wire

To development models of transmission lines, we first

need to determine the inductance of a single, infinitely
long wire. To do this we need to determine the wire’s
total flux linkage, including
1. flux linkages outside of the wire
2. flux linkages within the wire

We’ll assume that the current density within the wire is

uniform and that the wire has a radius of r.

34
Flux Linkages outside of the wire

We'll think of the wire as a single loop closed at

infinity. Therefore  = since N = 1. The flux linking
the wire out to a distance of R from the wire center is

R I
  A Bda  length r 0
2 x
dx

35
Flux Linkages outside, cont’d

R I
    A Bda  length r 0 dx
2 x
Since length =  we'll deal with per unit length values,
assumed to be per meter.
 R I 0 R
  0 dx  I ln
meter r 2 x 2 r
Note, this quantity still goes to infinity as R  

36
Flux linkages inside of wire

Current inside conductor tends to travel on the outside

of the conductor due to the skin effect. The pentration
of the current into the conductor is approximated using
1
the skin depth = where f is the frequency in Hz
 f
and  is the conductivity in mhos/meter.
0.066 m
For copper skin depth   0.33 inch at 60HZ.
f
For derivation we'll assume a uniform current density.

37
Flux linkages inside, cont’d

Wire cross section Current enclosed within distance

x2
x of center  Ie  2 I
r
x Ie Ix
Hx  
r 2 x 2 r 2

Flux only links part of current

rIx x 2  r Ix3 0  r
inside   2 2
dx  0 4
dx  I
0 2 r r 2 r 8

38
Line Total Flux & Inductance

0 R 0  r
Total (per meter)  I ln  I
2 r 8
0  R  r 
Total (per meter)  I  ln  
2  r 4 
0  R  r 
L(per meter)   ln  
2  r 4 
Note, this value still goes to infinity as we integrate
R out to infinity

39
 Inductance Simplification

Inductance expression can be simplified using

two exponential identities:
a
ln(ab)=ln a + ln b ln  ln a  ln b a  ln(e a )
b
 r  
0  R  r   0  
L  ln     ln R   ln r  ln e 4
 
2  r 4  2   
0    r 4   0 R
L  ln R  ln  re    ln
2     2 r '
 r
Where r'  r e 4  0.78r for r  1
40