Load Flow Simulation of 7-Bus-Ieee Network: Its Application in 400Kv Grid Network of Msetcl System

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LOAD FLOW SIMULATION OF

7-BUS-IEEE NETWORK
&
ITS APPLICATION IN 400kV GRID
NETWORK OF MSETCL SYSTEM

Department Of Electrical Engineering


Nagpur.

2010
AIM Of The project …….
In
 To determine the POWER FLOW SIMULATION USING
IEEE-7 BUS NETWORK & ITS APPLICATION IN 400 KV
GRID NETWORK OF MSETCL(Maharashtra State
Electricity Transmission Co Ltd) SYSTEM USING
POWER WORLD SIMULATOR

 For POWER FLOW SIMLATION N-R METHOD ADOPTED

 AC POWER FLOW SIMULATION TO EVALUATE TOTAL


LOAD IN TERMS OF ACTIVE POWER FLOW IN MW
,REACTIVE POWER FLOW MVAR,TOTAL GENERATION
IN MW ,MVAR ,VOLTAGE ANGLE OF ALL BUSES
,REACTIVE REQUIREMENT OF 7-BUS SYSTEM
 AFTER OUTAGES ON TYPICAL TIE LINES ,AGAIN Case
is SIMULATED & WORKS OUT LOADING ON THE
AVAILABLE LINES IN TERMS OF MW ,MVAR &
VOLTAGE STABILITY ACCORDINGLY
 ABOVE APPLICATION IMPLEMENTED IN MSETCL
NETWORK &AGAIN RUN THE POWER WORLD
SIMULATOR & SIMULATES THE POWER FLOW
Methodology adopted

 Simulation tool used power world


simulator 9.0 version
 7 bus 138 kv network consider for
power flow simulation
 Newtons-Raphson Method adopted
for power simulation due to fast &
accuracy in simulation
Contents
1) Objectives of load flow analysis
2) How to analyze power flow in power network
3) Why N-R Method?

4) Flow-Chart of N-R Method

5) 7 Bus IEEE Network &its buswise information


6) Load flow simulation of 7-Bus
7) Load flow output
a) Buswise Voltages & angle
b) Line flow in terms of Load MW & Mvar
c)Generator Loads in terms of active power MW & Reactive Power Mvar
d) Active & reactive loss
“LOAD FLOW STUDY is the
Steady state solution of POWER
SYSTEM”
Objectives of Load Flow analysis
o Flow of Real and reactive powers in the branches of the
network
o Bus bar voltages

o Power system augmentation studies to plan expansion of the


Network to meet future requirements
o Effect of temporary loss of generation and transmission

circuit on system loading


o Effect of injecting in phase and quadrature boost voltages on

system loading
o optimum system running condition and load distribution

oGenerator Scheduling and Reactive Scheduling to minimise

losses
o starting point of other studies such as fault analysis and

stability analysis
What is already known /
What has to be calculated
1. Network
􀂃 Electric values for components and the equivalent circuits are
known
2. Loads
􀂃 known: active and reactive power (P,Q)
􀂃 calculated: absolute value and angle of voltage (U,δ)
3. Generators
􀂃 known: active power and terminal voltage (P,U)
􀂃 calculated: reactive power and voltage angle (Q, δ)
􀂃 Balance between generation and consumption
􀂃 Losses are not known ⇒ information required
4. Reference point (e.g. connection to the transmission grid of
North Sweden)
􀂃 known: absolute value and angle of voltage (U, δ)
􀂃 calculated: active and reactive power (P, Q) (may change freely)
5. Boundary conditions
􀂃 Reactive power limits of the generator Qmin and Qmax
How to analyze power flow in
power Network

To analyze the power flow in power


network there are three methods
 Newton Raphson Method

Gauss seidel method

 Fast decoupled method


Why Newton Raphson Method?
 Types of Problem N-R Method
• Heavily Loaded System ----- Solves systems with phase shifts
upto 900
• System containing negative reactance- Solves with ease
such as three winding transformer or
series line capacitor
• System with slack bus at desired location-More tolerant of slack bus
location
• Long and short lines terminating --- can solve a system with a long to
on the same bus short ratio at any bus of 1000000:1
• Long radial type of system ----- solves a wider range of such
problems
• Acceleration Factor ------ None required
Flow chart of N-R Method

Form bus admittance matrix YBUS

Assume bus voltages,Ep0 where p=1,2,…..n&p!=s

Set iteration count,K=0

Calculate Real & Reactive bus powers

Advance
Calculated difference between Scheduled &calculated powers
Iteration count
k+1k

Determine Maximum change in power max del pk and Max Qk

Equal
Replace epk by T est for convergence Calculate line flows and
epk+1and fpk by Or less power flows
fpk+1 where Greater
p=1,2….n&p!=s
Calculate Bus currents
Calculate elements for jacobian

Calculate new bus voltages


Steps for calculation
 For the calculation of powerflow it is must to find out the
impedance between two buses
 Impedances given in fig is in ohm per km,so we have to
multiply that by the distance between two buses.so the
required impedance is obtained
 In the same way suspetance I.e.b/2 is also given in
mho/km and multiplied by distance in km between two
buses
 per unit calculation
the data required for the powerflow analysis should be in
unit form.for that all data such as voltages,line
impedance etc
 The per unit value of any quantity is defined as =The
actual value in any unit/the base or reference value in
the same unit
Per unit impedance(z pu)=Z(ohm)x (MVA)B/(KV)2B
IEEE–7 Bus System Load Flow Analysis
Using Powerworld

46 MW 46 MW 57 MW 57 MW 80 MW
A A
30 Mvar
1.05 pu MVA 1.00 pu MVA

3 4
1 1.00 pu

49 MW 96 MW 48 MW 150 MW 38 MW
AGC ON 40 Mvar
A
A

100% A
107 MW
MVA A
MVA
MVA
MVA AGC ON
48 MW
7 MW
49 MW A
38 MW
1.04 pu MVA
73 MW 1.02 pu
74 MW
2 5
40 MW 50 MW 130 MW
0 MW
20 Mvar 40 Mvar
A

A 150 MW AGC ON
MVA
MVA

0 MW 50 MW
25 MW A 25 MW
1.04 pu MVA 1.04 pu
6 25 MW 7
A 25 MW
MVA
200 MW 200 MW
sla ck

0 Mvar 0 Mvar
250 MW AGC ON 200 MW AGC ON
Table 1.0
Areawise Generation & Loads in MegaWatts

Area Generation in Load in


MW MW

Top -Area1 352.04 400.0

Left Area2 250.0 200.0

Right Area3 200.23 200.0


Line Characteristics of 7-bus system

Resistance Reactance Line Charging


From To R X B Line Limit
Number Number Circuit Status p.u p.u. p.u. Lim A MVA

1 2 1 Closed 0.005 0.05 0.5 65


1 3 1 Closed 0.02 0.24 0.05 65

2 3 1 Closed 0.015 0.18 0.04 80

3 4 1 Closed 0.0025 0.03 0.02 222

2 4 1 Closed 0.015 0.18 0.04 100

2 5 1 Closed 0.01 0.12 0.03 100

7 5 1 Closed 0.005 0.06 0.04 200

4 5 1 Closed 0.02 0.24 0.05 60

2 6 1 Closed 0.005 0.06 0.05 200

6 7 2 Closed 0.02 0.24 0.05 200

6 7 1 Closed 0.02 0.24 0.05 200


Table 3.0
Bus Types

Number Name Area Name Type

1 1 Top PV

2 2 Top PV

3 3 Top PQ

4 4 Top PV

5 5 Top PQ

6 6 Left PV

7 7 Right Slack
Bus types

In 7-bus system , there are 5 buses in which four


Numbers of Voltage regulated buses , two Numbers of
load buses & one Numbers of Slack Bus is consider for
power flow simulation.
 Slack Bus : This bus known as swing bus, is taken as
reference where the magnitude and phase angle of the
voltage are specified .This bus makes us difference
between the scheduled load and generated power that are
caused by losses in the network
 Load Bus: at these buses the active and reactive powers
are specified .The Magnitude and phase angle of the bus
voltages are unknown . These buses are called P-Q Buses
 Regulated Buses or voltage Buses
These buses are the generator buses .They are also known
as voltage controlled buses. At these buses ,the real power
and voltage magnitude are specified .The phase angles of
the voltages and the reactive power to be determined .The
Limits on the value of the reactive power are also specified
.These buses are called P-V Buses
POWER FLOW OUTPUT

Power Flow simulation of 7-bus IEEE System is as follows


Bus Flows
BUS 11 138.0 MW Mvar MVA % 1.0500 4.43 1 Top
GENERATOR 1 95.54 7.43R 95.8
TO 22 1 49.40 -10.98 50.6 78
TO 33 1 46.14 18.41 49.7 76
BUS 22 138.0 MW Mvar MVA % 1.0400 3.17 1 Top
GENERATOR 1 150.00 28.06R 152.6
LOAD 1 40.00 20.00 44.7
TO 11 1 -49.28 -42.39 65.0 100
TO 33 1 89 19.96 51.9 65
TO 44 1 38.07 18.92 42.5 43
TO 55 1 73.54 14.25 74.9 75
TO 66 1 -0.23 -2.68 2.7 1
BUS 33 138.0 MW Mvar MVA % 0.9980 -1.41 1 Top
LOAD 1 150.00 40.00 155.2
TO 11 1 -45.67 -18.05 49.1 76
TO 22 1 -47.50 -19.48 51.3 64
TO 44 1 -56.83 -2.47 56.9 26
BUS 44 138.0 MW Mvar MVA % 1.0000 -0.43 1 Top
GENERATOR 1 106.51 0.96R 106.5
LOAD 1 80.00 30.00 85.4
TO 22 1 -37.81 -19.93 42.7 43
TO 33 1 56.91 1.44 56.9 26
TO 55 1 7.41 -10.55 12.9 21
BUS 55 138.0 MW Mvar MVA % 1.0180 -1.52 1 Top
LOAD 1 130.00 40.00 136.0
TO 22 1 -73.02 -11.15 73.9 74
TO 44 1 -7.39 5.75 9.4 16
TO 77 1 -49.60 -34.60 60.5 30
BUS 66 138.0 MW Mvar MVA % 1.0400 3.18 2 Left
GENERATOR 1 250.00 -10.89R 250.2
LOAD 1 200.00 0.00 200.0
TO 22 1 0.23 -2.72 2.7 1
TO 77 1 24.88 -4.08 25.2 13
TO 77 2 24.88 -4.08 25.2 13
BUS 77 138.0 MW Mvar MVA % 1.0400 0.00 3 Right
GENERATOR 1 200.23 32.51R 202.8
LOAD 1 200.00 0.00 200.0
TO 55 1 49.77 32.40 59.4 30
TO 66 1 -24.77 0.05 24.8 12
TO 66 2 -24.77 0.05 24
Voltage Magnitude and Phase angle
Bus Nom
No kV PU Volt Volt (kV) Angle (Deg) Load MW Load Mvar Gen MW Gen Mvar
1
138 1.05 144.9 4.43 95.54 7.43
2 138 1.04 143.52 3.17 40 20 150 28.06
3
138 0.99799 137.723 -1.41 150 40
4 138 1 138 -0.43 80 30 106.51 0.96
5
138 1.01803 140.488 -1.52 130 40
6 138 1.04 143.52 3.18 200 0 250 -10.89
7 138 1.04 143.52 0 200 0 200.23 32.51

COMMENTS
Above shows Bus-wise Per unit voltages ,Nominal and actual voltages of the system
.Magnitude of the voltage and phase angle works out by powerworld .
After simulation , Low voltage problem observed at Bus 3 , there is no any generator as well
reactive compensation available in the system that’s why voltage at this bus found low as
compared to other buses .
Power Transfer & MW ,Mvar Losses

From To MW Mvar MVA Lim MW Mvar


Number Number Circuit Status From From From MVA Loss Loss
1 2 1 Closed 49.4 -11 50.6 65 0.12 -53.37
1 3 1 Closed 46.1 18.4 49.7 65 0.47 0.36
2 3 1 Closed 47.9 20 51.9 80 0.39 0.48
2 4 1 Closed 38.1 18.9 42.5 100 0.26 -1.01
2 5 1 Closed 73.5 14.3 74.9 100 0.52 3.1
2 6 1 Closed -0.2 -2.7 2.7 200 0 -5.41
3 4 1 Closed -56.8 -2.5 56.9 222 0.08 -1.02
4 5 1 Closed 7.4 -10.6 12.9 60 0.02 -4.8
7 5 1 Closed 49.8 32.4 59.4 200 0.17 -2.2
6 7 1 Closed 24.9 -4.1 25.2 200 0.11 -4.03
6 7 2 Closed 24.9 -4.1 25.2 200 0.11 -4.03

From above Table it shows 7-Bus load flow study .It gives the loading on the lines in terms of MW and
Mvar also line loss in terms of MW and Mvar Some of the observations of Load flow study is as follows:
Line flow between line2-5 is 73.5 Mw whereas line2-6 found in floating condition .This line connected
between Top & Left area. Bus 6 is generator bus .Load and generation balanced at this bus .
Line 6-7 double circuit connected to Left & Right area carrying 50 Mw Load & transfer the same load to
Bus 5 through Line 7-5 .Actual load at bus 5 is 130 Mw. In which 73.0 MW power transferred from Line
2-5 , 50 MW from line 7-5 & remaining 7 Mw from Line 4-5 . Such type of
Power flow study is possible only after simulation of power flows
Conclusion
Output of the Load flow studies shows that Buswise Voltage, Active Generation
in MW ,Active Load MW ,Reactive Loads in Mvar ,MVA Loading .Also Shows
the Generator connected to particular Buses. As per Kirchoffs law ,total Load at
the Bus clearly applicable from above Load flow study. Buswise connected lines
with Line loads in MW & Mvar , is the output from Above simulation. Bus 7 is
SLACK Bus consider in above simulation .From which we can find out the
losses in the Network . Also find out the overloading of lines easily so as to
provide reactive compensation at particular location of the system
CASE: SIMULATION of LINE OUTAGE ON TIE-LINE CIRCUITS

49 MW A
49 MW 49 MW 49 MW 80 MW
A

81% 30 Mvar
1.05 pu MVA 1.00 pu MVA

3 4
1 1.00 pu

47 MW 96 MW 52 MW 150 MW 44 MW
AGC ON 40 Mvar
A A

97% A
107 MW
MVA A
MVA

MVA
MVA AGC ON
53 MW
21 MW
47 MW A

1.04 pu
44 MW 119% 0.98 pu
110 MW MVA 109 MW
2 5

40 MW 0 MW 130 MW
50 MW
20 Mvar 40 Mvar

A 150 MW AGC ON

50 MW
MVA
0 MW
0 MW A 0 MW
1.04 pu MVA 1.04 pu
6 0 MW 7
A 0 MW
MVA
200 MW 200 MW
sl a ck

0 Mvar 0 Mvar
250 MW AGC ON 200 MW AGC ON
Simulation output
OUTAGE ON Tie Line 5 to Line7

Before Before Before


After Outage outage
Outage After After
Outage Angle in Outage Gen Outage
Volt Volt (Deg) Mvar
Bus Nom PU Angle in Load Load Gen Gen
No. kV Volt (kV) (kV) (Deg) MW Mvar Mvar MW

1 138 1.05 144.9 144.9 4.43 -0.43 7.43 7.78 95.82

2 138 1.04 143.52 143.52 3.17 -1.61 40 20 28.06 63.91 150.29

3 138 0.99 137.723 137.703 -1.41 -6.67 150 40

4 138 1.00 138 138 -0.43 -5.82 80 30 0.96 16.93 106.79

5 138 0.98 140.488 135.598 -1.52 -8.76 130 40

6 138 1.04 143.52 143.52 3.18 -0.01 200 0 -10.89 -11.57 250

7 138 1.04 143.52 143.52 0 0 200 0 32.51 -5.42 200.12

From above Table , It concludes that


line outage event of tie Line No.5 to line 7 & simulated the data accordingly in powerworld .Results tabulated in Table i.e
differences of bus voltages ,angle in degrees & variation in generation mvar flows
Voltage before tripping at Bus 5 is 140.488 Kv .After outage voltage at Bus 5 suddrenly dropped upto 135.598 Kv . voltage
angle also changed from -1.52 to -8.76 deg. This is due to because Bus 5 is Load bus & variation in reactive loads. At Bus 7 ,
there is no variation in Voltage because Generation unit is connected to the bus
Change in Voltage angle also observed at Bus3 due to Load bus
Simulation Output
Mw/Mvar Loss After Outage On line5-7
(Removing Transmission Line)

Before After Before After After


MW MW Mvar Mvar Before After Tripping
From To on on on on MVA MW MW Mvar Mvar
Number Number Circuit Line Line Line Line From Loss Loss Loss Loss Status

1 2 1 49.4 46.6 -11 -10.8 47.9 0.12 0.11 -53.37 -53.49 Closed

1 3 1 46.1 49.2 18.4 18.5 52.6 0.47 0.52 0.36 1.01 Closed

2 3 1 47.9 52.7 20 20 56.3 0.39 0.45 0.48 1.28 Closed

2 4 1 38.1 44.2 18.9 18.8 48 0.26 0.33 -1.01 -0.18 Closed

2 5 1 73.5 109.9 14.3 45.6 119 0.52 1.32 3.1 12.81 Closed

2 6 1 -0.2 -50 -2.7 2.2 50 0 0.12 -5.41 -4.01 Closed

3 4 1 -56.8 -49.1 -2.5 -3.7 49.3 0.08 0.06 -1.02 -1.27 Closed

4 5 1 7.4 21.5 -10.6 3.5 21.8 0.02 0.1 -4.8 -3.72 Closed

7 5 1 49.8 0 32.4 0 0 0.17 0 -2.2 0 Open

6 7 1 24.9 -0.1 -4.1 -2.7 2.7 0.11 0 -4.03 -5.41 Closed

6 7 2 24.9 -0.1 -4.1 -2.7 2.7 0.11 0 -4.03 -5.41 Closed


Simulation Output
Mw/Mvar Loss After Outage On line5-7
(Removing Transmission Line)

 From Table , following are the observations of load flow


study after tie line
 Circuit 5-7 open for outage purpose
 Status of line 5-7 shows OPEN
 After opening of the circuit 5-7 ,Load of 50 Mw diverted
on line 2-5 & loads increased on this line .
 Due to overloading line 2-5 ,reactive loading I2R Loss
also increased from 3.1 to 12.8 Mvar
 Due to opening of ckt 5-7 ,loading on double circuit 6-7
suddenly reduces & power exported on line 6 to line2 50
Mw. Previously this line under floating ,it means that
there is no power flow on that line
 On Line 4-5 Loading in terms of MW ,Mvar also increased
l
MSETCL 400 KV POWER NETWORK OVERVIEW

 Maharashtra 400 KV power network consists of 25 buses including


VKM (Vidhrbha-Khandesh-Marahwada & KTRT (Western Maharashtra)
includes all generating stations such as Koradi,Chandrapur & Koyna
.This project analyses the power flow in various buses .Inspite of
taking all 25 buses only 8-buses are considered (Bhusawal2, Akola
,Korady ,Chandrapur, Parly, Bhilai,, Bhadravati (powergrid I,II,III &IV) &
Solapur per Real time 400 Kv Overview on dt 05-09-2009 .This
information collected at the time of field visit at Area Load dispatch
Centre ,Ambazari Nagpur
 In order to perform a power flow analysis by N-R method Using
Powerworld environment ,the following variables must be defined
:power system base MVA, Power mismatch accuracy ,acceleration
factor & maximum number of iterations.
 In that Chandrapur is taken as Slack Bus denotes One Bus
 Koradi is a PV Bus denotes code 2 & shown in table 10.0
 all other Load Buses code is 0.The loads are entered positive in
Megwatts and MegVars .For this bus initial voltage estimate must be
specified .This is usually 1 and 0 for voltage magnitude and Phase angle
respectively .If voltage magnitude and phase angle for this type are
specified ,they will be taken initial starting voltage for that bus instead
of float starts of 1 and 0
Real Time Active Power Flow on 8- Bus System
MSETCL
Dt.05-09-2009

400 Kv MSETCL Length Line ICT Loading


Bus Line 400 Kv Line Km Loading MW Mvar
MW
1 1-2 Bhusawal-Akola 200 341 Bhusawal 179 84
2 2-3 Akola-Koradi 151 391 Akola 46.4 3.1
3 1-3 Bhusawal-Koradi 347 448 Koradi 58 34
4 3-4 Koradi-Chandrapur 149 334 Chandrapur304 10
5 4-5 Chandrapur-Parli I,II,III 371 1306 Parli 246
134
6 7-4 Bhadravati-Chandrapur 18 840 Solapur 182 6.0
I,II,III,IV

7 6-3 Bhilai--Koradi 150 454

8 5-8 Parli-Solapur 273 467


Steps For Calculations
Step 1 : For the calculation of powerflow it is must to find out the impedance
between two buses .In 400 Kv Network there are two or three parallel lines
are presenting between some buses such as between chandrapur and
parly ,Koradi and Bhusawal etc .For calculation of impedance ,the parallel
combination of these lines are taken as total length between these buses.

Step2: Impedances given in fig is in ohm per km,so we have to multiply that
by the distance between two buses. so the required impedance is obtained

Step3: In the same way suspetance I.e.b/2 is also given in mho/km and
multiplied by distance in km between two buses

Step4 : per unit calculation


The data required for the powerflow analysis should be in unit form. For that
all data such as voltages,line impedance etc should be in per unit forms
Step5 : Formulae required for the unit calculation are given below

i) The per unit value of any quantity is defined as =The actual value in any
unit / the base or reference value in the same unit
ii) Per unit impedance(z pu)=Z(ohm)x (MVA)B/(KV)2B
8-Bus MSETCL SYSTEM
NETWORK IN POWERWORLD
179 MW
84 Mvar

187 MW 189 MW 91 MW 91 MW 304 MW


A A

126%
MW MVA
-10 Mvar
0.98 pu 1 BHSWL2 3 KORADI 1.00 pu 4 CHANDRAPUR 1.00 pu

8 MW 39 MW 58 MW
34 Mvar A

A
MVA
A
A
-242 MW
195 MW MVA
MVA 92 Mvar
A

MVA 144%
MW

38 MW
A

8 MW 182 MW
MVA A
267%
A

6 M v ar 267% MW
0.99 pu MW
A

2 6 7 %267%
A

A
5 PARLI
MW

MW

83%
2 AKOLA MW
8 SOLAPUR 0.98 pu
46 MW 246 MW
3 Mvar 143 MW 136 Mvar

332 MW A 332 MW
83% 270
1.02 pu MW 1.01 pu
6 BHILAI 7 BHADRAVATI

454 MW 122 MW
Bus Mismatches
Area Mismatch
Number Name Name Type MW

1 Bhusawal Top PQ 0

2 AKOLA Top PQ 0

3 KORADI Top PV 0

4 CHANDRAPUR Top Slack 0

5 PARLI Top PQ 0

6 BHILAI Left PQ (Gens at Var Limit) 0

7 BHADRAVATI Right PQ (Gens at Var Limit) 0

8 SOLAPUR Top PQ 0
LINE Characteristics of 8-bus MSETCL System

Line
Resista Reactan Char
From Number From Name To Number To Name Circuit Status nce ce ging

1 BHUSAWAL 2 AKOLA 1 Closed 0.005 0.035 0.5

1 BHUSWAL 3 KORADI 1 Closed 0.005 0.0351 0.05

2 AKOLA 3 KORADI 1 Closed 0.015 0.18 0.04

3 KORADI 4 CHANDRAPUR 1 Closed 0.002 0.0152 0.02

4 CHANDRAPUR 5 PARLI 1 Closed 0.0058 0.0137 0.05

4 CHANDRAPUR 5 PARLI 2 Closed 0.0058 0.0137 0.05

4 CHANDRAPUR 5 PARLI 3 Closed 0.0058 0.0137 0.04

7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 1 Closed 0.0002 0.0277 0.04

7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 2 Closed 0.0002 0.0277 0.04

7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 3 Closed 0.0002 0.0277 0.04


7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 4 Closed 0.0002 0.0277 0.04

5 PARLI 8 SOLAPUR 1 Closed 0.002 0.0277 0

6 BHILAI 7 BHADRAVATI 1 Closed 0.002 0.0152 0.05

                 
Power Flow Simulation 8-Bus 400 Kv MSETCL
% of
MVA
MW MVA Lim Limit Mvar
From Name To Name Circuit From Mvar From From MVA (Max) MW Loss Loss

1Bhusawal 2 AKOLA 1 8 -49.9 50.6 120 42.1 0.04 -47.88

1Bhusawal 3 KORADI 1 -187 -34.1 190 150 129 1.88 8.34

2 AKOLA 3 KORADI 1 -38.5 -5.2 38.8 100 38.9 0.23 -1.18

3 KORADI 4 CHANDRAPUR 1 -90.6 11.6 91.3 222 41.2 0.17 -0.73

4 CHANDRAPUR 5 PARLI 1 144.3 49 152.3 100 152.3 1.36 -1.71

4 CHANDRAPUR 5 PARLI 2 144.3 49 152.3 200 76.2 1.36 -1.71

4 CHANDRAPUR 5 PARLI 3 144.3 49.5 152.5 200 76.3 1.36 -0.73

7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 1 267.5 38.6 270.2 100 270.2 0.14 15.88

7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 2 267.5 38.6 270.2 100 270.2 0.14 15.88

7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 3 267.5 38.6 270.2 100 270.2 0.14 15.88

7 BHADRAVATI 4 CHANDRAPUR 4 267.5 38.6 270.2 100 270.2 0.14 15.88

5 PARLI 8 SOLAPUR 1 182.7 15.6 183.4 0 0 0.69 9.6

6 BHILAI 7 BHADRAVATI 1 332 66 338.5 400 84.6 2.19 11.47


Comments
 Power flow on Line in terms of MW &
Mvar & simulated the results .It gives
the output in terms of MW ,Mvar
losses.
 Max Reactive Loss shown on 400 Kv
Akola-Bhusawal Line due to Load Bus
of Bhusawal .This Line absorbs
reactive power .
 It indicates Reactive compensation is
required at Bhusawal end
Bus Records Voltage Magnitude & Angle

Bus Records
Area Nom Volt Angle Load Load Gen Gen
Number Name Name kV PU Volt (kV) (Deg) MW Mvar MW Mvar

1 1 Bhusawal Top 400 0.9769 390.76 -6.43 179 84

2 2 AKOLA Top 400 0.98584 394.338 -6.67 46.4 3.1


3 3 KORADI Top 400 1 400 -2.67 58 34 195 91.93
4 4 CHANDRAPUR Top 400 1 400 -1.87 304 -10 -241.74 34.15

5 5 PARLI Top 400 0.98472 393.889 -2.84 246 136


6 6 BHILAI Left 400 1.02453 409.81 5.06 122 34 454 100
7 7 BHADRAVATI Right 400 1.009 403.601 2.34 100 0 840 100

8 8 SOLAPUR Top 400 0.97796 391.183 -5.84 182 6

COMMENTS

It Shows Buswise nominal Voltage in terms of 400 Kv . Load connected to the buses in terms of Active load
& Reactive loads. Subsequently Generators also connected to the Buses 3,4 ,6 & 7
After simulation of 8-Bus data in Powerworld ,output shown in terms of p.u. voltages & load angle
accordingly. In above case Voltage at Bhusawal Bus ,Parly & Solapur Bus found low as compared to other
buses .This is due to Load buses .no generator is connected to the particular buses.
Voltage at Koradi & Chandrapur found in good limits due to Generator buses as well a number of lines
connected to this buses. Angle in deg indicates the stability angle.
Conclusion
 For the calculation of powerflow it is must to find out the impedance between two
buses
 The solution to the power flow problem begins with identifying the known and
unknown variables in the system. The known and unknown variables are
dependent on the type of bus
 The most popular is known as the Newton-Raphson Method. This method begins
with initial guesses of all unknown variables (voltage magnitude and angles at
Load Buses and voltage angles at Generator Buses).
 When Load flow is analysed for 7-buses & 8-buses,Voltage Magnitude is less in
PQ buses than PV ,but Voltage angle is large in PQ buses and less in PV
.Number of iterations are required, when 1 Slack & all PQ Seven number of
iterations are required
 No Power Mismatch.This conclude that in the Power System there should be one
slack bus,20% PV buses and 80% PQ buses present in the System
 The great importance of power flow or load-flow studies is in the planning the
future expansion of power systems as well as in determining the best operation of
existing systems. The principal information obtained from the power flow study is
the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and the real and
reactive power flowing in each line
FUTURE SCOPE & ITS APPLICATIONS

Load Flow Analysis is the most frequently performed system studies by electric
utilities which also performed steady state operating condition of a power
system .This information is essential for long terms planning and Operational
planning

The load flow analysis can be performed by using various tool boxes such as
DSP,ANN and also by using FACTS devices.Load Flow analysis become more
simple and accurate when we simulate it by using ETAP and SKM software. By
using above method Load Flow Analysis is simple,easy,accurate and require less
iterations.

Load Flow analysis in power system plays a vital rolebecause Load flow study is
the starting point of various studies such as transient analysis,stability analysis
etc. Load Flow programs are very useful to study Abnormal disturbance
conditions. This involves transient faults,permanent faults etc due to sharp rise
in system demand Voltage collapse usually studied as a steady state problem
using conventional or extended power flow programs

Load Flow analysis is also useful for the load forecasting. Load forecasting is by
knowing present day or past loading conditions, on the basis of that we can
predict future demand conditions. On the basis of that Load despatcher daily
performed Generation schedule for optimum utilisation of Resources
Part of the Network of MSETCL System considered for Practical load flow
studies in our project
REFERENCES
 PAPERS
 Stott,B. ‘ Review of load Flow Calculation Method’ IEEE,July
1974,916
 Harold Wood in reviewing Tinnney and Harts paper in “power
flow by Newtons Method” IEEE Trans Power App Syst
Vol86,Nov 1967
 BOOKS
 George L kusic ,Computer aided power system analysis,second
edition ,prentice HALL India
 Glean W.Stagg,Computer method in power system analysis
 Powerworld Simulator,Powerworld Corporation
 Nagrath I.J. and D.P. kothari ,modern power system Analysis
 C.L.Wadhwa,Electrical power system

 INFORMATION FROM ALDC,Nagpur

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