Measures of Dispersion

MEASURES OF
DISPERSION
Mani N
Assistant Professor of Statistics
PG & Research Department of Mathematics
Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
• Dispersion may define as the extent of scattered ness of items around a measure of central
tendency .
• A measure of Dispersion is defined to demonstrate the extent to which the individual measures
differ an average from the mean or any other positional average.
DEFINE: MEASURES OF DISPERSION
• Dispersion is the measure of the extent to which individual items vary.

-Cornner
• Dispersion is the measure of the variation of the item.
- Bowley
• Dispersion may be defined as the extent of scattered ness of items around a measure of central
tendency
- Simpson
ABSOLUTE & RELATIVE MEASURE
Absolute Measure Relative Measure
• The measures of dispersion which are • This measure of dispersion are obtained as rations or
expressed in terms of the original unit of a %’s thus pure number independent of the units of
series, are termed as absolute measures. Such measurements. For comparing the variability of the 2
distributions instead of the absolute measure of
measures are not suitable for comparing the
dispersion. It is otherwise called as co-efficient of
variability of 2 distributions expressed in
variation.
different unit of measures.
• For Ex: we are given the monthly income of 5
• For Ex: height in inches & weight in KG. 2 series
workers such as 880,725,575,925 & 500, here
compared only if the absolute measures of dispersion
difference between max and min income is of each series is expressed as a ratio or percentage
925-500=425 and this is called absolute of average
measure of dispersion
VARIOUS METHODS OF MEASURING
DISPERSION OR VARIATIONS
• The following are important methods of studying dispersion
1. Range.
2. Quartile Deviation (QD).
3. Mean Deviation (MD).
4. Standard Deviation (SD).
5. Lorenz Curve.
RANGE
• Range is difference between the extreme values of the variate . Therefore

Range = Max value – Min value , That is
Range = L – S
Where L = Largest value and S = Smallest value
Co- efficient of Range = L – S / L +S
MERITS AND DEMERITS
Merits Demerits
It is It
• Easy to understand and easy to calculate. • Does not tell anything about the distribution
values in the series relating to measures of
• Most commonly used measures of dispersion
central tendency.
in everyday living. Questions like.
• Cannot be computed when distribution has
• Computation is simple and quick
open –end classes.
• Does not take in to account the entire data.
STANDARD DEVIATION (SD)
• The most universally used and the most useful measures of dispersions is S.D or root mean
square deviation or mean error. Karl Pearson introduced this concept in 1893.
• It measures the absolute dispersion or variability of a distribution. It is defined as positive square
root of the A.M of the deviation of the given observations from their A.M
• It provides accurate results.
• It is denoted as SIGMA ( ) .
ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF S.D
• The values of S.D of a series remain unchanged if each variate value is increase or decrease by
the some constant value(That is S.D is increase of change of origin).
• If the value of the variables are multiplied or divided by a constant, the S.D of the new
observations can be obtained by multiplying or dividing the initial S.D by the same constant.(i.e.
S.D is the effected by change of scale).
• S.D is the least root mean square deviation. i.e. root mean square deviation of values from any
value will be greater than that from mean.
MERITS & DEMERITS
Merits Demerits
• It can be used for comparing the extent variation. • Difficult to calculate.
The degree of uniformity of 2 or more series.
• It gives or a series to extreme items and less
• It is basis for measuring the co-efficient of
to those, which are near to the mean.
correlation and deriving sampling statistical
information’s. • It is absolute measure of dispersion and
cannot be used for comparing variability 2 or
• Judging the representative ness of the mean .if 2
more distributions
or more series having approximately the same
mean, the smaller than the S.D the more
representative is the Mean
FORMULA – S.D
CO-EFFICIENT OF VARIATION (C .V)
• What ever it is desired to compare the dispersion of 2 or more series, which are not expressed in
the same unit. We will have to compute co-efficient of dispersion. S.D is an absolute
measurement of dispersion.
• S.D must be converted in to relative measures of dispersions for the purpose of composition. The
relative measure is known as the co –efficient of variation.
• Karl Pearson develops this measure.
• Co-efficient of Variation (C.V)
C.V =
REFERENCES
• Navnitham Pa : “Business Mathematics and Statistics (B.Com)” S. Chand & Co. Ltd reprint 2017.
•S. P. Gupta: “Statistical Methods” 1 st Edition 1969, Reprint 2017.

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MEASURES OF

• Dispersion is the measure of the extent to which individual items vary.

• Range is difference between the extreme values of the variate . Therefore

•S. P. Gupta: “Statistical Methods” 1 st Edition 1969, Reprint 2017.

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