Data Communications and Networking

Data Communications
and
Networking
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students are
expected to:
1.Learn the data communication;
2.Learn the simplified Communications Model;
3.Brief History about Communications;
4.Learn the transmitted via Communication
Media;
5.Define network and network topology
Communications
• Data communication—examines how data,
in the form of energy, travel across some
medium from a source to a destination.
A Simplified Communications Model
Why study communications?
• Why should we study communications?
A Brief History about
Communications
• 1837- Samuel Morse invented the telegraph. Coding is
done with the Morse code
• 1876- Alex. Graham Bell invented the telephone. Voice
is converted into electrical energy and transmitted over
a wire.
• 1945- ENIAC was invented as the first electronic
computer
• 1980s-Personal Computers become a new way of
computing
• 1990s-came the emergence of the Internet and World
Wide Web applications
What are transmitted via
Communication Media?
• Voice – encoded signals
• Video – encoded images
• Data – character streams
Communication Applications
• Voice – telephone, FAX, Video
Conferencing, Cellular phones, etc.
• Video & Audio – television, VCR, DVD,
etc.
• Data – LAN, WAN, Internet, etc.
Networking
• Networking—computers communicate with
each other via networks.
• Computer network—a communication
system for connecting computers using a
single transmission technology.
A Simplified Network Model
Network Topology
• Bus topology
• Star topology
• Ring topology
• Fully connected topology
• Combined topology
Protocols
• Definition – all parties involved in a
communication must agree in a set of rules to be
used when exchanging messages. Thus, the set of
rules which both the sender and the receiver all
comply with is called protocol.
• A protocol specifies the message format, meanings,
and the procedures is known as a communication
protocol.
• A communication application doesn’t communicate
with the communication hardware directly.
Key Elements of a Protocol
• Syntax
– Data formats
– Signal levels
• Semantics
– Control information
– Error handling
• Timing
– Speed matching
– Sequencing
Why Protocols?
• Used for communications between entities in a system
• Must speak the same language
• Entities
– User applications
– e-mail facilities
– terminals
• Systems
– Computer
– Terminal
– Remote sensor
Communication Reference
Models
• In summary, we need a communication reference
model to describe the relationship between various
software and hardware.
• A reference model describes the layering
relationship of software and hardware involved in
the communication.
• A layered protocol performs specific functions and
communicates with the layers directly above and
below it.
Communication Reference
Models
• The purpose of layering the protocol is to separate
specific functions and to make their
implementation transparent to other components.
• Advantage of layered approach: independent
design and testing of each communication
software component
• Disadvantage: overly layering can affect
performance negatively.
A Communications Model
• Source
– generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data
Protocol Architecture
• Task of communication broken up into
modules
• For example file transfer could use three
modules
– File transfer application
– Communication service module
– Network access module
Protocol Data Units (PDU)
• At each layer, protocols are used to communicate
• Control information is added to user data at each
layer
• Transport layer may fragment user data
• Each fragment has a transport header added
– Destination SAP
– Sequence number
– Error detection code
• This gives a transport protocol data unit
Standards
• Required to allow for interoperability between
equipment
• Advantages
– Ensures a large market for equipment and software
– Allows products from different vendors to
communicate
• Disadvantages
– Freeze technology
– May be multiple standards for the same thing
Categories of Protocols
• Proprietary system– designed and developed for
supporting the communications of machines
manufactured by a specific vender
• System Network Architecture (SNA) was designed and
developed for connecting IBM main frame computers
and peripherals (workstations, printers, tape drives, etc.)
• NetBEUI – Microsoft’s protocol for simple Windows
networks
• IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange and Sequenced
Packet exchange) – support Novell NetWare products
Categories of Protocols
• Open systems– publicly proposed and evaluated
protocols for supporting the internetworking of
heterogeneous machine
• Open System Interconnect (OSI) was developed by ISO
• TCP/IP was designed by IETF (Internet Engineering
Task Force), another volunteer organization for the
engineering issues of the Internet.
Examples of Protocol Stacks
OSI Model
• Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
• Developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Seven layers
• A theoretical system delivered too late!
• TCP/IP is the de facto standard
History of the Internet
• Late 60s—the U.S. government realizes the
importance of allowing their research and
development sites to electronically “talk” to each
other. The government-funded Advanced
Research Projects Agency(DARPA) created
ARPANET in 1969.
• Mid 1970’s – ARPA began to work on connecting
computers in all associated agencies. The early
Internet had emerged.
History of the Internet(cont’d)
• Mid 1980’ – the Internet split into
ARPANET and MILNET.
• 1986 – NSFNET began to work; the
National Science Foundation funded a new
wide area network that connected all of its
supercomputing centers.
• 1996 – Telecommunications Reform Act.
Who run the Internet?
• No one person, group or organization owns. The
backbone of it is funded by the National Science
Foundation in the U.S.
• In addition, there is an Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) and Internet Advisory Board (IAB)
who help to set standards (TCP/IP) for those who
wish to connect to, and use, the Internet.
• The IAB makes its standard available via
documents called RFC (Request for Comment).
What is TCP/IP?
• TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol and is actually a set of
standards that describe how data is to be transferred
between computers.
• TCP/IP is the common tongue that all computers must
speak to communicate via Internet.
• There are implementations for UNIX, Windows,
Macintosh, and just about any computer operating
systems you can think of.
• TCP/IP is implemented as part of an Operating
System.
Other Names of the Internet
• ARPANET : the U.S. Department of
Defense Advanced Research Projects
(ARPA)
• The TCP/IP Internet
• The (Global) Internet

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