tAnalysis Model: Particle Under

Constant Speed
constant speed: 𝑣 = 𝑑 Δ�

Acceleration  𝑎𝑥 = 𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 2
• When we say acceleration, it is to mean instantaneous LECTURE 4.2
acceleration
Freely Falling Objects
• for average acceleration “average”
The acceleration of a ball after it is thrown upward
• Since vx = dx/dt, acceleration can also o be written as into the air or neglect air resistance remains the same.
shown
The speed of a ball after it is thrown upward into the
• In one-dimensional motion: acceleration of particle = air or neglect air resistance decreases and then
second derivative of particle’s position x with respect to increases.
time Motion Diagrams
Kinematic
• Velocity and acceleration often confused with each
other they are different quantities Equations Derived from Calculus

• Motion diagram useful in forming mental

representation of moving object →
• describes velocity and acceleration while object in
motion

Particle under Constant Acceleration

When an object moves with constant acceleration, the
instantaneous acceleration at any point in a time interval
is equal to the value of the average acceleration over the
entire time interval.
ᾱ=𝑎
• 𝒗𝒙𝒇 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊 + 𝒂𝒙𝒕 substitute into 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 1 2 𝑣𝑥𝑖 +
𝑣𝑥𝑓 𝑡
• 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 1 2 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖 + 𝑎𝑥𝑡 𝑡 • 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑖𝑡 + 1 2
𝑎𝑥𝑡 2 for constant 𝑎𝑥
• 𝜟𝒙 = 𝒗𝒙𝒊𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝒂𝒙𝒕 𝟐
•Equation above is the final position of particle at time t Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
in terms of initial position, initial velocity, and constant
acceleration
Average velocity vx,avg of particle: Average Acceleration
• Subscript x→ motion along the x axis Velocity of particle changes with time: particle
accelerating
• Meters per second in SI units
∆𝐯ₓ 𝑽𝒙𝒇−𝑽𝒙𝒊
• the average velocity of an object during the time • 𝑎𝑥,avg ≡ =
∆𝒕 𝒕𝒇−𝒕𝒊
interval ∆t is equal to the slope of the straight line joining
the initial and the final points on the graph of the object’s
position vs. time.
Average speed of particle (scalar quantity): total

distance d traveled divided by elapsed time ∆t

𝐝
ᵥavg ≡ ∆𝒕

Speed is a scalar quantity, having only Instantaneous Acceleration

magnitude, while velocity is a vector, having both • Instantaneous acceleration = derivative of the
magnitude and direction. velocity with respect to time:

• SI unit of average speed: same as unit of average • It is the slope of the velocity–time graph at that time

velocity → meters per second • Slope of green line (figure (b)) = instantaneous
acceleration at point B
• Average speed:
• Note graph is velocity–time graph, not position–time
• No direction graph
• Always expressed as positive number ∆𝒗ₓ 𝒅𝒗ₓ
•𝐚ₓ ≡ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
• Average velocity: displacement divided by time
interval Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity

• Average speed: distance divided by time interval. Slope of position-time graph: • Constant • = magnitude
of velocity
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Slope of straight line = vx and y intercept = xi in both
• Often need to know velocity of particle at particular representations
instant in time
• Instantaneous velocity vx= limiting value of ratio
x/t as t → 0:
∆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• 𝐯𝐱 ≡ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕

∆𝐱
constant velocity: 𝑣𝑥 =
∆𝒕

position as a function of time: 𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑣𝑥𝑡

 LECTURE 4
Motion in One Dimension Graphical Representation
Graphical representation: position–time graph
TWO BRANCHES:
NOTE:
Kinematics- Deals with the concepts that are needed to
• Different representations can help in understanding physics of
describe motion, without any reference to forces.
situation
Dynamics- Deals with the effect that forces have on motion.
• Usually, ultimate objective is mathematical representation
Three types of motion:
 Translational (car moving down a highway)
 Rotational (Earth’s spin on its axis)
 Vibrational (back-and-forth movement of the
pendulum)
POSITION

Pictorial Representation
Particle’s position x: location of particle with respect to chosen
reference point → origin of coordinate system.
•Displacement ∆x of particle: change in position in a given time
• Particle’s motion completely known if particle’s position in interval
space known at all times.
Δx ≡ xf – xi
• Figure (a): shows car moving back and forth along x axis
•As particle moves from initial position xi to final position xf
→ displacement is given by:
• ∆ (delta) denotes change in a quantity
• From equation, ∆ x > 0 if xf is > than xi and ∆x < 0 if xf < xi
Displacement: vector quantity
• Other vectors: position, velocity, acceleration
• We use positive and negative signs to indicate vector direction
Tabular Representation
• Horizontal motion – right is positive direction
• Displacement: positive or negative
Distance: length of path followed by particle
• Distance: always positive
Average Velocity: particle’s displacement Δx
divided by time interval ∆t during
which displacement occurs:
∆ 𝑥 xf−xi
• Resulting the average velocity vx, avg ≡ ∆ 𝑡 =𝑡𝑓−𝑡𝑖
LECTURE 2 Vector and Scalar Quantities
CONVERSION FACTOR A scalar quantity is completely specified by
a single value with an appropriate unit and
has no direction.
Ex. Speed, Distance, Age

Scalar Example Magnitude

Speed 3 5 m/s

Distance 2 5 meters
Vector quantities can be identified
by bold type with an arrow above V = 23 m/s
the symbol. NE Age 1 6 years

Vectors are represented by drawing

Arrows A vector quantity is completely specified by
a number and appropriate units plus a
The length and direction of a vector 10 km direction (the magnitude of the vector plus a
should be drawn to a reasonable direction).
scale size and show Its magnitude. 20 km
Ex. elocity, Acceleration, Displacement

ADDITION!
Vector Example Magnitude and
• When two (2 ) vectors point in the SAME Direction
direction, simply add them together.
Velocity 3 5 m/s, north
• When vectors are added together, they should be
drawn HEAD TO TAIL to determine the resultant or
sum vector. Acceleration 10 m/s^2,South
• The resultant goes from tail of A to head of B.
• When two (2 ) vectors point in the OPPOSITE Displacement 2 0 m, East
direction, simply subtract them.
•When two (2 ) vectors are PERPENDICULAR to
each other, you must use the PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM.
 ENPHYS15G REVIEWER
LECTURE 1
PHYSICS- deals with the structure of matter QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL
and how the fundamental constituents of the MEASURED
universe interact.
Mass Kilogram kg
LENGTH-distance between two points in
space.
Length Meter m
Units: yard, foot, meter.
Time Second s
METER-The basic unit of length in the
metric system
Temperature Kelvin K
MASS-the amount of matter in an object.
Electric current Ampere A
TIME- defined in terms of the mean solar
day for the year 1990.
Intensity of light Candela cd
A solar day is the time interval between
successive appearances of the sun at the Amount of Mole mol
highest point it reaches in the sky each day. substance

SECOND- defined as 9 192 631 770 times

RULES IN DETERMINING
the period of vibration of radiation from the
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
cesium atom.
1.) Non- zero digits are always significant.
DENSITY-usually used as conversion factor Ex. 26.48(4 SF), 54(2 SF)
in converting mass to volume and vice 2.) Any zeros between 2 and significant digits
are significant.
versa. Ex.406406 (3 SF)
3.) A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal
FORMULA: P=m/v portion are significant.
Ex. 0.00500=5.00 x 10^-3(3 SF);
Mass 100.0=1.000 x 10^-2(4SF)
4.) Trailing zeros in a whole number are not
significant unless specified by a trailing
Density Volume decimal point or by a scientific notation.
Ex.25,000=2.5 x 10^4 (2 SF) 32,500 =
32.5 X 10^3 (3 SF)
5.) When multiplying several quantities, the
DIMENTIONAL ANALYSIS- a useful number of significant figures in the final
powerful procedure that can be used to answer is the same as the number of
significant figures in the quantity having
assist in the derivation or check your final the lowest number of significant figures.
expression. The same rule applies to division.
6.) When numbers are added or subtracted, the
- Can makes use of the fact that number of decimal places in the result
dimensions can be treated as should equal the smallest number of
decimal places of any term in the sum.
algebraic quantities.