Blackbody
Blackbody
Blackbody
Date: 21/09/2022
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Title: Physics
Subject Code: YPH1001
Credit: 4
L-T-P: 3-1-0
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Transmission
A+R+T= 100
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
The temperature indicate the
color of the radiation
We can determine the star
T
temperature (surface) by
analyzing its color
Red stars are cool as compare to
Blue-white star.
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
The wavelength λm and absolute temperature T are connected by a relation:
λm T= Constant
This equation is known as Wien’s displacement law. The value of the constant is
equal to 2.898 x 10-3 mK
The surface temperature of the Sun is 5778 K, this temperature corresponds to a peak
emission = 502 nm = about 5000 Å.
The area enclosed by the curve at temperature T with the axis of λ represents the
total radiation emitted per unit area per second over all wavelength and is given
by
E= σ T4
σ is known as Stefan’s constant and its value is 5.6697 x 10 -8 W/m2k4
This law is known as Stefan’s law for total radiation from a black-body. 9
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
K is the Boltzmann Constant= 1.38 x 10-23 J.K-1
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Problem: Luminosity of a star is 17000 times that of the sun. If the surface
temperature of the sun is 6000K, calculate the temperature of the star.
Let E1 and E2 be the energy radiated per unit area per second and T 1
Solution:
λm T= 2.898 x 10-3 m K
T= 5910 K
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Various workers attempted to offer
theoretical interpretation of
blackbody radiation on the basis of
classical theory and
electromagnetic theory with partial
success.
At low temperature theoretical
results are well matched with
experimental result
At high temperature theoretical
results very different from
experimental result
It agrees with experimental
measurements for long
wavelengths.
It predicts an energy output that
diverges towards infinity as
wavelengths grow smaller. 13
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
In 1901 Max Planck proposed Quantum Theory of radiation and could offered a
satisfactory explanation of the spectrum of Black body radiation. Planck assumed that the
source of radiation are vibration of atom. A black body chamber is filled up not only with
radiation, but also with simple harmonic oscillators or harmonic oscillators of molecular
dimensions. They can vibrate with all possible frequencies. According to Planck
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hen
Statement:
Eλ
in the Planck law. Then
Eν
The Planck Law gives a distribution that peaks at a
certain wavelength, the peak shifts to shorter
wavelengths for higher temperatures, and the area
under the curve grows rapidly with increasing
temperature.
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Without
the quantum
Low
high frequency,
frequency, small
large quantum,
quantum, Negligible
huge effects effects
e as
e sam KE
ut th on’s
tr
abo elec
the
Equant= h γ
=(6.6x10-34Js)x(2x1014Hz)
Equant= hγ =6.6x10 Jsx1Hz
-34
y =(6.6 x 2) x 10-34+14J
y tin
=6.6x10-34J ver
=1.3 x 10-19J
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Typical energy of
a tot on a swing:
Etot = mghmax
m= 20kgx
g= 10m/s2
hmax = 1m
= 20kgx10m/s2x1m
= 200 J
much, much larger than
Equant=6.6x10-34J
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Energy gained by an
1 “electron Volt” electron crossing a 1V
voltage difference
Energy = q V
- - -
1V
1eV = 1.6x10-19C x 1V
= 1.6x10-19 Joules
similar
Laws of nature
This is because
developed without
Planck’s constant is so small
consideration of
quantum effects do not work for
atoms
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
ASSIGNMENT:
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY
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Interference, Diffraction- Wave nature of Radiation
Blackbody- Particle nature of radiation (Photon)
Since radiant energy shows wave and particle nature similarly matter
possesses the same dual nature i.e. particle and wave under suitable
condition
The wave particle duality was first predicted by the French theoretical
Physicist Louis de Broglie in 1924. The theoretical concept was
experimentally verified by Davission and Germer in 1927 and also by
Thomson in the same year
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If m be the mass and v the velocity, then according to de Broglie, the
wavelength of the associated wave is
λ= h/p
= h/mv
Wave nature
Particle nature
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Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron
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Numerical
Problem: Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with 50 eV
electron.
h = 6.62 x 10-34 J-s, mo= 9.1 x 10-31 kg and e = 1.6 x 10-19 C, we get
λ= 1.66 Å
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Problem: What voltage must be applied to an electron microscope to produce
electrons of wavelength 0.40Å
h = 6.62 x 10-34 J-s, mo= 9.1 x 10-31 kg and e = 1.6 x 10-19 C, we get
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