Blackbody

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Lecture: YPH1001 : Physics

By Dr. Pranabi Maji


Assistant Professor
Department of Physics
Contact I’d: pranabi.maji@jisuniversity.ac.in, pranabi.ism@gmail.com

Date: 21/09/2022

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Title: Physics
Subject Code: YPH1001
Credit: 4
L-T-P: 3-1-0

Syllabus: Available on JIS University Web Page

Module II: Quantum Theory


Black body Radiation spectrum
Wien’s law , Rayleigh – Jeans law
Quantum theory of radiation,
Wave mechanics, wave particle duality, de Broglie waves
Bohr’s quantization rules,
Phase and group velocities
Davission-Germer Experiment
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Wave function and its significance
Schrodinger’s wave equation
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
 Introduction
 Definition of a Black-Body
 Black-Body Radation Laws

1- The Planck Law

2- The Wien Displacement Law

3- The Stefan-Boltzmann Law

4- The Rayleigh-Jeans Law


 Conclusion
 Summary

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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Transmission
A+R+T= 100

If R=0, T=0, Then A= 100


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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
 Any body which has the capacity of
absorbing radiaion of all wavelengths
incident on it, is called a Perfect
Blackbody.
 A perfect blackbody is the best possible
emmiter at any given temperature. The
radiation emitted by such a body is
known as Blackbody Radiation (or full
radiation or temperature radiation)
 Shiny & reflective objects are poor
blackbodies
An absorption occur as the result of
 A perfectly blackbody is an ideal
multiple reflection within the cavity
conception. We imagine a box with a (96%).
small hole that very little light (EM
radiation) can reflect back out.
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Consider heating of blackbody at
different temperature.
Recoding the intensity of radiation at
different wavelength
•Nature of the graph is same for all
blackbody
•The radiation peak maxima at an
intermediate wavelength (λm)
•As the temperature increases area
under the curve increases.
•Area represent the total energy
•As temperature increases peak
moves to the lower wavelength side

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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
 The temperature indicate the
color of the radiation
 We can determine the star
T
temperature (surface) by
analyzing its color
 Red stars are cool as compare to
Blue-white star.

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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
The wavelength λm and absolute temperature T are connected by a relation:
λm T= Constant
This equation is known as Wien’s displacement law. The value of the constant is
equal to 2.898 x 10-3 mK

We can use this to calculate the temperature of stars.

The surface temperature of the Sun is 5778 K, this temperature corresponds to a peak
emission = 502 nm = about 5000 Å.

The area enclosed by the curve at temperature T with the axis of λ represents the
total radiation emitted per unit area per second over all wavelength and is given
by
E= σ T4
σ is known as Stefan’s constant and its value is 5.6697 x 10 -8 W/m2k4
This law is known as Stefan’s law for total radiation from a black-body. 9
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
K is the Boltzmann Constant= 1.38 x 10-23 J.K-1

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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Problem: Luminosity of a star is 17000 times that of the sun. If the surface
temperature of the sun is 6000K, calculate the temperature of the star.

Solution: We know Stefan’s Law E= σ T4

Let E1 and E2 be the energy radiated per unit area per second and T 1

and T2 are the temperature of the star and Sun.

Then, E1= σ T14 and E2= σ T24

So, E1/E2 = T14/T24= (T1/T2)4

So, 17000= (T1/6000)4

So, T1= 68520K 11


By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Problem: At what wavelength λm is the energy density maximum
according to Wien’s Law? Estimate the temperature of the sun if λm for
sun is 4900 Å

Solution:

λm T= 2.898 x 10-3 m K

λm = 4900 Å= 4900 x 10-10 m

T= 5910 K

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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
 Various workers attempted to offer
theoretical interpretation of
blackbody radiation on the basis of
classical theory and
electromagnetic theory with partial
success.
 At low temperature theoretical
results are well matched with
experimental result
 At high temperature theoretical
results very different from
experimental result
 It agrees with experimental
measurements for long
wavelengths.
 It predicts an energy output that
diverges towards infinity as
wavelengths grow smaller. 13
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
In 1901 Max Planck proposed Quantum Theory of radiation and could offered a
satisfactory explanation of the spectrum of Black body radiation. Planck assumed that the
source of radiation are vibration of atom. A black body chamber is filled up not only with
radiation, but also with simple harmonic oscillators or harmonic oscillators of molecular
dimensions. They can vibrate with all possible frequencies. According to Planck

2. The emission or absorption


of energy occurs only when
the oscillator jumps from one
energy state to another.
If the oscillator jumps from n2
state to n1 (n1<n2) state, then
amount of emission energy is
∆E= (n2-n1) hν (Set of
Discrete particle called 14
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Particle nature of light was proposed by
Einstein in 1905 to explain the photo-
electric
effect. Photo-electric effect – automatic door
openers in grocery stores. Particles of light
are called light quanta or photons.
Before Einstein, Planck postulated from study of radiation from
hot bodies that the radiating atoms can only radiate energy in
discrete amounts – or that atoms exist only in discrete states,
called
Quantum states.
This was the birth of quantum physics in 1900
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Energy of a Photon = h (frequency of light)
h is a fundamental constant of nature and it
is
very small in size.

Packet of energy in photon is so small that we are not aware


of the rain of photons of light impinging on our eyes – just as
you cannot feel the impact of individual air molecules, you
only feel a breeze.

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hen

Statement:

The energy density of heat radiation emitted from an enclosure at


temperature T in the wavelength range from λ to λ + λd is given by

This equation represents Planck’s radiation law in terms of wavelength.


Here h = Planck’s constant,
C= speed of the light,
K= Boltzmann constant,
T = temperature of the enclosure

By Dr. Pranabi Maji


It can also be expressed in terms of frequencies by substituting


in the Planck law. Then


The Planck Law gives a distribution that peaks at a
certain wavelength, the peak shifts to shorter
wavelengths for higher temperatures, and the area
under the curve grows rapidly with increasing
temperature.
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Without
the quantum

With the quantum

 Low
 high frequency,
frequency,  small
 large quantum,
quantum,  Negligible
 huge effects effects

By Dr. Pranabi Maji


“ordinary”
pendulum Hydrogen atom
γ = 1 Hz γ  2x1014 Hz

e as
e sam KE
ut th on’s
tr
abo elec
the

Equant= h γ

=(6.6x10-34Js)x(2x1014Hz)
Equant= hγ =6.6x10 Jsx1Hz
-34

y =(6.6 x 2) x 10-34+14J
y tin
=6.6x10-34J ver
=1.3 x 10-19J
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Typical energy of
a tot on a swing:
Etot = mghmax
m= 20kgx
g= 10m/s2
hmax = 1m
= 20kgx10m/s2x1m

= 200 kgm2/s2 hmax

= 200 J
much, much larger than
Equant=6.6x10-34J
By Dr. Pranabi Maji
Energy gained by an
1 “electron Volt” electron crossing a 1V
voltage difference

Energy = q V
- - -
1V
1eV = 1.6x10-19C x 1V
= 1.6x10-19 Joules
similar

Equant = 1.3 x 10-19J


for fBy Dr.
2x10 14
HzMaji
Pranabi
At atomic & subatomic scales,
In everyday life, quantum effects
quantum effects are dominant & must be
can be safely considered
ignored

Laws of nature
This is because
developed without
Planck’s constant is so small
consideration of
quantum effects do not work for
atoms

By Dr. Pranabi Maji


 - A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs 100% of the radiation
that hits it. Therefore it reflects no radiation and appears perfectly black.
 - Roughly we can say that the stars radiate like blackbody radiators. This is
important because it means that we can use the theory for blackbody
radiators to infer things about stars.
 - At a particular temperature the black body would emit the maximum
amount of energy possible for that temperature.
 - Blackbody radiation does not depend on the type of object emitting it.
Entire spectrum of blackbody radiation depends on only one parameter, the
temperature, T.

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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
ASSIGNMENT:

1. What do you mean by Blackbody and Blackbody Radiation?


2. What are the Characteristics of Blackbody Radiation?
3. What is ultraviolet catastrophe?
4. State Wien’s displacement law, Stefan’s Law, Rayleigh-Jeans Law?
5. What are the basics postulates (hypothesis) of Planck’s Law?
6. If the sun’s surface radiates energy at the rate 6.3 x 10 7 joules/m2/sec and
Stefan's constant 5.7 x 10-8 joule/sec/m2K-4, calculate the temperature of the
sun’s surface in degree centigrade.

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By Dr. Pranabi Maji
WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY

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 Interference, Diffraction- Wave nature of Radiation
 Blackbody- Particle nature of radiation (Photon)
 Since radiant energy shows wave and particle nature similarly matter
possesses the same dual nature i.e. particle and wave under suitable
condition
 The wave particle duality was first predicted by the French theoretical
Physicist Louis de Broglie in 1924. The theoretical concept was
experimentally verified by Davission and Germer in 1927 and also by
Thomson in the same year

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If m be the mass and v the velocity, then according to de Broglie, the
wavelength of the associated wave is
λ= h/p
= h/mv

Wave nature
Particle nature

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Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron

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Numerical
Problem: Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with 50 eV
electron.

h = 6.62 x 10-34 J-s, mo= 9.1 x 10-31 kg and e = 1.6 x 10-19 C, we get

50 eV= 50 x 1.6 x 10-19 J

λ= 1.66 Å

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Problem: What voltage must be applied to an electron microscope to produce
electrons of wavelength 0.40Å

h = 6.62 x 10-34 J-s, mo= 9.1 x 10-31 kg and e = 1.6 x 10-19 C, we get

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