Chapter 2

MOTION IN ONE
DIMENSION
Position
• Defined in terms of a frame of reference
• A choice of coordinate axes
• Defines a starting point for measuring the motion

Displacement

• Defined as the change in position

x  xf  xi
• f stands for final and i stands for initial
• Units are meters (m) in SI
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Displacement Examples
⚫ From A to B
⚫ xi = 30 m
⚫ xf = 52 m
⚫ x = 22 m
⚫ The displacement is positive,
indicating the motion was in
the positive x direction
⚫ From C to F
⚫ xi = 38 m
⚫ xf = -53 m
⚫ x = -91 m
⚫ The displacement is negative,
indicating the motion was in
the negative x direction 3
Displacement, Graphical

4
 Vector Scalar
vs.
Difference: Only Magnitude

 and direction
Magnitude
Notation: A A

Examples: Displacement Mass, length

5
 Velocity
• Definition: The average velocity is rate at which the displacement
occurs

x
• Expression:
vaverage  
xt tf  i
• SI Unit: m/s f
t
x
• Note that: Velocity can be positive ori negative; t is always positive

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 Speed
• Definition: The average speed of an object is defined as the total
distance traveled divided by the total time elapsed

total distance
• Expression: Average speed 
total time

d
• SI Unit: m/s v  t

• Note that: Speed is a scalar quantity, only + value.

7
 Average Velocity, (Constant)

⚫ The straight line

indicates constant
velocity
⚫ The slope of the
line is the value of
the average velocity

8
Notes on Slopes
• The general equation for the slope of any line
is
change in vertical axis
slope 
change in horizontal axis
• The meaning of a specific slope will depend on the physical data
being graphed

9
Average Velocity, (Non Constant)
⚫ The motion is non-
constant velocity
⚫ The average velocity is
the slope of the
straight line joining
the initial and final
points

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Acceleration
• Changing velocity means an acceleration is present
• Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity
 vi
v vf
a  t  t  t
f i

• Units are m/s² (SI), cm/s² (cgs), and ft/s² (US Cust)

Average Acceleration
• Vector quantity
• When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are the
same (either positive or negative), then the speed is increasing
• When the sign of the velocity and the acceleration are in the
directions, the speed is decreasing
opposite 17
Relationship Between Acceleration and Velocity

⚫ Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows

maintaining the same size)
⚫ Acceleration equals zero

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Relationship Between Velocity and Acceleration

⚫ Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction

⚫ Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
⚫ Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting longer)
⚫ Positive velocity and positive acceleration

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Relationship Between Velocity and Acceleration

⚫ Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions

⚫ Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the same length)
⚫ Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting shorter)
⚫ Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative

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Motion Diagram Summary

15
 Uniform acceleration motion
v  vo 
v－
a ＝v t o at
 V2  V
V  V0 V  V0
a * 20

t V  V0 2 * x

x  vt 
1 o v t
x  2 v
1
x  v t  2 at2
o

 16
 5 Parameters of Motion
velocity m

1. a = acceleration time s2

2. x = displacement m

3. vf = final velocity m
s
4. vi = initial velocity m
s
5. t = time sec 17
Example: A jet plane lands with a velocity of 100 m/sec and can slow down (-
acceleration) at a maximum rate of –5.0 m/s2. Find (a) the time required for
the plane to come to rest, and (b) the minimum size of the runway.

a) vi = +100m/s vf = vi + at
vf= 0 m/s 0m/s = 100m/s + (-5m/s2)t
a = -5.0 m/s2 t = 20s
vf2 = vi + 2ax
b) Solve for x 2

0m/s = (100m/s)2 + 2(- 5m/s2) x

x = 1000 m
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Example: A train is traveling down a straight track at 20 m/sec
when the engineer applies the brakes, resulting in an acceleration of
– 1m/sec2 as long as the train is in motion. How far does the train
travel in the first 6 seconds after the breaks are applied?

vi = 20 m/s
x = vit + ½ at2
a = -1 m/sec2
x = (20m/s)(6s) + ½ (-1m/s2)(6s)2
t = 6 sec
x = ? x = 120m – 18m = 102
m
x = 100
m
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Example: A racing car starting from
rest accelerates at a rate of 5.00 m/s2.
What is the velocity of the car after it
has traveled 100. ft?

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Example: Boston Red Sox pitcher,
Roger Clemens, could routinely throw a
fastball at a horizontal speed of 160
km/hr. How long did the ball take to
reach home plate 18.4 m away?

21
Example: A rocket traveling at 88
m/s is accelerated at 132 m/s over a
15 second interval. What is its
displacement in this time?

22
Example: What is the final
velocity of a car that starts from
rest and accelerates at 3.90 m/s2
for a distance of 100 m?

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 Free Fall (Constant Acceleration)
• All objects moving under the influence
of gravity only are said to be in free fall
• All objects falling near the
earth’s surface fall with a constant
• acceleration
The is called
acceleration due the
indicated by g to gravity, and
Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642
38
Notes on Acceleration due to Gravity
• Symbolized by g
• g = 9.80 m/s²
• When estimating, use g » 10 m/s2
• g is always directed downward
• Toward the center of the earth
• Ignoring air resistance and assuming g doesn’t vary with altitude over
short vertical distances, free fall is constantly accelerated motion

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 Free Fall – an object dropped

⚫ Initial velocity is zero

⚫ Let up be positive
⚫ Use the kinematic equations
⚫ Generally use y instead of vo = 0
x a=g
since vertical
⚫ Acceleration is g = -9.80 m/s 2

26
Free Fall – an object thrown downward

⚫ a = g = -9.80 m/s 2
⚫ Initial velocity  0
⚫ With upward being
positive, initial velocity
will be negative

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 Free Fall -- object thrown upward

⚫ Initial velocity is upward, so

v=0
positive
⚫ The instantaneous velocity at
the maximum height is zero
⚫ a = g = -9.80 m/s 2 everywhere
in the motion

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 Thrown upward, cont.
• The motion may be symmetrical
• Then tup = tdown
• Then v = -vo
• The motion may not be symmetrical
• Break the motion into various parts
• Generally up and down

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30
A construction worker accidentally drops
a brick from a high scaffold.

A. What is the velocity of the brick after

5.5 seconds?
B. How far does the brick fall during this
time?
A tennis ball is throw straight up with an
initial speed of 22.5 m/s. It is caught at
the same distance above the ground.

A. How high does the ball rise?

B. How long does the ball remain in the
air?