HYDROLOGIC

ANALYSIS GERON, MYRA

BONODE, RIO CINDY
TAGAOTAO, ASHLEY NICOLE
BALONGGAY, REXFORD
PUGONG , LENNYLYN
SAWAD, NOEMI SHANE
• Hydrologic analyses are performed to quantify the
volumetric flow rate of water draining from a
watershed (i.e., drainage area) over time. The amount
of water that flows from a watershed depends on the
characteristics of the watershed (e.g., size, land cover,
antecedent moisture, and steepness) and the
presence of water (e.g., the intensity and duration of
a precipitation event, or regulation from a dam).
• Hydraulic analyses are performed to
determine the depth of flow, flow velocity, and
forces from flowingwater on a surface or at
hydraulic structures. These studies are
necessary components in the hydraulic design
and analysis of structures.
WATERSHED CONCEPTS
A watershed is the area of land
drained by a river, stream, or other
body of water. If rain or snowmelt is
not intercepted by vegetation or does
not infiltrate into the soil,
it may flow over theland to a low spot in the landscape, often a body of
water or wetland. The land area above a given point on a waterbody
(river, stream, lake, wetland) that contributes overland flow or surface
runoff to that point is considered the watershed.
The watershed boundary is called a drainage divide.
FUNCTIONS OF WATERSHED
Some of the functions of a watershed are:
● It captures, stores, and in turn, recharges groundwater.
● It avoids massive floods during rainfall by securing the
release of rainwater.
● It filters out various water pollutants.
● A watershed embraces physical-biological features as
well as socio-economic and political features which
have to be integrated into the planning and
management process.
 WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
“Watershed management is a
concept which recognizes the
judicious management of three
basic resources of soil water and
vegetation, on watershed basis, for
achieving particular objective for
the well being of the people”. It
includes treatment of land most
suitable biological as well as
engineering measures.
 CLASIFICATION OF WATERSHED
Watersheds can be classified using any measurable characteristics in the area
like- size, shape, location, ground water exploitation, and land use. However,
the main classification of watershed is discussed broadly on the basis of size
and land use. Two watersheds of the same size may behave very differently if
they do not have similar land and channel phases.
As the watershed size increases, storage increases. Based on size,
the watersheds are divided into three classes:
1. Small Watersheds < 250 km2
2. Medium Watersheds between 250 to 2500 km2
3. Large Watersheds > 2500 km2
SMALL WATERSHEDS
• Small watersheds are those, where the
overland flow and land phase are dominant.
Channel phase is relatively less conspicuous.
The watershed is highly sensitive to highly
sensitive to high-intensity and short-duration
rainfalls.
MEDIUM WATERSHEDS

• Being medium in size, the workability in these

watersheds are easy due to accessible
approach. Rather than size, shape of the
watershed plays a dominant role. Overland
flow and land phase are prominent.
LARGE WATERSHEDS

• These watersheds are less sensitive to

high-intensity-rainfalls of short duration.
The channel networks and channel phase
are well-developed, and, thus, channel
storage is dominant.
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES:
Advantages
● It helps in increasing the production of plants.
● It helps in capturing, storing, and recharging groundwater
and filtering out water pollutants.
● It secures the area from releasing rainwater to avoid
floods during heavy rainfalls.
● Reduction of mismanagement and prevention of
overexploitation of natural resources.
Disadvantages
● A lot of costs are required to build a watershed.
● The watershed can only be built in areas that have
adequate rainfall.
● It requires regular maintenance.
● Some problems caused by building watersheds are
deforestation and loss of biodiversity.
•Classification based on Land use
- Urban watersheds
- Agricultural watersheds
- Forest watersheds
- Mountainous watersheds
- Desert watersheds
- Coastal watersheds
•Classification based on shape
- Triangular shape
- Square shape
- Rectangular shape
Classification of Watershed
Watershed is classified Depending upon the size,
drainage, shape, and land use pattern.
Classification based on size
● Macro watershed (>50,000 hect)
● Sub watershed (>10,000 to 50,000 hect)
● Milli watershed (1,000 to 10,000 hect)
● Micro watershed (100 to 1,000 hect)
● Mini watershed (10 to 100 hect)
Causes of Watershed Degradation or
deterioration
- Faulty agricultural practices related to cultivation,
- Drastic removal of trees,
- Removal of vegetation / grass and overgrazing,
- Besides this mining and quartying,
- Bad alignment of road
A watershed is the area of land drained by a river,
stream, or other body of water. If rain or snowmelt
is not intercepted by vegetation or does not
infiltrate into the soil, it may flow over theland to a
low spot in the landscape, often a body of water or
wetland. The land area above a given point on a
waterbody (river, stream, lake, wetland) that
contributes overland flow or surface runoff to that
point is considered the watershed.
RAINFALL RUNOFF
The surface runoff
process
•Rainfall excess=rainfall-
losses=rainfall-interception-
surface retention-infiltration
•Direct Runoff= surface runoff+
interflow
• The process of runoff generation continues
as long as the rainfall intensity exceeds the
actual infiltration capacity of the soil but it
stops as soon as the rate of rainfall drops
below the actual rate of infiltration.
DANGEROUS RAINFALLS
Summer storms (short term, high intensity)
Are significant on smaller watersheds (outflow
volume, peak)
Flash floods
Enhance erosion and transport processes in the
watershed (bad quality of water inn streams, smaller
potential flow in channels and smaller volumes of
reservoirs)
• Regional rainfall (long duration of rainfall)
High amount of water( area + time period)
Regional floods
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT SURFACE RUN-OFF
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS( Natural, non-
manageable)

1. CLIMATIC(METEOROLIGAL)
Precipitation
Type of precipitation( rain, snow, sleet)
The rate(amount) and intensity
Duration of rainfall
Direction of storm movement
Previous weather (eg. Precipitation that occurred
earlier and resulting soil moisture)
Summer- evapotranspiration rates higher,
Time of year or season
Other conditions that affect
evapotranspiration(temperature, wind, humidity)
2. CHARACTERICTICS OF WATERSHED
Watershed area- volumes and culmination
of total runoff
Shape of water shed – time of
concentration to the outlet
Elevation
Slope of the area
The steeper the slope, the lower the rate of infiltration and
the faster the rate of run-off when the soil is saturated
Strong influence on erosion and transport process
Length of slope and length of valley-lag time to the valley
and to the outlet
3. GEOLOGICAL AND SOIL
CHARACTERICTICS
Bedrock permeability – run-off will occur quickly where
impermeable rocks are exposed at the surface or
quickly when they underlay soils(limited amount of
infiltration)
Soil permeability – soils with large amounts of clay do
absorb moisture but only very slowly – therefore their
permeability is low
Thickness – the deeper the soil the more water can be
absorbed
Infiltration capacity – soils which have larger particle sizes
have larger infiltration capacities
The infiltration capacity among others is dependent om the
porosity of the soil which determines the water storage capacity
and affects the resistance of water to flow into deeper layers
Initial conditions(e.g. the degree of saturation of the soil and
aquifers)
ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
(MANAGEABLE)
1. Land use (e. g. agriculture , urban development, forestry
operations)
Direct influence on retention capacity,
hydrologic balance of water shed and the
volume of direct runoff.
measures
Increasing afforestation
Increasing meadow area at the expense of arable land
Limit of impervious surface
Vegetation type and cover
Interception reducing initial surface flow
Evapotranspiration
Infiltration (the root systems)
Velocity of overland flow
Preferable vegetation cover to increasing retention
capacity: forests-meadows-closed seeded- grains-
row crops
Agriculture
Irrigation and drainage ditches increasing the
speed of water transfer
Contour tillage
Tillage on wet land compresses the subsoil –
creating a “plough pan”

Human activities - development

andurbanization:imperviousness - natural
landscape is replaced by
• impervious surfaces (roads, buildings, parking lots) -
reduce infiltration and accelerate runoff to ditches
and streams
• removal of vegetation and soil
• constructing drainage networks andunderground
sewer increase runoff volumes and shorten runoff
time into streams -> the peak discharge, volume,
and frequency of floods increase in nearby streams
River network
• Routing and detention
• Drainage density - This ratio is the length of river
course per area of land. The larger the amount
ofstreams and rivers per area the shorter distance
water has to flow and the faster the rate of
response. River conditions
Surface depressions, marchlands, wetlands
• Storage, hydrologic balance
Reservoirs, ponds etc.
• Important storage volumes -retention capacity
• Ecological balance – ecosystems
• Prevent or delay runoff from continuing downstream
• Decrease the peak discharge
• Protection of the low-lying land downstream.
• Water extracted industry, irrigation, and domesticdischarge.use,
also reduce
• reservoir aggradation (storage volume) - erosion control measures
• Dry reservoirs – polders -temmporary storage during higher
discharge (floods) – usually used as meadows
HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS
A hydrograph is a continuous plot of instantaneous
discharge vs. time. It results from a combination of
physiographic and meteorological conditions in a
watershed and represents the integrated effects of
climate, hydrologic losses, surface run-off,
interflow, and groundwater flow.

Detailed analysis of hydrographs is usually important

in flood damage mitigation, flood forecasting, or
establishing design flows for structures that convey
floodwaters.
COMPONENTS OF RUN-OFF
1. OVERLAND FLOW or SURFACE RUNOFF- The water that travels the
ground surface to a channel. The amount of surface runoff flow
may be small since it may only occur over a permeable soil
surface when the rainfall rate exceeds the local infiltration
capacity.

2. INTERFLOW or SUBSURFACE STORM FLOW - The precipitation that

infiltrates the soil surface and move laterally through the
upper soil layers until it enters a stream channel. The
portion of the interflow to the total runoff depends on the
physical features of the basin. Interflow travels more slowly
than overland flow but may be much larger in quantity
especially in storms of moderate intensity.
COMPONENTS OF RUN-OFF
3. GROUNDWATER FLOW or BASE FLOW- The portion of
precipitation that percolates downward until it reaches the
water table. This water accretion may eventually discharge
into the streams if the water table intersects the stream
channels of the basin. However, its contribution to
streamflow cannot fluctuate rapidly because of its very low
flow velocity.

It has been customary to consider the total flow to be

divided into two parts: the storm or direct runoff and the
base flow. Direct runoff is presumed to consist of surface
runoff and substantial portion of the interflow, whereas
base flow is considered to be largely groundwater.
COMPONENTS OF HYDROGRAPH
1.Rising Limb- It is the ascending
curved portion of the hydrograph.
The rising limb rises slowly in the
early stage of the flood but more
rapidly toward the end portion. The
shape of rising limb depends on
duration and intensity distribution
of rainfall. This is because in
early stages the losses is more and
water reaches to the stream faster.
2. W
COMPONENTS OF HYDROGRAPH
3.Falling Limb(or Recession Limb):
Recession Limb represents the
withdrawal of water from the storage
built up during the early phase of
hydrograph . It extends from the
point of inflection at the end of the
crest to the beginning of the natural
groundwater flow. The shape of
recession limb depends upon basin
characteristics only and independent
of the storm.
FACTORS ON HYDROGRAPH'S SHAPE AND VOLUME
1. Size and shape of drainage area
2. Nature of the stream network
3. Slope of the land and the main channel
4. Storage detention in the watershed
5. Soil and Rock type
6. Vegetation Cover
7. Human Activity
8. Weather and Climate
A. Rainfall intensity and pattern
B. Areal distribution of rainfall over the
basin
C. Duration of the storm event
RECESSION AND BASE FLOW SEPARATION
A typical hydrograph resulting from an isolated period of
rainfall consists of a rising limb, crest segment, and
falling limb and recession.
The slope of the rising limb is largely determined by the
storm intensity, and the point of inflection on the
recession generally marks the time at which surface
inflow ceases and water is thereafter withdrawn from the
basin storage.

where:
qo= specified initial discharge
qt = discharge at a later time t
k= recession constant
BASE FLOW SEPARATION
TECHNIQUES
1. Straight - Line Method
Join the beginning of surface runoff to a
point on the recession limb representing the
end of direct runoff.
Empirical equation to find the end of direct
runoff
N=b * A^0.2
where,
N= time in days where direct runoff is terminated
A= drainage area in km²
b= coefficient, taken as 0.827
BASE FLOW SEPARATION
TECHNIQUES
2. Fixed Base Method
- Extend the base flow curve prior to the
commencement of surface runoff till it intersects
the ordinate drawn at the peak point. Join this
point to the end point of direct runoff.

3.Variable Slope Method

• Extend the base flow recession curve backwards
after the depletion of flood water till it
intersects the ordinate at the point of inflection.
Join this point to the beginning of the surface
runoff by smooth curve.
UNIT HYDROGRAPH
 A unit hydrograph (UH) of a basin is
defined as direct runoff hydrograph (DHR)
resulting from one unit depth of rainfall
excess generated uniformly over the basin
at a constant rate for an effective
duration (D).

Rainfall excess/effective rainfall=

rainfall loss
PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN UH
Linearity principles – means output
varies linearly with input. This
principle is expressed by convolution
theorem.
Two principles of linearity.
1.Principle of proportionality: if a solution y is
multiplied by a constant c, ghe resulting
function cy is also a solution.

 re= excess rainfall, UH= unit hydrograph

(solution)
 Output (DHR) = re * UH
2. Principleof superposition: if two solutions
y1 and y2 of the equation are added, the
resulting function y1+y2 is also a solution of
the equation.
re1= excess rainfall at t hr interval,
UH= unit hydrograph(solution)
Output (DHR)= (re1*UH lagged by t hr)
PRINCIPLES APPLIED IN UH
Principle of time Invariance: Given excess rainfall
will always produce the same DRH whatever maybe the
season ofthe year (unchanging basin characteristics)

APPLICATIONS OF UH
Computation of flood hydrograph for the design of
hydraulic structures.
Extension a flow records at a site.
Flood forecasting.
Comparing the basin characteristics.
LIMITATIONS OF UH

Minimum base size >2 km², maximum basin size

up to 5000 km²
Not suitable for very long basins
Applicable for short duration
Not very suitable for basins having large
snow cover
UH is not applicable for basins having large
storages
UH is not applicable for basins having high
variation of rainfall intensity
DERIVATION OF UH
1. For single storm
 Given: streamflow data (Q) and basin area (A)
 Single storm: all of the rainfall excess occurs at a
reasonably uniform rate over a fairly short time period

 Separate baseflow (BF).

 DRH=Q-BF Volume of DRH (Vd) = ∑
 CRunoff depth (rd) = Vd/A
 UH= DRH/rd

Effective duration of UH = Duration of excess rainfall.

Check whether total depth of runoff = total rainfall
excess
DERIVATION OF UH

2. Derivation of UH for multiple storms

Multiple storms: relatively long and

varying intensities if rainfall
Storms: divided into number of equal
periods and fairly constant rate of
rainfall for each period
Duration of UH = Duration of period of
each storm