Global Indian International School, Noida

SESSION-2024-25
Class-VIII
Ch- HEAT
DEFINITIONS-
HEAT-Heat is a form of energy which produces sensation of hotness or
coldness..It always flows from high temperature to low temperature when two
objects are in contact.Heat can be converted from one form of energy to another.
Temperature -A reliable measure of hotness of an object is its
temperature.Temperature is degree of hotness or coldness of a substance.
Thermometer-A device used to measure the temperature of a substance.
Clinical thermometer-The thermometer that measures our body temperature is
called a clinical thermometer.
Laboratory Thermometer-The thermometer which is used to measure the
temperature of a substance(liquids )in the laboratory is called Laboratory
Thermometer.

Exercise Questions

1. State similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and

the clinical thermometer.

Ans::Similarities

1. Both are made of glass and consist of a long narrow glass tube
2. At one end both of them have a bulb
3. Bulbs of both the thermometers consist of mercury
4. Celsius scale is present in both the thermometers
 LABORATORY THERMOMETER CLINICAL THERMOMETER

2. Give two examples each of conductors and insulators of heat.

Ans:Conductors-The materials/substances through which heat can flow are called

conductors.

Conductors: Iron and copper

Insulators- The substances through which heat cannot flow are called insulators.

Insulators: Plastic and wood

3. Fill in the blanks :

(a) The hotness of an object is determined by its temperature.

(b) Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a clinical thermometer.

(c) Temperature is measured in degree Celcius.

(d) No medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of radiation.

(e) A cold steel spoon is dipped in a cup of hot milk. Heat is transferred to its other
end by the process of conduction.

(f ) Clothes of dark colors absorb heat better than clothes of light colours.
5.Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer
than wearing just one thick piece of clothing.

Ans:More layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one
thick piece of clothing because air gets trapped in between the layers. As air is a
bad conductor of heat it does not allow the heat to escape from the body.

6. Look at Fig. 4.13. Mark where the heat is being transferred by conduction,
by convection and by radiation.

Solution:

7. In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be

painted white. Explain.
Ans:In places of hot climate, it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted
white because white color reflects back most of the heat that is incident on it, as
white is a poor absorber of heat. This helps in keeping the house cool.

8. One litre of water at 30°C is mixed with one litre of water at 50°C. The
temperature of the mixture will be

(a) 80°C (b) more than 50°C but less than 80°C (c) 20°C (d) between 30°C and
50°C

Ans:The temperature of the mixture will be (d)between 30°C and 50°C because
hot water loses heat and simultaneously cold water gains heat. This keeps the
temperature between 30°C and 50°C.

9. An iron ball at 40°C is dropped in a mug containing water at 40°C. The

heat will

(a) flow from the iron ball to water.

(b) not flow from the iron ball to water or from water to the iron ball.

(c) flow from water to the iron ball.

(d) increase the temperature of both.

Answer is (b) not flow from the iron ball to water or from water to the iron ball
because both of them have the same temperature of 40°C.

10. A wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice cream. Its other end

(a) becomes cold by the process of conduction.

(b) becomes cold by the process of convection.

(c) becomes cold by the process of radiation.

(d) does not become cold.

The answer is (d) does not become cold because wood is a bad conductor of heat.

11. Stainless steel pans are usually provided with copper bottoms. The reason
for this could be that

(a) copper bottom makes the pan more durable.

(b) such pans appear colourful.

(c) copper is a better conductor of heat than stainless steel.

(d) copper is easier to clean than stainless steel.

The answer is (c) copper is a better conductor of heat than stainless steel.

CH-4 HEAT (EXTRA QUESTION ANSWERS FOR LEARNING)

Q:1)Why is the bulb of the thermometer made of thin glass?

Answer :As glass is a poor conductor of heat, the wall of the bulb is kept thin so
that transfer of heat between Mercury and its surroundings can take place easily.
Q:2)What are the differences between temperature and heat?
Answer:
S.No Temperature Heat
.
1. It is proportional to It is the total amount of
average kinetic energy internal energy of the
of the molecules of the molecules of a body.
body.
2. As a result of heat As a result of heat exchange
exchange between two between two bodies, total
bodies, the sum of their amount of heat of two
temperature before and bodies remains unchanged.
after exchange is not the
same.
3. It is the effect. It is the cause.
4. Its SI unit is Kelvin (K). Its SI unit is Joule (J).

Q:3 Write any three precautions to be taken while reading a clinical thermometer.
Answer:Some precautions one must observe while reading a clinical thermometer
are:
 ● It should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic
solution.
● It should be ensured that the mercury level is below 35°C before use.
● It should be read keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
● The thermometer must be handled with care.
● should not be held by the bulb while reading.

Q:4. What do you mean by transfer of heat? Explain the process of transfer of heat.
Answer:TRANSFER OF HEAT—>Flow of heat from one object to another
whether solid or liquid is called transfer of heat. Heat always flows from a body at
higher temperature to another body at lower temperature. In other words, heat
always flows from a hotter body to a colder. In this process, the temperature of a
hot body falls as it releases heat which is received by the colder body or a body
having lower temperatures. Thus the temperature of the colder body or less hotter
body rises. The flow of heat stops when temperature of both the bodies becomes
equal.

Transfer of heat takes place through conduction, convection and radiation. 1.

CONDUCTION—>Conduction is the process of transfer of heat from one particle
to the next particle in a solid without the particles actually moving from their
position.

2.CONVECTION—>Convection is the process of heat transfer in which the

particles change their positions by constantly moving from the hotter region to the
cooler region, thus causing heat energy to flow. In convection heat travels through
the liquids and gases.

3.RADIATION—->Radiation is the process of heat transfer from a hot body to a

colder body without any medium between the two.

Q:5)How does the heat travel in air? Explain the sea breeze and land breeze in
coastal areas in this reference.
Answer:
Heat travels in air through the process of convection. The air near the heat source
gets hot and rises up. The cool air from the sides comes in to take its place. In this
way the air gets heated up.

In the coastal areas, people experience an interesting phenomenon. The land gets
heated faster than the water during the day. The air over the land becomes hotter
and rises up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the land to take its
place. The warm air from the land moves towards the sea to complete the
cycle.The flow of cool air from the sea towards the land to replace the hot air on
land, is called sea breeze.

At night it is just the reverse: The water cools down more slowly than land. So the
cool air from land moves toward the sea. This is called land breeze.

Q:6)Explain how heat travels in vacuum or without medium.

Answer:
The heat from the sun cannot reach us by conduction or convection as there is no
medium such as air in most part of the space between the earth and the sun. This is
possible through the process of radiation. The mode of transfer of heat energy in
which no medium is needed to transfer heat from a hotter body to a colder body is
called radiation. It can take place whether a medium is present or not. For example,
when we sit in front of a room heater we get heat by this process.

A hot utensil kept away from the flame cools down as it transfers heat to the
surroundings by radiation. Our body too, gives heat to the surroundings and
receives heat from it by radiation. The figure below shows the radiation by the sun.
It also shows that when radiation falls on an object a part of it is reflected, a part is
absorbed and a part may be transmitted.

Q:7)List any four effects of heat. Explain them.

Answer:When heat energy is absorbed by a body various changes can happen.
Some of them are:

● Rise in temperature: When a body absorbs heat, it gains energy. As a result

of this, the temperature of the body rises and body becomes hot.
● Change in state of matter: On heating, most of the substances change its
state, like solid to liquid, liquid to gas, etc.
● Expansion: All states of matter i.e., solid, liquid or gas expand on heating
and contract on cooling. Expansion is most in gases, less in liquids and least
in solids. Expansion due to heat is known as thermal expansion.
● Combustion: On heating, some of the substance reaches their ignition
temperature and starts burning. So heat causes combustion.
Q:8)Shopkeepers selling ice blocks usually cover them with jute sacks or saw dust.
Explain why.
Answer:
Jute sacks or saw dust act as insulating material and reduces melting of ice. Thus,
blocks of ice are covered with jute sacks or saw dust.
Q:9)Why are milk vans carrying milk from the factory to the depots painted silver
or white?
Answer:
Milk vans are painted silver or white because white absorbs minimum light or
reflects maximum light and thus keep the milk fresh.

Q 10:Ventilators are situated close to the ceilings and not near the floor. Why?
Answer:
Warm air being lighter rises up and cool air takes it place. This warm air finds its
exit fr./om the ventilators located close to ceilings and thus helps in circulation of
fresh air.

Q 11:To keep her soup warm, Paheli wrapped the container in which it was kept
with a woollen clothes. Can she apply the same method to keep a glass of cold
drink cool? Give reason for your Answer.
Answer:Yes, she can apply the same method to keep a glass of cold drink cool
because wool is a thermal insulator, and it cannot allow heat to pass through it.
Q 12:The handle of a pressure cooker is covered with thick plastic. Explain why.
Answer:As we know that plastic is a bad conductor of heat due to which the heat
from the cooker does not flow to its handle and we can hold it easily.
So, this is the reason why the handle of a pressure cooker is covered with thick
plastic.

Q 13:Explain in brief why we wear dark coloured clothes in winter and light
coloured clothes in summer.
Answer:We wear dark coloured clothes in winter to keep us warm as they absorb
all the heat radiation coming from the sun whereas light coloured clothes reflect
most of the heat radiation coming from the sun that falls on them and therefore we
feel more comfortable wearing them in the summer.

Q:14 Explain the reason for the general fitting of the air conditioner at a higher
level on the wall of the room.
Answer:As a fact that warm air is much lighter than the cold air, so being heavier
the cold air from the air conditioner moves downwards while the hot air moves
upwards at the lower level and gets cooled and comes downwards once again. So,
due to this convection of heat is set in the air and room gets warmer faster.

Q 15:Briefly explain the maximum and minimum thermometers.

Ans:Maximum and minimum thermometers are the special thermometers
which automatically record the maximum and minimum temperature of the
day. The maximum and minimum temperature of the last day reported in
weather reports in TV and newspapers are measured by the maximum and
minimum thermometers.