A5 21eeb0b03 NageswaraRao

ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS
ASSIGNMENT – 5
NAME : A NAGESWARRAO
ROLL NO : 21EEB0B03
SECTION : B
DEPT: EEE
1a)Find the fourier transform of ,assume a>0
Ans) Fourier transform of is given by :
The differentiation if=n frequency property states that,

if
Now ,
The fourier transform of with will be:
Since the fourier transform of

1b)prove that sometimes AM is referred to as a linear modulation and
angle modulation is referred as non linear modulation
Ans)
• AM as linear modulation:
If the modulation is DSB(AM),then will produce a modulated signal equal to This is why
AM is sometimes referred to as a linear modulation.
For DSB(AM), from the modulated equation we have
Hence, DSB(AM) is a linear modulation

• PM as non-linear modulation:
If the modulation is PM, then the modulated signal produced by will not be That
is ,superposition does not apply to angle-modulated signals . This is why angle
modulation is sometimes referred to as a non-linear modulation.
For PM, from the modulated equation we have
Hence, PM is a non-linear modulation

1C) EXPLAIN IN DETAIL NEED FOR MODULATION IN
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION.
By Modulating the Message signal, the following Benefits can be obtained:
1. Reduction in the height of the antenna:
• For the effective transmission of a signal, the height h of the antenna should be comparable to the
wavelength λ of the signal at least the height of the antenna h should be λ / 4 in length so that the
antenna can sense the variations of the signal properly.
• The low-frequency message signal has a very high value of λ which will require a very high antenna
(practically not possible).
2. Frequency Multiplexing of the signal:
• It is practically not possible to distinguish between the different audio signals when transmitted
simultaneously through a single antenna as all of them lie in the same spectral range. Hence, each of
these signals is translated to a low-frequency range before transmission which makes it quite easier to
recover them and distinguish each of them from one another at the receiver’s end.
3. Narrow Banding of the Signal:
• An audio signal usually has a frequency range (20 Hz to 20 kHz), if it is directly transmitted then
the ratio of highest to the lowest frequency becomes (20 kHz / 20 Hz) = 1000. But if this audio
signal is modulated over a carrier signal of frequency 1000 kHz then the ratio of highest to the
lowest frequency becomes:
(1000 kHz + 20 kHz) / (1000 kHz + 20 Hz) ≅ 1.2
• Hence, we need modulation to convert a wideband signal into a narrow band signal.
4. Efficient Power radiated over Long Distances:
• Information signals, like voice or data, typically have low frequencies. These low-frequency
signals attenuate (weaken) rapidly over long distances.
• Modulation allows us to "ride" on a high-frequency carrier wave. Carrier waves travel much
farther with less attenuation.
• By modulating the carrier wave with the information signal, we essentially piggyback the
information onto a strong carrier for efficient long-distance transmission.
2Q. A) DESCRIBE THE OPERATION OF ENVELOPE DETECTOR
WITH NEAT SKETCHES.
• Envelope detector circuit is shown above which

has a diode as shown which acts as a half wave
rectifier and allows only positive part of the
modulated signal
• In rectifying the RF signal, the AM diode detector
provides an output equivalent to the envelope of
one half of the signal, i.e. it is an envelope detector.
• The high frequency element of this is then filtered
out, typically using a capacitor which forms the low
pass filter and effectively ‘fills in’ the high
frequency elements, leaving a waveform to which a
transducer like a pair of earphones or a loudspeaker
could respond to and convert into sound waves.
• After rectifying the signal is passed through the capacitor and hence capacitor charges
for the positive half cycle and discharges for the next half cycle
• After passing through the first capacitor we will get a dc signal also associated with our
message signal and hence we use one more capacitor to get exact message signal
• Here it is detecting the shape of the wave and producing the exact message signal from
the modulated signal and hence it is called as envelope detector
2. b) with neat sketches , explain the principle of operation of frequency
division multiplexing (FDM) with example
• In frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), multiple signals are combined for transmission
on a single communications line or channel, with each signal assigned to a different
frequency (subchannel) within the main channel.
• To accommodate the successful transmission of multiple signals over a single line, FDM
separates assigned bands by strips of unused frequencies called guard bands. This prevents
overlapping between signal frequencies over a shared medium.
• A signal is generated and modulated by a sending device and is carried over the separated
bands. The modulated signals are combined using a multiplexer (mux) and transmitted over
the communication channel. At the receiving end, the combined signal goes through a
demultiplexer (demux) to extract the individual signals.
• Message Signals: We have several low-frequency information signals (e.g., voice, data) that
need to be transmitted.
• Modulation: Each message signal modulates a separate carrier wave, shifting its frequency
spectrum to a higher band. Here, we can imagine different colored cars representing the
modulated carrier waves.
• Multiplexing: The modulated carrier waves are then combined into a composite signal,
ready for transmission. This is like merging the cars from different lanes onto the highway.
• Transmission: The composite signal is transmitted over the communication channel.
• Demultiplexing: At the receiving end, the composite signal is separated into its individual
components using bandpass filters. These filters act like tollbooths that only allow cars
(signals) with specific frequencies to pass through.
• Demodulation: Each separated carrier wave is then demodulated to recover the original
information signal. This is like extracting the information from each car.
Example:
Imagine you have three radio stations in a city: Station A, Station B, and Station C. Each
station is assigned a specific frequency band within the radio spectrum. For instance, Station A
operates at 90.1 MHz, Station B at 95.5 MHz, and Station C at 100.3 MHz. As you tune your
radio receiver to different frequencies, you can listen to the broadcasts from each station
3. A)IN A TONE-MODULATED ANGLE MODULATION, THE
MODULATED SIGNAL S(T) IS
i) Find the spectrum of NB angle modulated signal :

Given,
We know , For Narrow Band frequency Modulation the value of β is very less and can be neglected and
hence by expanding the above equation we get :
When β<<1 then

Then the NB signal can be approximated as
from this equation we see that the spectrum of consists of a carrier line and a pair of side lines at
II) COMPARE THE RESULT WITH THAT OF A TONE MODULATED AM
SIGNAL :
The above result is almost identical to the tone modulated AM signal

given by;
Where is the modulation index for AM

The major difference between NB angle modulation and AM is phase
reversal of the lower sideband component.
III) DISCUSS THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BY DRAWING
THEIR PHASOR REPRESENTATIONS :
III) DISCUSS THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BY DRAWING
THEIR PHASOR REPRESENTATIONS :
SIMILARITIES:
• Both AM and FM are analog modulation techniques, meaning they encode information
onto a carrier wave by varying certain parameters of the carrier signal.
• Both modulation techniques are used to carry information signals (such as voice, music,
or data) over a communication channel.
DIFFERENCES:
• FM is generally more immune to amplitude variations or noise compared to AM. In
AM, changes in amplitude can be susceptible to noise interference, leading to degraded
signal quality.
• FM, especially narrowband FM (NB FM), is more bandwidth-efficient. By focusing
changes in frequency within a narrow range, NB FM allows for more efficient use of the
available bandwidth.
3. B)GIVEN THE MODULATED SIGNAL
i)What is its bandwidth :

Given, the signal is
The instantaneous frequency is

So ,
Since or
iii)Find the maximum frequency deviation of the modulated signal:
Given, the signal is
The instantaneous frequency is

So ,
Hence, the maximum deviation is rad/sec, or

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL

Ans) Fourier transform of is given by :

The differentiation if=n frequency property states that,

Since the fourier transform of

Hence, DSB(AM) is a linear modulation

Hence, PM is a non-linear modulation

• Envelope detector circuit is shown above which

i) Find the spectrum of NB angle modulated signal :

When β<<1 then

The above result is almost identical to the tone modulated AM signal

Where is the modulation index for AM

i)What is its bandwidth :

The instantaneous frequency is

The instantaneous frequency is

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