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CELLS

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enrique.ramkaran
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11 views

CELLS

Uploaded by

enrique.ramkaran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIO 100- CELLS

'Live as if you were to die tomorrow.


Learn as if you were to live forever.'

Mahatma Gandhi
CELLS
 THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF
CELLS ARE DETERMINED BY THE NATURE OF
THE PROTEINS PRESENT
 CELLS OF VARIOUS TYPES HAVE DIFFERENT
FUNCTIONS BECAUSE CELL STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION ARE CLOSELY RELATED
 THE GENERALIZED CELL FUNCTIONS INCLUDE:
 Movement of substances across the cell
membrane,
 Cell division to make new cells, and
 Protein synthesis.
CELLS
CELL STRUCTURES.
CELL MEMBRANE: COMPOSED OF
PROTEIN AND LIPID MOLECULES. IT HAS
TINY OPENINGS OR PORES THAT ARE
FEW IN NUMBER AND ARE SPACED FAR
APART.
FUNCTIONS:
• TO MAINTAIN CELL INTEGRITY AND
• TO DETERMINE WHAT SUBSTANCES CAN
ENTER AND LEAVE THE CELL.
CELLS
 THE CELL MEMBRANE CONTROLS THE
PASSAGE OF SUBSTANCES INTO AND
OUT OF THE CELL.
 THIS CONTROL MEANS IT IS
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE.
 CERTAIN SUBSTANCES CROSS THE CELL
MEMBRANE BECAUSE THERE IS A
HIGHER CONCENTRATION ON ONE SIDE
THAN THE OTHER.
CELLS
CYTOPLASM IS THE PART OF A CELL
BETWEEN ITS MEMBRANE AND ITS
NEUCLEUS.
• IT IS ALL OF THE CELL’S PROTOPLASM
EXCEPT THE NUCLEUS.
• IT CONSISTS OF THOUSANDS OF WELL
ORGANIZED STRUCTURES.
CELLS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: COMPLICATED
NETWORK OF TUBULES OR CANALS IN
THE CYTOPLASM.
• MANY RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO
MEMBRANES OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM BUT NOT TO THE SMOOTH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
CELLS
FUNCTIONS OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ER):
 THE RIBOSOMES THAT ATTACHED
THEMSELVES TO THE ROUGH
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM SYNTHESIZE
PROTEINS.
 THE CANALS OF RETICULUM SERVE AS
PASSAGEWAYS THROUGH WHICH
PROTEINS MOVE ON TO THE GOLGI
APPARATUS.
CELLS

GOLGI APPARATUS ARE MEMBRANOUS


VESICLES NEAR TO THE NUCLEUS.
THEIR FUNCTION IS TO CONDENSE
SUBSTANCES BEFORE THEY LEAVE
THE CELL AS SECRETIONS
CELLS
MITOCHONDRIA ARE MICROSCOPIC SACS
WITH WALLS COMPOSED OF INNER AND
OUTER MEMBRANES SEPARATED BY
FLUID. THOUSANDS OF PARTICLES MADE
UP OF ENZYME MOLECULES ATTACH
THEMSELVES TO BOTH MEMBRANES.
 THEY ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE
“POWER PLANTS” OF THE CELL.
 THEY RELEASE ENERGY FROM FOOD
DURING RESPIRATION.
CELLS

LYSOSOMES ARE MICROSCOPIC


MEMBRANOUS SACS THAT FUNCTION AS
“DIGESTIVE BAGS”.
 THEY CONTAIN ENZYMES WHICH DIGEST
PARTICLES OR LARGE MOLECULES
WHICH ENTER THE CELLS.
CELLS

RIBOSOMES ARE MICROSCOPIC SPHERES.


THEY ARE ATTACHED TO THE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM WHICH WE
REFERRED TO ALREADY.
 THEY SYNTHESIZE MANY DIFFERENT
KINDS OF PROTEINS, ESPECIALLY
ENZYMES.
 THEY ARE KNOWN AS “PROTEIN
FACTORIES”.
CELLS

NUCLEUS IS THE SPHERICAL BODY IN THE


CENTER OF THE CELL.
 ITS MEMBRANE CONSISTS OF TWO
LAYERS
 THIS MEMBRANE HAS PORES.
 THE CHROMOSOMES ARE COMPOSED
MAINLY OF DNA BUT ALSO SOME
PROTEIN.
CELLS

CHROMOSOMES ARE FOUND INSIDE THE


NUCLEUS AS VERY SMALL THREAD-LIKE
STRUCTURES THAT ARE MADE UP OF
SMALLER UNITS CALLED GENES, WHICH
CONTROL ALL THE ACTIVITIES OF THE
CELL, INCLUDING THE WAY IT GROWS
AND DIVIDES.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
BY PHYSICAL (PASSIVE) PROCESSES.
ENERGY WHICH MOVES SUBSTANCES
COMES FROM RANDOM, NEVER-
CEASING MOVEMENTS OF ATOMS,
IONS, AND MOLECULES, NOT FROM
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE CELL.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES

DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, AND FILTRATION


ARE THREE (3) TYPES OF PHYSICAL
PROCESSES WHICH MOVE
SUBSTANCES THROUGH LIVING OR
NON-LIVING MEMBRANES.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
 DIFFUSION IS THE SPREADING
MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES OR IONS,
FROM A REGION WHERE THERE ARE
MANY IONS OR MOLECULES (HIGH
CONCENTRATION), TO ONE WHERE
THERE ARE FEWER (LOW
CONCENTRATION).
 DIFFUSION TENDS TO PRODUCE
EQUILIBRATION OF SOLUTIONS ON
OPPOSITE SIDES OF A MEMBRANE.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
 PRINCIPLES OF DIFFUSION TAKE PLACE
IN THE FOLLOWING SYSTEMS.
 RESPIRATION
 DIGESTION
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
 OSMOSIS IS A PROCESS WHICH
INVOLVES:
 THE MOVEMENT OF WATER
MOLECULES
 THE PROCESS ALLOWS WATER TO PASS
THROUGH A PARTIALLY/SEMI
PERMEABLE MEMBRANE
 FROM AN AREA OF HIGH
CONCENTRATION TO AN AREA OF LOW
CONCENTRATION
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES

 THE TINY PORES IN THE MEMBRANE


ALLOW FREE PASSAGE TO SMALL
MOLECULES SO WATER CAN DIFFUSE
THROUGH.

 LARGER SUGAR MOLECULES CANNOT


PASS THROUGH THESE PORES.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
 ACTIVE TANSPORT IS THE PROCESS BY
WHICH ENERGY FROM THE CELL ITSELF
IS USED TO MOVE SUBSTANCES
ACROSS THE MEMBRANE.
 THE PROCESS TAKES PLACE AGAINST
THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT OF
THE SUBSTANCES (IONS AND
MOLECULES), IE, FROM LOW TO HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
 SUBSTANCES ARE CARRIED ACROSS
THE MEMBRANE ATTACHED TO LARGE
MOLECULES CALLED “CARRIERS.”
 CARRIERS ARE MOVED BY THE ENERGY
PRODUCED BY CATABOLISM.
 WHAT IS ATP?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
 THE CELL MEMBRANE KEEPS THE CELL
CONTENTS ROUGHLY THE SAME.
 THE CONTENTS ARE KEPT THE SAME
EVEN THOUGH CERTAIN ACTIVITIES
INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE CELL TRY TO
CHANGE THEM.
 WHAT IS THE ABOVE?
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
 METABOLISM: ALL THE CHEMICAL
REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN THE CELL
ARE KNOWN AS METABOLISM.
 METABOLISM INVOLVES THE BUILDING-
UP PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH,
WHEN NEW PARTS ARE MADE
(ANABOLISM).
 ANABOLISM IS AN IMPORTANT CELLULAR
MECHANISM THAT USES SOME OF THE
ENERGY MADE AVAILABLE BY
CATABOLISM.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
MECHANISMS
 CATABOLISM IS ONE OF THE TWO
MAJOR PROCESSES OF METABOLISM.
 CATABOLISM CONSISTS OF A COMPLEX
SERIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
WHICH TAKES PLACE INSIDE CELLS AND
WHICH YIELD ENERGY, CARBON
DIOXIDE, AND WATER.
 WHAT ARE ENZYMES AND WHAT ROLE
THEY PLAY IN THE PROCESS?

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