1 Introduction To Chemistry

INTRODUCTION TO PRESENTED BY:
CHEMISTRY 1 JUNY G. PATIEREZ

CHEMISTRY, is the study of the composition, properties, and interactions of matter.
DEFINITION AND TERMS
• The Scientific Method. The path of discovery that leads from question and observation to
law or hypothesis to theory, combined with experimental verification of the hypothesis and
any necessary modification of the theory.
• Hypothesis. A tentative explanation of observations that acts as a guide for gathering and
checking information. We test a hypothesis by experimentation, calculation, and/or
comparison with the experiments of others and then refine it as needed.
• Scientific Theories. Are well-substantiated, comprehensive, testable explanations of
particular aspects of nature. Theories are accepted because they provide satisfactory
explanations, but they can be modified if new data become available. Ex. Bigbang Theory
• Scientific Laws. The laws of science summarize a vast number of experimental
observations, and describe or predict some facet of the natural world. Ex. Newton’s Law of
Motion
• Matter. Anything that has mass and occupy space. Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma, and Bose-
Einstein Condensate are types of matter
• Mass. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in it. One way to measure
an object’s mass is to measure the force it takes to accelerate the object. If mass if affected
by gravity it becomes Weight.
• The law of conservation of matter. It states that there is no detectable change in the total
quantity of matter present when matter converts from one type to another (a chemical
change) or changes among solid, liquid, or gaseous states (a physical change).
• Atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can
enter into a chemical combination. Consider the element gold, for example.
• Molecule consists of two or more atoms joined by strong forces called chemical bonds.
Classifying Matter
Properties of Matter
• Physical Property is a characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change
in its chemical composition. Familiar examples of physical properties include density,
color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. A physical
change is a change in the state or properties of matter without any accompanying
change in its chemical composition (the identities of the substances contained in the
matter).
• The change of one type of matter into another type (or the inability to change) is a
Chemical Property. Examples of chemical properties include flammability, toxicity,
acidity, reactivity (many types), and heat of combustion. Iron, for example,
combines with oxygen in the presence of water to form rust; chromium does not
oxidize. A Chemical Change always produces one or more types of matter that
differ from the matter present before the change. The formation of rust is a chemical
change because rust is a different kind of matter than the iron, oxygen, and water
present before the rust formed.
Properties of Matter
• Properties of matter fall into one of two categories. If the property depends on the
amount of matter present, it is an EXTENSIVE PROPERTY. The mass and volume
of a substance are examples of extensive properties; for instance, a gallon of milk
has a larger mass and volume than a cup of milk. The value of an extensive
property is directly proportional to the amount of matter in question.
Extensive property is that which changes when the amount of material undergoes
change. Examples of this property are mass, length, and volume.
• If the property of a sample of matter does not depend on the amount of matter
present, it is an INTENSIVE PROPERTY. Temperature is an example of an intensive
property.If the gallon and cup of milk are each at 20 °C (room temperature), when
they are combined, the temperature remains at 20 °C. As another example, consider
the distinct but related properties of heat and temperature. A drop of hot cooking oil
spattered on your arm causes brief, minor discomfort, whereas a pot of hot oil yields
severe burns. Both the drop and the pot of oil are at the same temperature (an
intensive property), but the pot clearly contains much more heat (extensive
property). Intensive property does not depend on the size or amount of the
substance. Examples of this property are temperature, color, odor, hardness,
density, melting and boiling point, and molecular weight.
NT:
AN = proton = electron
Amu = proton + nuetron
Solved examples:
a. How many neutrons
are there in Gold?
b. If the mass of
unknown element is 65
and the number
neutrons are 35,
determine the element
name.
Measurements
Solved examples:
a. Is a meter about an
inch, a foot, a yard,
or a mile?
b. Convert 200kbyte to
Derived SI Units
We can derive many units from the seven SI base units. For example, we can use the base unit of
length to define a unit of volume, and the base units of mass and length to define a unit of
density. Ex. m3, Newton, kg/m3 (density)
Density
Temperature
Solve the examples:

a. What is the mass of 6.00 cm3 of
mercury, density = 13.5939 g/cm3 ?
b. (b) What is the mass of 25.0 mL Solve the examples:
octane, density = 0.702 g/cm3 ? a. Convert the temperature of the
coldest area in a freezer, −10 °F, to
degrees Celsius and kelvin. b. Convert
the temperature of dry ice, −77 °C, into
degrees Fahrenheit and kelvin.
PROBLEM SET #1
ANSWER CHAPTER 1 EXERCISES
PAGE 55-65 IN YOUR ACTIVITY
NOTEBOOK
END OF SESSON
1
REFERRENCE
OpenStax College Rice University 6100 Main Street MS-375 Houston, Texas 77005

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INTRODUCTION TO PRESENTED BY:

CHEMISTRY 1 JUNY G. PATIEREZ

Amu = proton + nuetron

Solve the examples:

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