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Chemical Reactions and Equations

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17 views

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Uploaded by

gulltahir63
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Reactions

and Equation
chemical reaction, a process in which one or
more substances, the reactants, are converted to
one or more different substances, the products.
Substances are either chemical elements or compounds
OR

A chemical reaction is in which the bonds are


broken within reactant molecules, and new
bonds are formed within product molecules in
order to form a new substance.
A chemical reaction expresses a chemical change. For example,
one chemical property of hydrogen is that it will react with
oxygen to make water. We can write that as follows:
hydrogen reacts with oxygen to make water. We can represent
this chemical change as
hydrogen + oxygen → water
where the + sign means that the two
substances interact chemically with each other and the →
symbol implies that a chemical reaction takes place.
But substances can also be represented by chemical formulas.
Remembering that hydrogen and oxygen both exist as
diatomic molecules,
we can rewrite our chemical change as
H2 + O2 → H2O
This is an example of a chemical equation,
which is a concise way of representing a chemical
reaction. The initial substances are called reactants,
and the final substances are called products.
Unfortunately, it is also an incomplete chemical
equation. The law of conservation of matter says
that matter cannot be created or destroyed.
In chemical equations, the number of atoms of each
element in the reactants must be the same as the
number of atoms of each element in the products.
H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
EXAMPLE 1
Write and balance the chemical equation
for each given chemical reaction.
• Hydrogen and chlorine react to make HCl.
• Ethane, C2H6, reacts with oxygen to make
carbon dioxide and water.
H2 + Cl2 → HCl

H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl
Example:2
C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

C2H6 + O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

2C2H6 + O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O

2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O


Test Yourself
Write and balance the chemical equation that
represents nitrogen and hydrogen reacting to
produce ammonia, NH3.
Answer
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Balance the equation

Mg(OH)2 + HNO3 → Mg(NO3)2 + H2O


Types of Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions are of many types. Here,
we are covering the most common eight types
of chemical reactions.
• Decomposition reaction
• Combination reaction
• Combustion reaction
• Neutralization reaction
• Single displacement reaction
• Double displacement reaction
• Precipitation reaction
• Redox reactions
• Decomposition Reaction : In a decomposition
reaction, molecules or compounds break down into
two or more than two simpler chemically new
substances. For example, electrolysis of water. In the
electrolysis of water, water breaks down into
hydrogen and oxygen, which show completely
different properties than water.
Reaction : 2H2O electricity → 2H2 + O2
• Combination Reaction : In a combination reaction,
two or more molecules are combined together
chemically to form a new substance (compound).
Combination and decomposition reactions are
opposite of each other. For example, when we burn
magnesium ribbon (or magnesium), it gives grey-black
ash of magnesium oxide.
Reaction : 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
• Combustion Reaction : It is an exothermic reaction
that releases energy, generally in the form of heat. It is a
reaction between fuel and an oxidant (generally
atmospheric oxygen) that produces smoke, water and
heat generally. For example, when we burn methane, it
gives carbon dioxide and water.
Reaction : CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
• Neutralization Reaction : In these reactions, acid
and base react with each other and form salt and water.
For example, hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium
hydroxide (base) and forms sodium chloride (salt) and
water.
• Reaction : HCl (l) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
• Precipitation Reaction :An aqueous reaction that
take place when two or more aqueous solutions are
mixed and produce insoluble solid particles called
precipitate and such reactions are called
precipitation reactions.
• In these reactions, an insoluble precipitate is formed.
In precipitation reactions, two soluble salts in
aqueous solutions are combined and form an
insoluble precipitate.
Reaction : AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) ↔️ AgCl + KNO3(aq)
• Redox Reaction :Those chemical reactions in which
oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously are
called redox reactions. Oxidation is the addition of
oxygen, while reduction is the addition of hydrogen (or
removal of oxygen). We have already discussed
oxidation and reduction in a separate article with the
title ‘Oxidation and Reduction’. You can refer to this
article for a detailed explanation of oxidation and
reduction.
Activity series of common metals
Li
K
Ba Very active metals
Sr
Ca
Na

Mg
Al
Mn
Zn Metals of moderate activity
Cr
Fe
Cd
• Single Displacement Reaction : In these reactions,
more reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its
salt. In these reactions, products can be determined
through reactivity series. Reactivity series is a series in
which elements are arranged in decreasing order of their
reactivity. It means the elements present at the top of
this reactivity series are more reactive than the elements
present at the bottom.
The reaction of potassium with magnesium chloride is an
example of a single displacement reaction. In this reaction,
potassium displaces magnesium from its salt because
potassium is more reactive than magnesium. Potassium is
present at the top of the reactivity series and is the most
reactive element.
Reaction: 2K + MgCl2 → 2KCl + Mg
Double replacement reactions:
A double-replacement reaction occurs when parts of
two ionic compounds are exchanged, making two new
compounds. A characteristic of a double-replacement
equation is that there are two compounds as reactants
and two different compounds as products.
An example is Na2S + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S
The End

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