2nd Term-chemistry-year 10 Notes (2022-2023)

Topic :
Subject: CHEMISTRY
Term: SECOND
Session : 2022/2023
School: CHRISLAND SCHOOLS LIMITED
Class : YEAR 10
Educator :
HOME
Topic : TABLE OF CONTENT
WEEK 1: mole concept WEEK 2: calculations based on chemical equations
WEEK 3: introduction to periodic table of elements WEEK 4: chemical bonding(ionic bonding)
WEEK 5: Chemical bonding( covalent and dative) WEEK 6: mid-term break
WEEK 8: Gas law (Boyles, Charles law, general gas

WEEK 7: Gas laws ( kinetic theory of matter)
equation and ideal gas)
WEEK 9: Gas laws (Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law

WEEK 10: Revision
and law of diffusion
WEEK 11: Examination WEEK 12:
WEEK 13:
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T2 WK 1 Topic : Mole concept 1 of ……
Learning Outcomes
Point
Define mole
Write formulae for mole
Point :
Calculate mole Point :
Calculate mass and

volume in a given
Point :
chemical equation.
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Picture or diagrams to introduce the lesson or topic
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T2 WK 1 Topic ::Mole concept 3 of ……
Essential question
State the importance of Point
mole in chemical
industries.
Point :
Assessment questions
1. Define mole
2. What is the mass of 4
Point :
moles of carbon IV oxide,
CO2? ( C=12, O=16)
3. How many atoms are
there in 12g of hydrogen Point :
chloride, HCl? ( 1 mole =
6x1023 H=1, Cl=35.5)
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Mole
One mole of a substance is Point
the amount containing as
many elementary entities
as the number of atoms in Point : Mole
exactly 12grams of carbon-
12.
Note: Elementary Point : Formulae of mole

entities of matter may be
atoms, molecules, ions,
electrons or other Point : Conversion from mass to mole,
volume to mole and vice-versa
particles.
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Mole of element = mass of element

molar mass of element Point
For instant, mole of sodium= mass
of Na molar mass of Na
Point :
Mole of a compound = Point :

mass of compound
molar mass of compound
Point :
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For example,
Mole of NaCl = mass of NaCl
molar mass of NaCl
Mole of gases =
.
mass of gases
molar mass of gases
For example, mole of Cl2 =
mass of Cl2
molar mass of Cl2
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Mass of 3 moles of
O2=(3X32)g=96g
mass = mole x molar mass 2. How many moles are
Then ,mole = mass there in 20g of CaCO3?
molar mass (CaCO3= 100)
Examples Molar mass of CaCO3=100g
1.What is the mass of 3 Mass =20g
moles of oxygen, O2? Mole = Mass
(O=16) Molar mass
Mass of 1mole of O2= Mole= 20
(2X16)g=32g 100
Mole= 0.2mole
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Mole is also given as thus in Examples

terms of volume:
Volume of a given gas 1. Calculate the volumes of
Molar volume (a) 2.5 moles of oxygen,
Where molar volume of (b) 25.5g of ammonia ,
any gas is the volume at s.t.p.
occupied by one mole of (molar volume of a gas is
that gas at s.t.p., and is 22.4dm3, molar mass of
equal numerically to NH3 is 17g)
22.4dm3. So 1 mole of
a.Mole = volume of oxygen
chlorine, Cl2 occupies
molar volume
22.4dm3 at s.t.p.
Then, volume of a given gas Volume of oxygen=mole x
=mole x molar volume molar volume
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Volume of oxygen = 2.5 x

22.4 = 1.5 x 22.4
= 56.0dm3 at s.t.p. = 33.6dm3 at s.t.p.
(b) Mole of NH3= mass If 0.8g of gas Z occupies
of NH3 0.56dm3 at s.t.p, calculate its
Molar mass of relative molecular mass.
NH3 ( molar volume of gas is
Mole of NH3= 25.5 22.4dm3)
17 Mole = volume
= 1.5moles molar volume
Volume of NH3=mole x Mole = 0.56
molar volume 22.4
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Mole = mass Mole is also given as thus in

molar mass terms of number of particles
0.56 = 0.8 in elementary entities:
22.4 R.M.M Mole = number of particles
Relative molecular mass= Avogadro number
0.8 x 22.4 Avogadro number is the
number of particles in 1
. 0.56 mole of a substance.
= 32g Avogadro number = 6.02x
1023
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How many atoms are there

Mole = number of atoms
in 6g of carbon, C? (1 mole
Avogadro number
= 6 x 1023, C =12)
0.5= number of atoms
Mole = mass
6 x 1023
molar mass
Number of atoms = 0.5 x
=6
6x1023
12
= 3 x1023
Mole = 0.5mole
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Class work
1. What is the mass of
5moles of chlorine, Cl2? ASSIGNMENT
(Cl=35.5) SIMPLIFIED CALCULATION
2. How many moles are IN CHEMISTRY PAGE 20
there in 25g of Na2CO3? EXERCISE NUMBER 1 AND 5
(Na=23, C=12, O=16)
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T2 WK 2 Topic :
Topic :Calculations based on chemical equations 1 of ……
Learning Outcomes
Point
Define mole ratio
Define stoichiometry
Point :
Calculate mass, mole Point :

and volume in
balanced chemical
chemicals. Point :
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T2 WK 2 Topic :
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T2 WK 2 Topic : 3 of ……
Essential question
Explain why chemists Point
consider stoichiometry
when carrying out
analysis in the Point :
laboratory.
Assessment questions Point :

1. Define mole ratio.
2. Define stoichiometry.
Point :
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T2 WK 2 Topic :
Mass- mass relationship

A balanced equation of a Point
chemical tells us the
relationship of the
amounts of reactants to Point : Mass- mass relationship
one another and to the
products.
This relationship between Point : Mass-volume relationship

the amounts of reactants
and products is known as
the stoichiometry of the Point : Volume-volume relationship
reaction.
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T2 WK 2 Topic :
Topic : Calculations based on chemical equations 5 of ……
The mole ratio in which

reactants combine and Point
products are formed
give the stoichiometry Point :
of reaction.
H2SO4 2H+ + SO4 2- Point :
Number of moles
1 2 1
Point :
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T2 WK 2 Topic :
Molar mass 24g 36.5g

Mass-volume relationship 95g 2g
Reacting mass= amount x Reacting mass 24g (2x36.5)
molar mass 95g 2g
Amount = reacting mass = n Examples
molar mass m Calculate the number of
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 moles of CaCl2, that can be
No. of moles obtained from 25g of
1 2 1 1 limestone, CaCO3, in the
Mole ratio presence of excess HCl, ( Ca=
1 : 2 : 1 : 1 40, C=12, O=16, H=1,
Cl=35.5)
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......: Topic :Calculations based on
chemical equations
Equation of reaction
2. What mass of Pb(NO3)2,
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 +
would be required to yield 9g
H2O + CO2
of PbCl2, on the addition of
From the equation,
excess NaCl? ( Pb=207, N=14,
1 mole of CaCO3 yield 1 mole
O=16, Na=23, Cl=35.5
of CaCl2.
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl
Number of moles of CaCO3
PbCl2 + 2NaNO3
reacted
1 mole2moles 1mole 2moles
= reacting mass25g = 0.25mol
Molar mass
molar mass 100gmol-1
331g 278g
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chemical equations
Volume-volume relationship
Equal volumes of gases at a
278g of PbCl2 are obtained given temperature and
from 331g of Pb(NO3)2 pressure contain the same
Then 9g of PbCl2 are number of molecules. The
obtained from volumes of gases can be
9 x 331 = 10.7g of Pb(NO3)2 calculated from a balanced
278g chemical, provided that the
gases are under the same
conditions of temperature
and pressure
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chemical equationsClass work
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O 1.Define mole ratio.
4vol : 5vol : 4vol : 6vol 2.Define stoichiometry.
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O 3.Calculate the number of
moles of CaCl2, that can be
4vol. : 5vol. : 4vol. 6vol.
1mol. : 5/4mol. : 4/4mol. : obtained from 75g of
6/4mol. limestone, CaCO3, in the
260cm3 of NH3 will use up presence of excess HCl,
5/4 x 260= 325cm3 O2 ( Ca= 40, C=12, O=16, H=1,
Cl=35.5)
260cm3 of NH3 will produce
4/4 x 260=260cm3 NO.
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chemical equations
4. What mass of Pb(NO3)2,

would be required to yield
18g of PbCl2, on the ASSIGNMENT
New School Chemistry by
addition of excess NaCl?
Osei Yaw Ababio 9th edition;
( Pb=207, N=14, O=16,
Page 184 -185. Number 20,
Na=23, Cl=35.5
25, 29
Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaCl
PbCl2 + 2NaNO3
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......: Topic :Introduction to periodic table
of elements
Learning Outcomes
Point
State periodic law
Describe periodic table
Point :
• Explain the keys to Point :

periodic table
Point :
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......: Topic :Introduction to periodic table
of elements
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T2 WK 3 Topic :
Topic :Introduction to periodic table of elements 3 of ……
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Point
Explain the shortcomings
of Mendeleev’s
Point : periodic table
periodic table.
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Point : Classification into groups and

1. State periodic law periods
2. State the chemical

symbols of the following
Point : Periodic law
elements : mercury, lead,
gold, sodium.
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T2 WK 3 Topic :
Write the electronic

Point
configuration of the
following elements:
Point : Keys to periodic table
Na, Ca, Ar, F.
PERIODIC TABLE Point : Symbols of elements

Periodic table is the
arrangement of element
into the various groups
Point : Electronic configuration
and periods based on their
atomic numbers.
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T2 WK 3 Topic :
Classification into groups and

periods
Point
The modern form of periodic
table is divided into eight
vertical columns known as Point : The shape of orbitals
groups and seven horizontal
rows known as periods.
Group
The vertical columns of elements or Point : valency
groups are numbered from 0 to 7.
Elements in the same group have
the same number of electrons in the
outermost shell of their atoms. Point : Advantage of valency
Besides the eight main groups
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T2 WK 3 Topic :
Elements in the same period

have the same number of
there are also the transition electron shells., i.e. elements
groups of element. These of period 2 have two
lie between group 2 and 3 electrons shells (K, L ), those
in the periodic table. of period 3 have three (K, L,
Period M) and so on. Among the
The horizontal rows of elements in periods 6 and 7
elements or periods are are the elements of the
numbered from 1 to 7. lanthanide and actinide
series respectively.
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T2 WK 3 Topic :
Topic : Introduction to periodic table of elements 8 of ……
Keys to periodic table

There are two major keys to
They are also known as the
periodic table. They are atomic
inner transition elements.
numbers of the elements and
Periodic law
electronic configuration of the
The periodic law states that
elements.
the properties of the
Elements in group 1 are called
elements are a periodic
alkali metals e.g. sodium,
function of their atomic
potassium.
numbers.
Elements in group 2 are called
alkaline Earth metals e.g.
calcium, magnesium
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T2 WK 3 Topic
Topic:: Introduction to periodic table of elements 10 of ……
Electronic configuration
This is the arrangement of Electronic configuration of
electrons in the various shells of atoms using s, p, d, f
an atom of an element. notation
The way electrons are arranged There are four sub-orbitals.
in an atoms is determined by They are s, p, d, f orbitals.
the order in which the sub-
shells occur on a scale of
The maximum number of
increasing energy levels. This is electrons in s- orbital is 2. It
so because in the ground state has only one sub-orbital. The
the electrons will be found in maximum number of
the lowest energy levels electrons in p-orbital is 6. It
available. has three sub-orbitals.
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T2 WK 3 Topic :
They are px, py, pz. The

maximum number of
electrons in d- orbital is 10.
i.e s and p orbitals, M shell
It has 5 sub-orbitals. The
has 3 orbitals i.e. s, p and d
maximum number of
orbitals and N shell has 4
electrons in f-orbitals is 14.
orbitals i.e. s, p, d and f
It has 7 sub-orbitals. K-shell
orbitals.
has s orbital, L-shell has 2
orbitals
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T2 WK 3 Topic :
The shape of orbitals The s electrons move about

to produce the effect of a
spherical cloud around the
nucleus. Thus s orbitals are
spherical in shape.
The p orbitals move about
three x, y and z that are at
right angles to one another.
Thus , the p orbitals have a
marked directional character.
The three p orbitals have
dumb bell shapes.
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......: Topic : Introduction to periodic table
of elements
Arrangement of electrons in the various Notes /Picture /Diagrams/Formulae/Class

orbitals work/ Assignments
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of elements
Element Atomic Electronic configuration. S,
number p, d, f notation
H 1 1s1
He 2 1s2
Li 3 1s2 2s1
Be 4 1s2 2s2
B 5 1s2 2s2 2p1
C 6 1s2 2s2 2p2
N 7 1s2 2s2 2p3
O 8 1s2 2s2 2p4
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of elements
F 9 1s2 2s2 2p5
Ne 10 1s2 2s2 2p6
Na 11 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Mg 12 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Al 13 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Si 14 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
P 15 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
S 16 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
Cl 17 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
Ar 18 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
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of elements
K 19 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Sc 21 (Ar)4s2 3d1
Ti 22 (Ar)4s2 3d2
V 23 (Ar)4s2 3d3
Cr 24 (Ar)4s1 3d5
Mn 25 (Ar)4s2 3d5
Fe 26 (Ar)4s2 3d6
Co 27 (Ar)4s2 3d7
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2 8
of elements
Valency
Valency is the combining
power of an element.
Metals usually have
positive oxidation number Notes /Picture /Diagrams/Formulae/Class
work/ Assignments
while non-metals tend to
have negative oxidation.
Some elements exhibit
more than one valency.
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of elements
Element Symbol Valency
Aluminium Al 3
Calcium Ca 2
Chlorine Cl 1
Copper Cu (1 or 2)
Hydrogen H 1
Oxygen O 2
Sodium Na 1
potassium K 1
Sulphur S 2
Iron Fe (2 or 3)
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of elements
Valencies of some radicals
Radical Formula Valency
Ammonium NH4+ 1
Hydroxide OH- 1
Trioxonitrate V NO3- 1
Dioxonitrate III NO2- 1
Trioxocarbonate IV CO32- 2
Hydrogentrioxocarbonate IV HCO3- 1
Tetraoxosulphate VI SO42- 2
Trioxosulphate IV SO32- 2
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of elements
Class work
1.State periodic law.
2.Write the chemical
Advantage of valency symbols of the following
The valency allows us to elements: mercury, lead,
construct the formulae of gold, sodium.
compounds from 3.Write the electronic
component elements.. configuration of the
following: Na, Ca, Ar, F
4.Write the valences of the
following elements:
5.Cu, Ar, Ca, Na, O
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of elements
Assignment
Osei Yaw Ababio 9th edition;
Page 159. Number 20a, 21a
and 21b
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T2 WK 4 Topic : CHEMICAL BONDING 1 of ……
Learning Outcomes
Define electrovalent bond. Point
Describe the formation of
electrovalent Point :
compounds.
Define electrovalent Point :

compounds.
State properties of
electrovalent compounds.
Point :
Describe the structure of
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T2 WK 4 Topic::CHEMICAL BONDING
Topic 2 of ……
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ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Point
Describe the structure of
electrovalent Point :Electrovalent bond
compounds.
ASSESSMENT QUESTION
Point :
1. Define electrovalent bond.
2. Explain the formation of
sodium chloride.
3. State 2 properties of Point :
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Electrovalent bond
In electrovalent bond, there Point
is a transfer of electrons
from one atom ( usually
metals) to another (usually Point :
non-metal).
The electrons involved Point :

reside in the outermost
shells of the atoms and
are known as valence Point :
electrons.
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In electrovalent combinations,
after donating their valence
electrons, metals become Point
positively charged; non-
metals becomes negatively
charged. Point : electrovalent bond
Formation of electrovalent
compounds
Formation of sodium chloride Point : Formation of electrovalent
compounds
(Na+ Cl-)
Before combination
Sodium atom
chlorine atom Point :Properties of electrovalent
Proton 11 17 compounds
Electron 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7
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After combination Properties and structure of

Sodium ion(+)chloride ion (-) electrovalent
compounds
Electron 2, 8 2, 8, 8 1. They have high melting
Electrovalent compounds and boiling points.
An electrovalent compound 2. They are electrolytes so
is a compound formed when they conduct electricity
a metal transfer its valence in solution or molten
electron(s) to a non-metal in form.
order to attain the octet 3. They are soluble in water.
structure of noble gases. 4. They are solids.
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Class work
1. Define electrovalent
bond.
2. Explain the formation Assignment
of sodium chloride.
3. Define electrovalent New School Chemistry by
compounds. Osei Yaw Ababio 9th
4. State 2 properties of edition; Page 72.
electrovalent Number 23
compounds.
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T2 WK 5 Topic : Chemical bonding 1 of ……
Learning Outcomes
Define covalent bond. Point
Describe the formation

Point : Covalent bond
of covalent
compounds.
Define covalent Point : Formation of covalent
compounds. compounds
State properties of
covalent compounds. Point : Structures of covalent
Describe the structure of compounds
covalent compounds
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Essential question
Explain why electrovalent Point
and covalent bonds are
stronger than Van der Point : Properties of covalent
waal’s forces of compounds
attraction.
Assessment questions Point :Coordinate covalent or dative

i. What is covalent bond? bond
ii. State properties of
covalent bond.
iii. State effect of hydrogen Point : Hydrogen bond
bond.
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Covalent bond
In covalent bond, there is a Point
sharing of a pair of electrons
between the two reacting
atoms so that both can attain
the stable octet structure. Point : Effects of hydrogen bond
This pair of electrons is
known as the shared pair.
Each reacting atom Point : Metallic bond
contributes one member

of a shared pair. Thus,
molecules are formed in Point : Van Der Waal’s forces
covalent bond.
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Diatomic molecules of
element and organic Point
compounds are formed by
covalent combination.
Examples are Cl2, H2, N2, Point :
HCl, HF, O2, CO2, CH4, NH3,
H2O
Point :
Point :
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Structures of covalent
compounds
Covalent compounds consist
of molecules which have a
definite shape. Simple
covalent compounds are
often either gases or volatile
liquids because their
molecules, being electrically
neutral, are not bound by
strong attractive forces.
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Coordinate covalent or
Properties of covalent
dative bond
compounds
1. They are usually molecules
In Coordinate bond, there is
which are either gases or also a sharing of electrons.
volatile liquids. The pair in the coordinate
2. They are usually dissolved covalent bond is donated by
in non-polar solvents and only one of the participants.
not in polar solvents like Such a pair of electrons is
water
3. They are non-electrolytes
called the lone pair. Thus,
i.e. do not conduct one of the reactants in a
electricity. coordinate covalent bond
4. Low boiling and low must have a lone pair.
melting point
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Topic :
• For example , ammonia and water can take part in

dative bonding because each of them has at least one
lone pair of electron.
• EXAMPLES
• Formation of ammonium ion , NH4+
• Ammonium ion is formed when ammonia combines
with hydrogen ion from hydrogen chloride, HCl.
• NH3 + H+ NH4 +
• H H +
• H N: + H+ H N :H
• H H
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They tend to pull the shared

Hydrogen bond
pair of electrons in the
The hydrogen bond is an
covalent bonds towards
intermolecular force which
themselves, resulting in the
arises when hydrogen is
formation of dipoles where
covalently linked to
the hydrogen atom is
elements like nitrogen,
partially positive while the
oxygen, and fluorine. These
nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine
latter elements are strongly
atom is partially negative. An
electronegative, i.e. they
electrostatic attraction
have strong affinity for
between two dipoles is up
electrons.
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up when the positive pole

of one molecule attracts
the negative pole of
another. This attractive
force is known as the
hydrogen bond.
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Topic :
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF IONIC BONDING
• Wide differences in the electronegativity

• Low ionization energy for metal and high
electron affinity for non-metals.
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Metallic bond
Metals tend to give out their
valence electrons which form
Effects of hydrogen bond
electron cloud. The resultant
It has important effects on
positively charged metallic
the physical properties of
ions tend to repel one
compounds i.e. it increases
another but are held
the boiling point. It also
together by the attractive
increases the solubility of
force of this electron cloud.
the compounds.
It is this attraction which
constitutes the metallic
bond.
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T2 WK 5 Topic : Chemical Bonding 10 of ……
The strength of the metallic

bonds varies considerably
among different metals. It
is much stronger in iron
(Fe) than in Sodium (Na) or
Potassium (K), both of
which can be cut easily
with a knife.
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Van der waal’s forces

Van der waal’s forces are
intermolecular forces of
attraction. These are weak
attractive forces exist even
between discrete molecules. Notes /Picture /Diagrams/Formulae/Class
These forces are very weak work/ Assignments
when compared with ionic and
covalent bonds. E.g. solid
iodine, solid carbon IV oxide
(dry ice), naphthalene crystals,
graphite, noble gases.
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Class work
1.Differentiate between
Assignment
electrovalent bond and
covalent bond.
Osei Yaw Ababio 9th
2. State 3 properties of
edition; Page 72.
covalent bond.
Numbers 1-10
3. Define metallic bond.
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T2 WK 6 Topic : GAS LAWS 1 of ……
Learning Outcomes
State kinetic theory of matter Point
Mention the four states of
matter
State the properties of state Point : kinetic theory of matter
of matter
Explain the following Point : States of matter

processes: melting,
boiling, evaporation,
vapour pressure,
saturated vapour Point : Properties of states of matter
pressure, condensation
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Topic :
The kinetic theory of matter postulates that the

particles of matter are continually moving and
so possess kinetic energy.
An increase in temperature causes an increase in
the average kinetic energy of the particles.
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Topic :
States of matter
Matter exists in four states as solid, liquid, gas
and plasma
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Properties of solid
1. Solids have a definite shape.
2. Solids have a definite volume.
6. They cannot be
3. Solids have a mass.
4. The particles are held compressed.
together by strong 7. High density.
cohesive forces.
5. The particles can only vibrate
and rotate about their
fixed position but they can
not translate.
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Properties of liquid
1. Liquids have no definite
volume.
2. Liquids assume the
shape of the container in
which it is placed.
3. Liquids have a mass.
4. They can vibrate, rotate
and translate.
5. A liquid can not be
compressed.
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Properties of gas
1. A gas has a fixed mass.
Change of state of matter
2. A gas has no definite
A given substance can exist
shape.
as a solid, liquid or gas.
3. A gas has no definite
Change of state is brought
volume.
about by a change in
4. The particles move about
temperature (i.e. heating or
constantly at great
cooling).
speed and at random.
5. They can be compressed.
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Melting
When a solid is heated, the
particles acquire more kinetic
energy and vibrate more
violently. Eventually, at a certain
temperature called the melting
point of the solid, the force of
the vibrations overcomes the
binding forces and the
crystalline structure collapses
suddenly. The particles are no
longer held in fixed positions,
but instead are free to move
about.
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Boiling
When a liquid is heated,
the rate of evaporation
increases. The saturated
vapour pressure of the
liquid also increases until a
temperature is reached at
which it equals the
prevailing atmospheric
pressure. When this
happens, bubbles of vapour
form in the liquid and rise
to the surface.
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Evaporation
The liquid is then said to In a sample of a given
boil and the temperature at substances, some particles
which this happens is are more energetic particles
known as the boiling point come near a liquid surface,
of the liquid at the and break away from the
prevailing atmospheric attractive forces of the other
pressure. nearby liquid molecules and
escapes into the space
above, i.e. vaporise.
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When this happens the

liquid evaporates.
Evaporation of a liquid
occurs at all temperatures
but, the rate of evaporation
increases with increase in
temperature.
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......: Condensation
T2 WK 6 Topic : GAS LAWS Condensation is the change of
10 of ……
the physical state of matter is the

Saturated vapour pressure change of the physical state of
is the pressure in which the matter from gas phase is the
number of particles change of the physical state of
condensing into the liquid matter from gas phase into
liquid phase is the change of the
is equal to the number of physical state of matter from gas
particles evaporating from phase into liquid phase, and is the
the liquid. reverse of evaporation. Mostly
N.B. The vapour pressure of refers to the water cycle. It can
a liquid depends only on also be defined as the change in
the temperature and the state of water vapour to liquid
water when in contact with any
nature of the liquid.
surface. During condensation,
heat is lost by the particles and
then cooling takes place.
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Topic :
Reasons why real gases deviate ideal gas law
• Molecules of real gases occupy significant

volume
• There is significant force of attraction between
the molecules of real gases especially at low
temperature
• Collision between the molecules of real gases
is not perfectly elastic
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Phenomena supporting
kinetic theory of matter
1.Brownian motion
2.Diffusion
Assignment
3.Osmosis
Classwork
4. Explain why liquids
Osei Yaw Ababio 9th
assume the shape of a
edition; Page 97.
container in which it is
Number 17 and 18
placed.
5.Explain why gaseous
particles move freely.
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Learning Outcomes
State the postulates of kinetic Point
theory of gases.
State Boyle’s law, Charles’
Point :
law, general gas equation
and ideal gas law.
Write mathematical for Boyle’s law,
Point :
Charles’ law, general gas
equation and ideal gas law.
Draw the graph for Boyle’s law and
Charles’ law. Point :
Explain Boyle’s law and Charles’ law
using kinetic theory of gases
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Topic :
Postulates of the kinetic theory of gases

It states the following
1. The gas molecules move randomly in straight
lines, colliding with one another and with
walls of the container.
2. The collisions of the gas molecules are
perfectly elastic.
3. The actual volume occupied by the gas
molecules is negligible relative to the volume
of the container.
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Topic :
4. The cohesive forces between the gas

molecules are negligible.
5. The temperature of the gas is a measure of
the average kinetic energy of the gas particles.
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Mathematical expression of
Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law
Boyle’s law states that the
V ά 1/P
volume of a given mass of
V=K/P
gas is inversely
Or PV=K
proportional to its
P1V1=P2V2
pressure, provided that the
Where V1=Volume at
temperature remains
pressure P1
constant.
V2=Volume at pressure P2
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Kinetic theory explanation

of Boyle’s law
When the pressure on the
gas molecules increases,
then the volume occupied
by the gas molecules
decreases at constant
temperature.
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Example
375cm3 of a gas has a
pressure of 770mmHg. Find
its volume if the pressure is
reduced to 750mmHg. V2= 770X375
P1V1=P2V2 750
P1=770mmHg V1=375cm3 V2 = 385cm3
P2=750mmHg
V2=?
V2 = P1V1
P2
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Charles’ law
Mathematical expression of
Charles’ law states that the
Charles’ law
volume of a given mass of
V T
gas is directly proportional
V=KT
to its temperature in Kelvin,
Or V/T=K
provided that pressure
V1/T1=V2/T2
remains constant.
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Kinetic theory explanation

of Charles’ law
When gas molecules are To remain at constant
heated, the molecules pressure, the volume of the
acquire more kinetic gas is increased. So, at
energy , move faster and constant pressure, the
collide more often with the volume of a given mass of
walls of the vessel i.e. gas is directly proportional to
frequency of collisions the temperature.
increases, thereby
increasing the pressure
they exert.
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Example
At 170C, a sample of
hydrogen gas occupies
125cm3. What will the
volume be at 1000C, if the
=125X373
pressure remains constant.
290
V1/T1=V2/T2
= 161cm3
V1=125cm3
T1=17+273=290K, V2=?
T2= 100+273=373K
V2=V1T2
T1
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General Gas Equation

It simply states that for a
fixed mass of gas under any Standard temperature and
set of conditions of V, P and pressure (s.t.p).
T, the value of PV/T must Standard temperature is
remain constant. 273K or 00C while standard
P1V1= P2V2 pressure is 760mmHg, 1atm
T1 T2 or 1.01 X 105Nm-2.
V2= P1V1T2
P2T1
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At s.t.p, a certain mass of

gas occupies a volume of
760cm3. Find the
temperature of which the
P2= 726mmHg T2= ?
gas occupies 100cm3 and
T2= P2V2T1
has a pressure of
P1V1
726mmHg.
= 726 X 1000 X 273
P1V1 = P2V2
=343.1K
T1 T2
760 X 760
P1=s.p = 760mmHg, V1=
760cm3
T1= s.t. = 273K V2=
1000cm3
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Ideal gas equation

Ideal gas equation states
R=PV/nT
that for an ideal gas PV/T is
= (1atm) (22.40dm3)
a constant.
(1mol) (273K)
PV/T=R (R is constant)
= 0.082atmdm3K-1mol-1
PV=RT
PV=nRT
For n moles of gas,
n=PV/RT where p=2atm,
PV= nRT
V=5.0dm3
Where p in atm, V in dm3, T
T= 100C = 10 + 273 = 283K
in K at s.t.p. for 1 mole of
gas,
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R= 0.082atmdm3K-1mol-1
Absolute(zero temperature)
n = 2x 5.0 = 0.43mole
Absolute (zero) temperature
0.082 x 283
is the temperature at which
Deviation of real gases
the volume of a gas would be
from ideal gases
theoretically reduced to zero.
1.Real gases occupy space
Absolute temperature is also
unlike ideal gases.
the temperature at which all
2.Real gases have forces of
motion of gas molecules is
attraction unlike ideal
assumed to have ceased
gases.
(stopped).
3.Real gases liquefy when
the temperature drops.
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Classwork
It is also defined as the
1. 275cm3 of a gas has a
lowest temperature
pressure of 650mmHg.
theoretically possible.
Find its volume if the
Absolute or zero
pressure is reduced to
temperature is -2730C.
690mmHg.
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2. 2.0moles of an ideal gas

are at a temperature of
-130C and a pressure of Assignment
2atms. What volume in
dm3 will be the gas New School Chemistry by Osei
occupy at that Yaw Ababio 9th edition; Page 98.
temperature? Number 19 and 21
(R = 0.082atmdm3K-1mol-
1
)
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......:
Learning Outcomes
State Gay lussac’s law of Point
combining volumes,
Avogadro’s law, Graham’s
law of diffusion and Point : Gay lussac’s law of combining
Dalton’s law of partial volumes
pressure.
Solve questions on Gay Point : Avogadro’s law
Lussac’s law of combining
volumes, Avogadro’s law,
Graham’s law of diffusion
and Dalton’s law of partial Point : Vapour density
pressure.
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Essential question
Point
Why Avogadro’s law
sometimes referred to Point : Graham’s law of diffusion and its
as a hypothesis? mathematical expression
Assessment questions Point : Dalton’s law of partial pressure

1. State Gay Lussac’s law and its mathematical expression
of combining volume
2. State Avogadro’s law
3. State Graham’s law of Point :
diffusion
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......:
Gay Lussac’s law

Gay Lussac’s law of Point
combining volumes states
that when gases combine ,
they do so in volumes Point :
which bear a simple ratios
to one
another and to the Point :

volumes of the products,
if gaseous at constant
temperature and Point :
pressure.
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Gay Lussac- Two volumes of

hydrogen reacted with one Point
volume of oxygen to yield
two volumes of steam.
Hydrogen + oxygen steam Point :
volume 2 1 2 Point :
Ratio 2 : 1 : 2
Point :
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1. What is the volume of

oxygen required to burn
completely 45cm3 of
methane (CH4)?
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
1vol. 2vol. 1vol. 2vol.
1 : 2
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Volume before sparking

By Gay Lussac’s law, 20cm3 20cm3 0cm3
1 volume of methane Reacting volumes 20cm3
requires 2 volumes of 10cm3
oxygen, Volume after sparking -
10cm3 20cm3
i.e. 1cm3 of methane
Residual gases = unreacted
requires 2cm3 of oxygen, oxygen + carbon IV oxide
45cm3 of methane requires formed
90cm3 of oxygen. Volume of residual gases =
10cm3 + 20cm3 = 30cm3
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Relative vapour density

The vapour density of a gas
( or vapour) is expressed as
Avogadro’s law the number of times a given
Avogadro’s law states that volume of the gas ( vapour)
equal volumes of all gases is a heavy as the same
at the same temperature volume of hydrogen at a
and pressure contain the particular temperature and
same number of molecules. pressure.
V.D of a gas = mass of a given
volume of the gas
mass of an equal volume of
H2
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Graham’s law of diffusion

Vapour density and relative
states that at a constant
molecular mass
temperature and pressure,
V.D = relative molecular
the rate of diffusion of a gas
mass of gas
is inversely proportional to
2
the square root of its density.
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Mathematical expression This expression above is used

Rα 1 when the volumes are
√D different.
Rate of diffusion = volume
R1 √D1= R2 √D2 time
R1 = √D2
R2 √D1 t1 = M1
t2 M2
It is used when the volume is
the same.
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1. If 280cm3 of hydrogen
diffuse in 40seconds Dx = vapour density of gas X =
how long will it take for 25
490cm3 of a gas, X, DH = vapour density of
whose vapour density
hydrogen
is 25, to diffuse under
V.D = ½ x relative molecular
the same conditions?
mass of the gas
(RMM of H2= 2)
DH = ½ x Mr of hydrogen = ½ x
Rx = rate of diffusion of the
2=1
X in cm3s-1
RX = √DH
RH = rate of diffusion of
hydrogen= 280cm3 RH √ Dx
40s
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RX = RH √DH
√Dx
2. Under the same
= 280 1 conditions of temperature
40 √25 and pressure, hydrogen
diffuses 8times as fast as a
= 7 x 1/5 = 1.4cm3s-1 gas, Y. calculate the relative
molecular mass of Y.
490cm3 of X would diffuse
[RMM of H2 = 2]
in 490 = 350s
1.4
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1/64 = 2
RY = √MH
MY
RH √MY
MY = 2 X 64
= 128
1/8 = √2
The relative molecular mass
√MY
of gas Y = 128
(1/8)2 = 2
MY
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Dalton’s law of partial

pressure Mathematical expression
The Dalton’s law of partial PTotal= PA + PB + PC + …………
pressures states that if If a gas is collected over
there is a mixture of gases water, it is likely to be
which do not react saturated with water vapour
chemically together, then and the total pressure
the total pressure exerted becomes:
by the mixture is the sum PTotal= Pgas + Pwater vapour
of the partial pressure of
the individual gases that
make up the mixture.
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Phydrogen gas = Ptotal - Pwater vapour

Example =765-7=758mmHg
A certain mass of hydrogen P1V1 = P2V2
gas collected over water at T1 T2
60C and 765mmHg pressure P1= 758mmHg, V1= 35cm3
has a volume of 35cm3. T1=6+273=279k P2=
Calculate the volume when S.P=760mmHg,
it is dry at s.t.p. (s.v.p. of V2= volume of gas at s.t.p
water at 60C=7mmHg) T2= s.t.= 273k
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Classwork
V2= P1V1T2 State the following laws: i. Gay

P2T1 lussac’s law of combining volumes
= 758 X 35 X 273 =34.2cm3 ii. Avogadro’s law
iii. Graham’s law of diffusion
760 X 279
iv. Dalton’s law of partial pressure.
The volume of the gas at 2. 50cm3 of N2 react with 250cm3
s.t.p is 34.2cm3 of hydrogen to produce
ammonias if all the volumes of
gases are measured at s.t.p.
Calculate the volume of the
residual gases.
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......:
Assignment

Osei Yaw Ababio 9th
edition; Page 98.
Number 23, 24 and 28
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......:
Notes /Picture /Diagrams/Formulae/Class Notes /Picture /Diagrams/Formulae/Class

work/ Assignments work/ Assignments
HOME

2nd Term-chemistry-year 10 Notes (2022-2023)

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Topic :

WEEK 3: introduction to periodic table of elements WEEK 4: chemical bonding(ionic bonding)

WEEK 5: Chemical bonding( covalent and dative) WEEK 6: mid-term break

WEEK 8: Gas law (Boyles, Charles law, general gas

WEEK 9: Gas laws (Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law

WEEK 11: Examination WEEK 12:

Calculate mole Point :

Calculate mass and

Picture or diagrams to introduce the lesson or topic

Note: Elementary Point : Formulae of mole

Mole of element = mass of element

Mole of a compound = Point :

Mole is also given as thus in Examples

Volume of oxygen = 2.5 x

Mole = mass Mole is also given as thus in

How many atoms are there

Calculate mass, mole Point :

Assessment questions Point :

Mass- mass relationship

This relationship between Point : Mass-volume relationship

The mole ratio in which

H2SO4 2H+ + SO4 2- Point :

Molar mass 24g 36.5g

4. What mass of Pb(NO3)2,

• Explain the keys to Point :

Picture or diagrams to introduce the lesson or topic

ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS Point : Classification into groups and

2. State the chemical

Write the electronic

PERIODIC TABLE Point : Symbols of elements

Classification into groups and

Elements in the same period

Keys to periodic table

They are px, py, pz. The

The shape of orbitals The s electrons move about

Arrangement of electrons in the various Notes /Picture /Diagrams/Formulae/Class

Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Define electrovalent Point :

The electrons involved Point :

After combination Properties and structure of

Describe the formation

Picture or diagrams to introduce the lesson or topic

Assessment questions Point :Coordinate covalent or dative

Each reacting atom Point : Metallic bond

contributes one member

• For example , ammonia and water can take part in

They tend to pull the shared

up when the positive pole

• Wide differences in the electronegativity

The strength of the metallic

Van der waal’s forces

Explain the following Point : States of matter

The kinetic theory of matter postulates that the

When this happens the

the physical state of matter is the

• Molecules of real gases occupy significant

Picture or diagrams to introduce the lesson or topic

Postulates of the kinetic theory of gases

4. The cohesive forces between the gas

Kinetic theory explanation