Machine Element I@ Chapter 3 - 6
Machine Element I@ Chapter 3 - 6
Machine Element I@ Chapter 3 - 6
It is necessary to determine the stresses in screw fastening due to both static and dynamic
loading in order to determine their dimensions
5. Bending stress if the surface under the bolt lead or nut are not perfectly normal to the bolt
a. Tensile stress
Since initial stress is inversely
P1 = 284d KN
T = cP1d
Where:- T – the Torque
C – is a constant depending on coefficient of friction at the meeting
surface
P1 – is tightening up load
e. Bending stress
E- young’s models
1. Rivets and Riveting
A rivet is a short cylindrical rod having ahead and at appeared tail.
2. Types of riveted joints and joint efficiency
Riveted joints are mainly of two types Appoints
lap joints
Butt joints
The plates that are to be jointed are brought face to face such that an overlap exists
2. Butt joints
In this type of joint the plates are brought to each other without forming any overlap.
a. Tearing of the plate
P1 = t (p-d)t
Where :- St = allowable tensile stress of the plate material
P = pitch,
d = diameter of the rivet hole
t= thickness of the plate
A joint may fail due to tearing of the plate at an edge as shown in Fig.
This can be avoided by keeping the margin, m = 1.5d, where d is the diameter of
the rivet hole.
t
l
2) Design of transverse fillet joint
The cross-section of the threat is easily
Where h – height
l
W = 50 KN, = 80 Mpa,
Solution
The weid structure give in the problem is subjected to direct shear and bending stresses.
Area of weld
A = (900+900+50+50+50+50)* 0.707 h
A = 1414 h mm2
Direct shear stress =
Resultant stress
Z max
Z max =
Allowable shear stress
=
Equating the value of max to the allowable shear stresses = max
50 =
h = 3.6mm say 4mm
Example-2 A fabricated steel bracket forms the support for a machine hoisting system as shown in
fig and consists of two bolted connections and a welded plate connection calculate the required fillet
weld size for the 300mm thick plate to base plate connection if the allowable shear stress in the weld
is 80 Mpa
Solution
From table for this type of weld bending stress
Keys:- A key is a device w/c is used for connecting two machine parts for preventing
relative motion or rotation with respect to each other.
Key are generally used as temporary fasteners and that can be easily
disassembled.
Types of keys:- the commonly adopted forms of keys are classified in to four types.
1) Saddle key
2) Tangent key
3) Sunk key
4) Round key & taper pines.
1) Saddle key:- it is used for light service
A key way is provided only in the hub of the part to be attached no key seat is
provided in the shaft
3. Sunk key:- A key w/c goes partly in the shaft and partly in the hub
Sunk keys are farther classified as follows
a. Parallel sunk key
H = d/6
L = 1.5d to 3d
b. Taper sunk key:- the width is uniform and the height is tapered by 1/100 the bottom of the hub
key way has the same taper while the key seat shaft is not tapered
c. Gib-head key:- is similar to a square or rectangular key but is has a head at one and generally
Design of keys
1) Sunk key:- A sunk key is subjected to two equal and opposite forces w/c are distributed forces for
our analysis it is assumed that their effect it equivalent to a concentrated force acting tangential to
the diameter of the shaft as shown in figure below
The key may fail either in shear or crushing (compressive)
The torque transmitted by the shaft due to the direct shear force given by
Mt = Fxr where r = d
F = xAs
= x Lxb
F=
There force, the torque transmitted by the key resisting crushing is
Mtk = F, where F =
(FC) (RC)
A shear = A crashing
xLb = x L x h/2
Generally the compressive (crushing) stress is taken twice that of shear stress for square key
(i.e : h = b) = 2
The length of the key is found out by equating torque of the key and the shaft.
Torque transmitted by the key = torque transmitted by the shaft (Mts)
Example-1 A square key of 10x10x75mm dimension is required to transmit 1100N.m torque from a
60mm diameter solid shaft. Determine whether type length is sufficient or not it the permissible shear
stress and crushing stress intensities limited to 60 and 170 Mpa respectively
Given
Required
Which is less than the permissible value 170 N/mm 2 hence the key is safe from crushing,
so, length is sufficient.
Fs
i. Shearing ii. crushing
= 1.7388
= 1.229
Design of splines
Splined shaft has a number of key like projections integral with it and equally spaced the
circumference as shown in figure below. There are engaged with corresponding recces in as plien
hub.
Splined shafts are used where in addition to transmitting hear-loads, axial sliding.
Motion is also to be permitted the standard number of splines on the shaft as four, six, ten and
sixteen
i. Considering bearing failure (crushing)
Torque transmitted Mt = P
=
Where :- P = permissible bearing pressure (N/mm2) , h = height of the splin key , =
length of the splined key, N = number of splined d = major dia of the shaft
ii. Considering bending failure
Bending stress
Mb = Fh
=
Example-2 a spear connection is an automobile then mission consist of 10 splines cut
on a tom mm diameter shaft the light of each splint 3mm and she key way is the hub
are 60mm long. Determine the power the and may be transmuted at 3000 rpm. If the
allowable normal pressure on the spin is eremites of 5 Mpa
P = Mtxw
= Mt x
Beaning (cra)
Mt =
= 301.5 N.M
So that p=
= 97.72 kw
Chapter 5
Design of springs
Introduction
Helical springs are made of circular wire coiled in to a helical form the load
being applied along the axis of the helix. In these springs the major stress is
shear stress due to twisting the helical springs are classified in to
a) Close coiled or tension helical spring
b) Open coiled or compression helical spring
The springs which are sustaining tensile force a long their axes are called helical
tensile or close-coiled springs (having helix-angle < 100)
The springs which can sustaining compressive force along their axes are called
helical compression or open-coiled spring (having helix-angle > 100)
ii. Leaf spring
It consist of flat b axe of varying length clam peel to gather and supported at both ends thus acting as
a simply supported beam.
The major stresses are tensile or compressive
iii. Conical springs
It is made of round wire wound in the shape of cone the major stresses produced in this spring are
shear due to twisting.
It is used either where space limitation does not a new to use cylindrical helical spring or where a
variable rate of stiffness is desired with a single spring.
The most commonly used terms in connection with these springs are as following.
Consider a concentric spring as shown in Fig.
Let W = Axial load,
W1 = Load shared by outer spring,
W2 = Load shared by inner spring,
d1 = Diameter of spring wire of outer spring,
d2 = Diameter of spring wire of inner spring,
D1 = Mean diameter of outer spring,
D2 = Mean diameter of inner spring,
δ1 = Deflection of outer spring,
δ2 = Deflection of inner spring,
n1 = Number of active turns of outer spring, and
n2 = Number of active turns of inner spring.
Fig. Concentric springs.
1. Spring stiffness (k):-
It is defined as the load required per unit of deflection
6. Pitch
The load p on the spring will produce torque on the spring wire
The above derived equitation does not take into account the effect of stress
concentration due to curvature of coil.
Ks
=
Deflection of helical spring
The torsion equitation for deflection is given by
G = modulus of rigidity
We know that
Substitute in to U equitation
=A
Springs in series and parallel
When two or more springs are arranged in series as shown in fig below, their
equivalent stiffness is obtain
When two or more springs are arranged in parallel and subjected load P, their
equivalent stiffness is necessary
() …….series compaction
Parallel competition
Ptat = P1+P2+P3+….+ Pn
Pm =
Pa =
Hence the mean torsional shear stress is
= ksh
Lf = p ts = d (n+1)
Given
G=0.89*105 P Regn
C50 max=?
Y=?
fs=?
Solution
= 125.11 N/mm2
=14.26 mm
Example 2:- helical Subject to a load baying from 400N to 1000N having spring index of 6and to
design factor of safety is 1.5 the compression spring at the max load is 30mm design to helical
compression take the yield stress in shear 110N mm2. Endurance stress in shear ds 350N/mm2 and
to modulates of reqidtery for the spring materials as 80*103N/mm2 alsum to end of the coil is
square and ground
Given
Required
Hence
There force for repeated loading
Pitch P =
Helical angle (
= 33.33N/mm
CHAPTER 6
Pressure Vessels
Introduction
Any cylinder with a fluid inside subjects led to the fluid pressure is called
pressure vessel (vessels tanks, pipe less that carry stone or receiver fluids are
called pressure vessels)
A pressure vessels is defined as containers with pressure differential b/n inside
and outside
Easy manufacturing
Internal pressure
applied load
The basic thicknesses of cylindrical shells are based on simplified stress analysis and allowable
stress for the materials construction
Pipes and tubes
The pipes are extensively used for conveying all types of fluids from one pace to another
Design of pipes
The sitter of pipes and tubes have been stander diced a pipe is designated by its diameter, its
thicknesses and its materials
Q=A*V ()
(if (if
Or
(if
When a thin cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure two types of tansies
stresses are set up in the wall thickness of the cylinder
2. Longitudinal stress (
Assumption
3. The stress induced with in the cylinder wall is uniform throughout its thickness
since the thickness is very small as compared to the to the cylinder diameter
hoop *
Which given
hoop
Considering across- section of the shall perpend deculare to its axis , we have
Therefore the longitudinal section must be more stronger than the transverse
section
When there is a joint or seam in the cylinder, the efficiency of the cylinder joints
should be taken into account therefore
and
where:-
Case I (if po = o)
at r = ro = (
And) –
summary
Stress- strain relationship thick wall cylinders
Case A Reqn.
t=?
p=1.75N/mm2
Solution
18.75 mm ≈ 20 mm
Case B
Example #2 A steel cylinder is 160mm di and 320mm do. If it is subjected to an
internal pressure of 150mga, determine radials tangential and longitudinal stresses
distribution and show the results an plot. Determine the maximum shear stress in the
cylinder, Assume it has closed ends.
Given Required
max =?
= 250N/mm2
And
= 100N/mm2 (min)
longitudinal stress (
50N/mm2
Results
= 150N/mm2 to 0N/mm2
= 250N/mm2 to 100N/mm2
= 50N/mm2
Plot:-
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