EE16505 - Transmission

and Distribution
Unit – 1
Introduction
Introduction

• In early days, Small power station built to supply little demand.

• Increased demand met by big power stations at favourable places.
• Resources (coal,gas,water) far away from consumers.
• Electrical energy produced at power station supplied to
consumers.
• Large network of conductors between power station and
consumers.
• This network divided into two parts
i) Transmission
ii) Distribution

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Electric Supply System
• Conveyance of electric power from a power station to consumers.
• Components
• Power Station
• Transmission Lines
• Distribution System
• Types Electric Supply System
i) D.C or A.C system
ii) Overhead or underground system

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General Layout of Power System

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Grid Connected System

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Types of Transmission System
• D.C System
a) D.C two wire
b) D.C two wire with mid point earthed
c) D.C three wire
• A.C System
a) Single phase A.C system
i. Single phase two wire
ii. Single phase two wire with mid point earthed
iii. Single phase three wire
b) Two phase A.C system
i. Two phase four wire
ii. Two phase three wire
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c) Three phase A.C system
i. Three phase three wire
ii. Three phase four wire

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Comparison of D.C and A.C
Transmission
D.C Transmission
Advantages
• Only two conductors required
• No inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problems
• Voltage drop is less
• Better voltage regulation
• No skin effect
• Potential stress on insulation is less.
• Less corona loss
• Reduced interference with communication circuit
• Free from dielectric looses
• No stability and synchronising problem 10
Disadvantages
• Electric power cannot be generated high D.C
• D.C voltage cannot be stepped up for transmission of power at high
voltages
• D.C switches and circuit breakers have their own limitations
A.C Transmission
Advantages
• Power can be generated at high voltages
• Maintenance of A.C substations is easy and cheaper
• Step up and step down of voltage is easy and efficient
• This permits to transmit power at high voltages and distribute at safe
potential.
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Disadvantages
• Requires more copper
• Construction of A.C transmission line is more complicated
• Due to Skin effect effective resistance increased
• Capacitance in the line makes continuous power loss

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Advantages of High Transmission
Voltage
i. Reduces volume of conductor material

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ii. Increases transmission efficiency

iii. Decreases percentage line drop

Limitations
i. Increased cost of insulating conductors
ii. Increased cost of transformers, switchgear and other terminal
equipment's
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HVAC Line HVDC Line

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Highest Transmission Voltage
D.C Voltage
• 800 KV HVDC line between Chariali(Assam) to Agra
• 1750 Km long
• Carry 6000 MW of power
• 1100 KV is the highest transmission voltage in china for 3300 km long
• Transmit 12 GW of power

A.C Voltage
• 765 KV Lines in India
• 1150 KV is the highest transmission voltage between Ekibastuz-Kokshetau in
Kazakhstan

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Power Map of National Grid

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Distribution System
• The part of power system which distributes electric power for local
use
• It Consists of
i. Feeders
ii. Distributor
iii. Service mains

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Classification of Distribution
Systems
i. Nature of current
a. A.C Distribution
b. D.C Distribution
ii. Types of construction
a. Overhead system
b. Underground system
iii. Scheme of connection
a. Radial system
b. Ring main system
c. Inter connected system

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A.C Distribution
1. Primary Distribution

• Most used primary distribution are 11 kV, 6.6 kV and 3.3 kV

• It is carried out in 3 phase 3 wire system
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2. Secondary Distribution

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D.C Distribution
1. 2 Wire D.C system
2. 3 wire D.C system

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Overhead Versus Underground
System
• Public safety
• Initial cost
• Flexibility
• Faults
• Appearance
• Fault location and repairs
• Current carrying capacity and voltage drop
• Useful life
• Maintenance cost
• Interference with communication circuits
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i. Radial System

Drawbacks
1. End of distributor near the feeding point heavily loaded
2. It depends on single feeder and single distributor. Fault cut off supply to consumer
3. Consumers at distant end of distributor would subject to serious voltage
fluctuations when the load on the distributor changes
4. Due to limitations, this is used for short distance only 24
ii. Ring main system

Advantages
1. Less voltage fluctuation at consumers terminal
2. Reliable
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iii. Interconnected system

Advantages
1. Increase the service reliability
2. Load shared by different generating station. So it will Reduces
reserve power capacity and increased efficiency
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 Requirements of a Distribution
System
i. Proper voltage
ii. Availability of power on demand
iii. Reliability

Design Considerations in
Distribution System
i. Feeders
ii. Distributors

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D.C Distribution
Types
I. Distributor fed at one end
II. Distributor fed at both ends
III. Distributor fed at the centre
IV. Ring Distributors

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I. Distributor fed at one the end

II. Distributor fed at both ends

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III. Distributor fed at the centre

IV. Ring mains

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D.C Distribution Calculations
i. Concentrated loading
ii. Uniform loading
iii. Both Concentrated and uniform loading

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D.C Distributor Fed at one End-Concentrated Loading

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Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at
One End

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Distributor Fed at Both Ends – Concentrated Loading
• Two ends fed with equal voltages

Point of minimum potential

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• Two Ends fed with unequal voltages

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Uniformly Loaded Distributor Fed at Both Ends

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Ring Distributor
• Distributor arranged to form a closed loop fed at one more points
• Series of distributors fed at both ends

Advantage
• Proper choice in the number of feeding points
• Great economy in copper

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Ring Main Distributor with Interconnector
• Voltage drop in various section of distributor become excessive
• Distant points of distributor are joined with conductor

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3 Wire D.C System
• DC voltage cannot be changed
• It is solved by using 3 wire DC system

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A.C Distribution
AC Distribution Calculations
• Voltage drop due to combined effects of resistance, inductance and
capacitance
• AC system operation are done vectorially
• Power factor taken into account
• Power factor may be referred to supply or receiving end voltage
which is regarded as the reference
• It may be referred to the voltage at the load point itself

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i. Power factors referred to receiving
end

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ii. Power factors referred to respective load voltage

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Video Links
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nBM1kd_ECog
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQg2Y0kp2vI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjY31x0m3d8
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q-aVBv7PWM
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1BMWczn7JM

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