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40 views31 pages

4.topic 2 - Note 1-Env. Measurement

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ijahmasri
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EAP 216:

INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
2020/2021

Environmental
Measurement
Learning objectives:
1) Calculate chemical concentration (mass/mass,
mass/volume, volume/volume, mole/mole, mole/volume,
and equivalent/volume units.
2) Convert chemical concentration to a parts per million or part
per billion basis
3) Calculate chemical concentration in units of partial pressure
4) Calculate chemical concentration in common constituent
units such as hardness, nitrogen, phosphorus, global
warming potential, carbon equivalents, and carbon dioxide
equivalents.
5) Use the ideal gas law to convert between units of ppm v and
µg/m3.
6) Calculate particle concentrations in air and water
7) Represent specific chemical concentration in mixtures to a
direct effect such as oxygen depletion to express units of
biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand.
1)Mass concentration
units

Important prefixes
prefix unit abbreviation
pico 10-12 p
nano 10-9 n
micro 10-6 µ
milli 10-3 m
kilo 10+3 k
1.1 MASS/MASS UNITS

 Parts per million, parts per billion, parts


per trillion, and so on.
 E.g. 1 mg of a solute placed in 1 kg of
solvent equals 1 ppm
1mg 110  3 g 1g
  1 ppm
1kg 110 g 110 g
3 6

 Partsper million by mass (referred to as


ppmm or ppm) is defined as the number
of unit of mass of chemical per million
units of total mass.
 Mathematically:

ppm g of i in10 g total


m
6

 Equivalent to:
mi
ppmm  10 6
mtotal
 Similar definitions
 1 ppbm equals 1 part per billion or 1 g of
a chemical per billion (109)g total
m
ppb  10
i 9

m
m
total

 1 pptm usually means 1 part per trillion


(1012). It may also refer to part per
thousand.
Example (concentration
in soil)
A 1 kg of soil is analyzed for the
chemical solvent trichloroethylene
(TCE). The analysis indicates that the
sample contains 5.0 mg of TCE. What
is the TCE concentration in ppmm and
ppbm?
Solution (concentration
in soil)
5.0 mg TCE 0.005 g TCE
[TCE ]  
1.0 kg soil 10 g soil
3

510 g TCE
6

 10 6

g soil
5 ppm m

5000 ppb m

In soil and sediments, mg/kg equals ppmm, and


µg/kg equals ppbm
Exercise 1 (a)

A water sample contains 10 mg NO3-/L.


what is the concentration in ppmm and
ppbm.
Exercise 1 (b)

A liquid sample has a concentration


of iron (Fe) of 5.6 mg/L. the density
of the liquid is 2000 g/L. What is the
Fe concentration in ppmm?
1.2 Mass/Volume Units

 Inthe atmosphere, mass per volume


of air
 mg/m3 and µg/m3
 In
water, mass over volume
concentration units
 mg/L and µg/L
 In
aqueous system – if the solvent is
water
 ppmm is equivalent to mg/L
 Density of pure water is approximately
1000 g/L at 5o C
 At 20o C, the density decrease slightly to
998.2 g/L.
This equality is strictly true only for dilute solutions, in
which any dissolved materials does not contribute
significantly to the mass of the water, and the total
density remains is approximately 1000 g/L
 Mostwastewater and natural water can be
considered dilute, except perhaps seawater,
brine and some recycled streams.
Example (concentration in
water)
One liter of water is analyzed and
found to contain 5.0 mg of TCE. What
is the TCE concentration in mg/L and
ppmm?
Solution (concentration in
water)
5.0 mg TCE 5.0 mg
[TCE ]  
1 .0 L H 2 O L
 To convert to ppmm, a mass/mass unit, it is
necessary to convert the volume of water to
mass of water.
5.0 mg TCE 1.0 L H 2O
[TCE ]  
1.0 L H 2O 1000 g H 2O
5 mg TCE 5.0 10  6 g TCE 10 6 ppmm
  
1000 g total g total mass fraction
5.0 ppmm
Example (concentration in
air)
 What is the carbon monoxide (CO)
concentration expressed in µg/m3 of
a 10 L gas mixture that contains 10-6
mole of CO?
Solution (concentration
in air)
 Moles → mass
 By multiplying moles to molecular
weight.
 C = 12, O = 16, CO = 28
1.0 10 mole CO 28 g CO
6

CO   
10 L total mole CO
2810  6 g CO 10 6 g 103 L
   3
10 L total g m
2,800 g / m 3
Exercise 2

 The concentration of
monochloroacetic acid in rainwater
collected in Parit Buntar was 7.8
nanomoles/L. Given that the formula
for monochloroacetic acid is
CH2ClCOOH, calculate the
concentration in µg/L.
2) Volume/Volume and
Mole/Mole Units
Volume/Volume and
Mole/Mole Units
 Frequently used for gas
concentration.
 The most common volume fraction
units are
V
ppm 
 Part per million 10
by volume
i
(referred to as
6

V
v

ppm or ppm )v
total

 Where Vi/Vtotal = volume fraction and


106 = conversion factor, with units of
 Advantage: gaseous concentration
reported in these unit do not change
as a gas is compressed or expanded.
 For mass/volume (µg/m3),
concentration decrease as the gas
expands, since the pollutant mass
remains constant but the volume
increases.
2.1 Using the ideal gas law to
convert ppmv to µg/m3

 Pressure (P) times volume occupied


(V) equals the number of moles (n)
times the gas constant (R) times the
absolute temperature (T) in degrees
Kelvin or Rankine.

PV nRT
2.1 Using the ideal gas law to
convert ppmv to µg/m3

 Some of the most common values for R


 0.08205 L-atm/mole-K
 8.205 x 10-5 m3-atm/mole-K
 82.05 cm3-atm/mole-K
Be careful of its
 1.99 x 10-3 kcal/mole-K units and cancel
them out to ensure
 8.314 j/mole-K you are using the
correct value of R
 1.987 cal/mole-K
 62,358 cm3-torr/mole-K
 62,358 cm3-mm Hg/mole-K
 At standard conditions (P = 1 atm
and T = 273.15 K), 1 mole of any
pure gas will occupy a volume of
22.4 L.
 Derived by using the corresponding
value of R (0.08205 L-atm/mole-K)
and the form of ideal
V n
RT gas law is:
P
 For gases, volume ratios and moles ratios
are equivalent.
 From ideal gas law, at constant
temperature and pressure, the volume
occupied by a gas is proportional to the
number of moles. moles i
ppm  10 6

moles total
v

 Canuse either units of volume or units of


moles to calculate ppmv
Example (Gas concentration
in Volume Fraction)
A gas mixture contains 0.001 mole of
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 0.999 mole
of air. What is the SO2 concentration,
expressed in units of ppmv?
Solution (Gas concentration
in Volume Fraction)

VSO2
[ SO2 ]  10 6

Vtotal
 To solve, convert the number of
moles of SO2 to volume using the
ideal gas law and the total number of
moles to volume.
 Then, divide the two expressions.
Solution (Gas concentration
in Volume Fraction)
RT
V 0.001 mole SO 
P
SO2 2

RT
V 0.999  0.001mole total 
P
Total

RT
(1.000) mole total 
P
Substitute these volume terms for ppmv
RT
0.001 mole SO2 
ppmv  P 10 6
RT
1.000 mole total 
P
0.001 L SO2
ppmv  10 6
1.000 L total
1,000 ppmv
 Conversionof air concentrations between units
of µg/m3 and ppmv
g P
ppmv MW 
m3 RT

 Where :
 MW is the molecular weight of the chemical species,
 R equals 0.08205 L-atm/mole-K
 T is temperature in degrees K
 Note that at 0oC, RT has a value of 22.4 L-atm/mole-K
while at 20oC, RT has a value of 24.2 L-atm/mole-K
Example (Conversion of Gas
concentration between ppbv and µg/m3)

 The concentration of SO2 is


measured in air to be 100ppbv. What
is this concentration in units of
µg/m3? Assume the temperature is
28oC and pressure is 1 atm.
Solution (Conversion of Gas
concentration between ppbv and µg/m3)
100 m 3 SO2
100 ppbv  9 3
10 m air solution
100 m 3 SO2 P 100 m 3 SO2 1atm
  
109 m 3 air solution RT 109 m 3 air solution 8.20510  5 m atm (301K )
3

mole.K
4.0510  6 mole SO2

m 3 air
hen, convert the moles of SO2 to mass of SO2 by using the molecular weight of

4.0510 mole SO 64 g SO 10 g
6 6

 2
 2

m air
3
mole SO 1g2

260 g / m 3
Exercise 3

 What is the concentration in ppmv of


carbon monoxide (CO) with a
concentration of 103 µg/m3? Assume
a temperature of 25oC and pressure
of 1atm.

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