Lecture 3:

Amplitude
Modulations and
Demodulations I
Chapter
Course: ENGFour
442
Presented By: Eng. Bushra Melhem
Biomedical Engineering Department
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University

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 Chapter Outline
01 02 03 04
AM SSB and QAM
DSB-SC
Modulation VSB Modulation
Modulation
and Modulation and
and
Demodulati and Demodulati
Demodulati
on Demodulati on
on
on

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Introduction
 Remember that Modulation often refers to moving the message
signal into a specific frequency band dictated by the physical
channel (e.g., voiceband telephone modems).

 Types of communication systems based on the modulation

technique are:
⚬ Carrier communications: communication systems that use
modulation (e.g., telephone system when the call is for long-
distance). 3
 Amplitude Modulations and Angle
Modulations
is the source message and its Fourier transform is denoted as
If we want to shift to a new frequency band centered at Hz, we
simply multiply by a sinusoid of frequency

This immediately achieves the basic aim of modulation by moving

the signal frequency content to be centered at ± via
1 1
𝑆 1 ( 𝑓 ) = 𝑀 ( 𝑓 − 𝑓 𝑐) + 𝑀 ( 𝑓 + 𝑓 𝑐 )
2 2
This multiplication is in fact allowing changes in the amplitude of
the sinusoid to be proportional to the message signal.  4

Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulations and Angle
Modulations
• More broadly, consider a sinusoidal signal

• There are three variables in a sinusoid: amplitude,

(instantaneous) frequency, and phase. Indeed, the message
signal can be used to modulate any one of these three
parameters to allow to carry the information from the
transmitter to the receiver:

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 Types of Amplitude Modulations
1.Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC): This is the
same as the AM modulation below but without the carrier.
2.Double Sideband with carrier (AM): This is the most widely
used type of AM modulation. In fact, all radio channels in the AM
band use it.
3.Single Sideband (SSB): In this modulation, only half of the
DSBSC signal is used.
4.Vestigial Sideband (VSB): This is a modification of the SSB to
ease the generation and reception of the signal.
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5.Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM: operates by

 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
Assume that we have a message signal m(t) with bandwidth (BW) 2πB rad/s
(or B Hz) that has an FT

Let the signal c(t) be a carrier signal (itself carrying no information at all) that
is given by
𝑐 ( 𝑡 ) = co s 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑐 𝑡

such that the frequency of the carrier is much larger than the highest
frequency in the information signal ( >> ) (we set the amplitude of the carrier
to be 1, but it can be any value).
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 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
DSBSC Modulation

m(t) cos - ) + M(
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DSB-SC Modulating and modulated signals in
time and frequency domains

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 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
• Note that if the bandwidth of m(t) is B Hz, then the modulated signal now
has a bandwidth of 2B Hz.
• The modulated signal spectrum centered at ± ( or ± , in rad/s) consists of
two parts: upper sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB).
• Unless has an impulse at zero frequency, the modulated signal does not
contain a discrete component of the carrier frequency In other words, the
modulation process does not introduce a sinusoid at , for this reason, it is
called double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation.
• To transmit the signal without overlap, must be B.
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Example: broadcast band AM radio, for instance, with B = 5 kHz and the
 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC) – cont’d
For example, broadcast band AM radio, for instance, with B = 5
kHz and the band of 550 to 1600 kHz for the carrier frequencies,
gives a ratio of /B roughly in the range of 100 to 300.

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Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
Demodulation(DSBSC)
• DSBSC Demodulation is the process of recovering the
signal from the modulated signal

LPF

Issue
?

2
𝑒 ( 𝑡 ) ∧¿ 𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) cos 𝜔 𝑐 𝑡
1
¿ = [ 𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) + 𝑚 ( 𝑡 ) co s 2 𝜔 𝑐 𝑡 ]
2
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Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
DSBSC Demodulation (recovering the signal
from the modulated signal)

Demodulation consists of multiplication of the incoming

modulated signal by a carrier followed by a low-pass filter (LPF).
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Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
DSBSC Demodulation (recovering the signal from the
modulated signal)

• This method of recovering the baseband signal is called

synchronous detection, or coherent detection, where we use a
carrier of the same frequency (and phase) as the carrier used for
modulation. Thus, for demodulation, we need to generate a local
carrier at the receiver in frequency and phase coherence
(synchronism) with the carrier used at the modulator.

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Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
Example 1:

LPF

Fig. 13
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4.1e
 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)
Solution: The case in this example is referred to as tone
modulation because the modulating signal is a pure
sinusoid, or tone, .
The spectrum of the baseband signal is given by

How
?

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Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)

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Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC)

Suppressed by LPF Suppressed by LPF

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Modulators

• Now the question is how this modulation process is implemented.

• Modulation can be achieved in several ways. We will discuss the following

modulators:
1. Multiplier Modulators
2. Nonlinear Modulators
3. Switching Modulators

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Multiplier Modulators

• Here modulation is achieved directly by multiplying the baseband signal with a carrier
signal , using an analog multiplier whose output is proportional to the product of two
input signals.
• Typically, such a multiplier may be obtained from a variable-gain amplifier in which
the gain parameter (such as the of a transistor) is controlled by one of the signals,
say, . When the signal is applied at the input of this amplifier, the output is
proportional to .

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Nonlinear Modulators

• Modulation can also be achieved by using nonlinear devices, such as a

semiconductor diode or a transistor.

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Nonlinear Modulators

Similar
ly,

BPF at
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Switching Modulators

• A modulated signal can be obtained by multiplying not only by a pure

sinusoid but by any periodic signal of the fundamental radian
frequency .
• Such a periodic signal can be expressed by a trigonometric Fourier
series as

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Hence,
• This shows that the spectrum of the product
is the spectrum shifted to , , , …… But we
only need !!
• We can pass the signal through a bandpass
filter of bandwidth 2B Hz and tuned to .

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 Switching Modulators

Example 2: The square pulse train is a periodic signal whose Fourier series is

The signal is given by

The signal consists not only of the component but also of an infinite number of
modulated signals with carrier frequencies , 3 Therefore, the spectrum of consists of
multiple copies of the message spectrum ) shifted to 0, , ,

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Switching Modulators

• For modulation, we are interested in extracting the

modulated component only.
• To separate this component from the rest of the
crowd, we pass the signal through a bandpass filter
of bandwidth 2B Hz (or 4B rad/s), centered at the
frequency .

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Switching Modulators

Multiplication of a signal
by a square pulse train is
in reality a switching
operation in which the
signal is switched on and
off periodically. This can
be accomplished by
simple switching
elements controlled by .

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Switching Modulators

• Diode-bridge modulator can be used to

produce the switching action.
• When the signal is of a polarity that will
make terminal c positive with respect to d,
all the diodes conduct.
• Because diodes D1 and D2 are matched,
terminals a and b have the same potential
and are effectively shorted.
• During the next half-cycle, terminal d is
positive with respect to c, and all four
diodes open, thus opening terminals a and Diodes D1, D2,
D3, and D4
b.
are matched
pairs
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 Switching Modulators

Series-bridge diode Shunt-bridge diode

modulator modulator

+ve cycle  a-b is short  m(t) +ve cycle  a-b is short  m(t)
passes does not pass

-ve cycle  a-b is open  m(t) -ve cycle  a-b is open  m(t)
does not pass passes 27
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Switching Modulators

Ring Modulator

• During the positive half-cycles of the carrier, D1 and D3

conduct, and D2 and D4 are open.
• Hence, terminal a is connected to c, and terminal b is connected
to d.

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Switching Modulators

• During the negative half-cycles of the carrier, D2 and D4

conduct, and D1 and D3 are open.
• Hence, terminal a is connected to d, and terminal b is
connected to c.
• Here, the output is proportional to during the positive half-
cycles and to during the negative half-cycles.
• In effect, is multiplied by a square pulse train .

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Switching Modulators

• The Fourier series of is

When this waveform is passed through a bandpass filter tuned to ,

the filter output will be the desired signal . 30
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Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals

• At the receiver, we multiply the incoming signal by a local carrier of frequency and
phase in synchronism with the incoming carrier.
• The product is then passed through a low-pass filter. The only difference between
the modulator and the demodulator lies in the input signal and the output filter.
• In the modulator, message is the input while the multiplier output is passed through
a bandpass filter tuned to , whereas in the demodulator, the DSB-SC signal is the
input while the multiplier output is passed through a low-pass filter.
• Therefore, all the modulators discussed earlier without multipliers can also be used
as demodulators, provided the bandpass filters at the output are replaced by low-
pass filters of bandwidth B.
• For demodulation, the receiver must generate a carrier in phase and frequency
synchronism with the incoming carrier. These demodulators are synonymously
called synchronous or coherent (also homodyne) demodulators.

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Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals

Example 3: Analyze the switching demodulator that uses the

electronic switch (diode bridge) as a switch (either in series or in
parallel).

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Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals

Solution:
The input signal is . The carrier causes the periodic
switching on and off of the input signal. Therefore, the
output is Using the identity , we obtain

Recall:
LPF 33
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Demodulation of DSB-SC Signals

Exercise
Show that the output of the ring circuit operating as a demodulator
(with the low-pass filter at the output) is (twice that of the
switching demodulator in previous example).

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Example 4: Frequency Mixer/Converter

We shall analyze a frequency mixer, or frequency converter, used

to change the carrier frequency of a modulated signal from to
another frequency .

Solution:

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Example 4: Frequency Mixer/Converter

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Example 4: Frequency Mixer/Converter

In either case, a bandpass filter at the output, tuned to , will pass

the term and suppress the other term, yielding the output . Thus,
the carrier frequency has been translated to from .

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End of Slides
Thank you

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