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INTRODUCTION TO
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NETWORKING

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NETWORKS AFFECT OUR LIVES

Networks Connect Us

Communication is almost as
important to us as our
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reliance on air, water, food,
and shelter. In today’s world,
through the use of networks,
we are connected like never
before.

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NETWORKS AFFECT OUR LIVES

Network and Needs!

 Software resource
 Hardware resource
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NETWORKS AFFECT OUR LIVES

Network and Needs!

 Software resource
 Hardware resource
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NETWORKS AFFECT OUR LIVES

No Boundaries

• World without boundaries

• Global communities
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• Human network

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NETWORK COMPONENTS
Host Roles

Every computer on a network is called a host or

end device.
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Servers are computers that provide information to
end devices:
• email servers
Server Type Description
• web servers
• file server Email Email server runs email server software.
Clients use client software to access email.
Clients are computers that send requests to the
servers to retrieve information: Web Web server runs web server software.
Clients use browser software to access web pages.
• web page from a web server
• email from an email server
File File server stores corporate and user files.
The client devices access these files.

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NETWORK COMPONENTS
Peer-to-Peer

It is possible to have a device be a client and a server in a Peer-to-Peer Network. This type of network design is only
recommended for very small networks.
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Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration

Less complex Not as secure

Lower cost Not scalable

Used for simple tasks: transferring Slower performance

files and sharing printers

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NETWORK COMPONENTS
End Devices

An end device is where a message

originates from or where it is
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received. Data originates with an
end device, flows through the
network, and arrives at an end
device.

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NETWORK COMPONENTS
Intermediary Network Devices

An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples include switches, wireless access points,
routers, and firewalls.
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Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role of an intermediary device, including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.

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NETWORK COMPONENTS
Network Media

Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to travel from
source to destination.
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Media Types Description
Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses

Glass or plastic fibers within Uses pulses of light.

cables (fiber-optic cable)

Wireless transmission Uses modulation of specific

frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.

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NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS AND TOPOLOGIES

Network Representations

Network diagrams, often called topology

diagrams, use symbols to represent devices within
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the network.
Important terms to know include:
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Physical Port
• Interface

Note: Often, the terms port and interface are

used interchangeably

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NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS AND TOPOLOGIES

Topology Diagrams
Physical Topology
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Physical topology diagrams illustrate

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the physical location of intermediary
devices and cable installation.

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NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS AND TOPOLOGIES

Topology Diagrams
Logical Topology
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Logical topology diagrams illustrate

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devices, ports, and the addressing
scheme of the network.

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COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS

Networks of Many Sizes

• Small Home Networks – connect a few

computers to each other and the Internet
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• Small Office/Home Office – enables computer
within a home or remote office to connect to a
corporate network
• Medium to Large Networks – many locations Small Home SOHO
with hundreds or thousands of interconnected
computers
• World Wide Networks – connects hundreds of
millions of computers world-wide – such as the
internet

Medium/Large World Wide

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COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS

LANs and WANs

Network infrastructures vary greatly in terms

of:
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• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services available
• Area of responsibility

Two most common types of networks:

• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN).

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COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS

LANs WANs
A LAN is a network infrastructure that A WAN is a network infrastructure
spans a small geographical area. that spans a wide geographical area.
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LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas.
Administered by a single organization or individual. Typically administered by one or more service providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal devices. Typically provide slower speed links between LANs.

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COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS

The Internet

The internet is a worldwide collection of

interconnected LANs and WANs.
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• LANs are connected to each other using
WANs.
• WANs may use copper wires, fiber optic
cables, and wireless transmissions.
The internet is not owned by any individual or
group. The following groups were developed
to help maintain structure on the internet:
• IETF
• ICANN
• IAB
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COMMON TYPES OF NETWORKS

Intranets and Extranets

An intranet is a private collection of LANs and

WANs internal to an organization that is
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meant to be accessible only to the
organizations members or others with
authorization.
An organization might use an extranet to
provide secure access to their network for
individuals who work for a different
organization that need access to their data on
their network.

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INTERNET CONNECTIONS
Internet Access Technologies

There are many ways to connect users and

organizations to the internet:
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• Popular services for home users and
small offices include broadband cable,
broadband digital subscriber line (DSL),
wireless WANs, and mobile services.
• Organizations need faster connections
to support IP phones, video
conferencing and data center storage.
• Business-class interconnections are
usually provided by service providers
(SP) and may include: business DSL,
leased lines, and Metro Ethernet.

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INTERNET CONNECTIONS
Home and Small Office Internet Connections

Connection Description
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Cable high bandwidth, always on, internet offered by

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cable television service providers.
DSL high bandwidth, always on, internet connection
that runs over a telephone line.
Cellular uses a cell phone network to connect to the
internet.
Satellite major benefit to rural areas without Internet
Service Providers.
Dial-up telephone an inexpensive, low bandwidth option using a
modem.

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INTERNET CONNECTIONS
Businesses Internet Connections
Type of Description
Corporate business connections may require: Connection
• higher bandwidth Dedicated Leased These are reserved circuits within the service
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Line provider’s network that connect distant offices with
• dedicated connections private voice and/or data networking.
• managed services
Ethernet WAN This extends LAN access technology into the WAN.

DSL Business DSL is available in various formats including

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (SDSL).

Satellite This can provide a connection when a wired solution is

not available.

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INTERNET CONNECTIONS
The Converging Network

Before converged networks, an

organization would have been
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separately cabled for telephone,
video, and data. Each of these
networks would use different
technologies to carry the signal.
Each of these technologies would
use a different set of rules and
standards.

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INTERNET CONNECTIONS
The Converging Network

Converged data networks carry

multiple services on one link
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including:
• data
• voice
• video
Converged networks can deliver data,
voice, and video over the same
network infrastructure. The network
infrastructure uses the same set of
rules and standards.

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RELIABLE NETWORK
Network Architecture

Network Architecture refers to the

technologies that support the infrastructure
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that moves data across the network.
There are four basic characteristics that the
underlying architectures need to address to
meet user expectations:
• Fault Tolerance
• Scalability
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Security

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RELIABLE NETWORK
Fault Tolerance

A fault tolerant network limits the impact of

a failure by limiting the number of affected
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devices. Multiple paths are required for
fault tolerance.
Reliable networks provide redundancy by
implementing a packet switched network:
• Packet switching splits traffic into
packets that are routed over a
network.
• Each packet could theoretically take a
different path to the destination.
This is not possible with circuit-switched
networks which establish dedicated circuits.
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RELIABLE NETWORK
Scalability

A scalable network can expand quickly and

easily to support new users and applications
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without impacting the performance of
services to existing users.
Network designers follow accepted
standards and protocols in order to make
the networks scalable.

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RELIABLE NETWORK
Quality of Service

Voice and live video transmissions require higher

expectations for those services being delivered.
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Have you ever watched a live video with constant
breaks and pauses? This is caused when there is
a higher demand for bandwidth than available –
and QoS isn’t configured.
• Quality of Service (QoS) is the primary
mechanism used to ensure reliable delivery of
content for all users.
• With a QoS policy in place, the router can
more easily manage the flow of data and voice
traffic.

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RELIABLE NETWORK
Network Security

There are two main types of network security that must be

addressed:
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• Network infrastructure security
• Physical security of network devices
• Preventing unauthorized access to the devices
• Information Security
• Protection of the information or data
transmitted over the network
Three goals of network security:
• Confidentiality – only intended recipients can read
the data
• Integrity – assurance that the data has not be
altered with during transmission
• Availability – assurance of timely and reliable
access to data for authorized users
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NETWORK TRENDS
Recent Trends

The role of the network must adjust and

continually transform in order to be able to keep
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up with new technologies and end user devices
as they constantly come to the market.
Several new networking trends that effect
organizations and consumers:
• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• Online collaboration
• Video communications
• Cloud computing

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NETWORK TRENDS
Bring Your Own Device

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) allows users to

use their own devices giving them more
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opportunities and greater flexibility.
BYOD allows end users to have the freedom to
use personal tools to access information and
communicate using their:
• Laptops
• Netbooks
• Tablets
• Smartphones
• E-readers
BYOD means any device, with any ownership,
used anywhere.
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NETWORK TRENDS
Online Collaboration

• Collaborate and work with others over

the network on joint projects.
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• Collaboration tools including Cisco
WebEx (shown in the figure) gives users
a way to instantly connect and interact.
• Collaboration is a very high priority for
businesses and in education.
• Cisco Webex Teams is a multifunctional
collaboration tool.
• send instant messages
• post images
• post videos and links

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NETWORK TRENDS
Video Communication

• Video calls are made to anyone,

regardless of where they are located.
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• Video conferencing is a powerful tool
for communicating with others.
• Video is becoming a critical requirement
for effective collaboration.
• Cisco TelePresence powers is one way of
working where everyone, everywhere.

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NETWORK TRENDS
Cloud Computing

Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or backup our data on

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servers over the internet.

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• Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud.
• Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in the world.

Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.

• Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data centers, lease server and
storage services from larger data center organizations in the Cloud.

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NETWORK TRENDS
Cloud Computing

Four types of Clouds:

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• Public Clouds
• Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free.
• Private Clouds
• Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government.
• Hybrid Clouds
• Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public.
• Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same architecture.
• Custom Clouds
• Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or media.
• Can be private or public.

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NETWORK TRENDS
Technology Trends in the Home

• Smart home technology is a growing

trend that allows technology to be
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integrated into every-day appliances
which allows them to interconnect with
other devices.
• Ovens might know what time to cook a
meal for you by communicating with
your calendar on what time you are
scheduled to be home.
• Smart home technology is currently
being developed for all rooms within a
house.

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NETWORK TRENDS
Powerline Networking

• Powerline networking can allow devices

to connect to a LAN where data network
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cables or wireless communications are
not a viable option.
• Using a standard powerline adapter,
devices can connect to the LAN wherever
there is an electrical outlet by sending
data on certain frequencies.
• Powerline networking is especially useful
when wireless access points cannot
reach all the devices in the home.

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NETWORK TRENDS
Wireless Broadband

In addition to DSL and cable, wireless is

another option used to connect homes
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and small businesses to the internet.
• More commonly found in rural
environments, a Wireless Internet
Service Provider (WISP) is an ISP that
connects subscribers to designated
access points or hotspots.
• Wireless broadband is another solution
for the home and small businesses.
• Uses the same cellular technology
used by a smart phone.
• An antenna is installed outside the
house providing wireless or wired
connectivity for devices in the home.
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NETWORK SECURITY
Security Threats

• Network security is an integral part of

networking regardless of the size of the
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network.
• The network security that is implemented
must take into account the environment
while securing the data, but still allowing
for quality of service that is expected of the
network.
• Securing a network involves many
protocols, technologies, devices, tools, and
techniques in order to secure data and
mitigate threats.
• Threat vectors might be external or
internal.

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NETWORK SECURITY
Security Threats

External Threats:
• Viruses, worms, and Trojan horses
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• Spyware and adware
• Zero-day attacks
• Denial of service attacks
• Data interception and theft
• Identity theft
• Threat Actor attacks

Internal Threats:
• lost or stolen devices
• accidental misuse by employees
• malicious employees
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NETWORK SECURITY
Security Solutions

Security must be implemented in multiple

layers using more than one security
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solution.
Network security components for home or
small office network:
• Antivirus and antispyware
software should be installed on
end devices.
• Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to the
network.

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NETWORK SECURITY
Security Solutions

Larger networks have additional security

requirements:
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• Dedicated firewall system
• Access control lists (ACL)
• Intrusion prevention systems
(IPS)
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
The study of network security starts with
a clear understanding of the underlying
switching and routing infrastructure.

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NETWORKING TODAY
Key Terms
 server  satellite connection
 client  dialup telephone connection
end device converged data network
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 

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 intermediary device  fault-tolerant network
 topology  scalable network
 small office and home office (SOHO) networks  quality of service (QoS)
 local-area networks (LANs)  security

 wide-area networks (WANs)  bring your own device (BYOD)

 internet  cloud computing
 intranet  powerline networking
 extranet  wireless internet service provider (WISP)
 internet service provider (ISP)
 digital subscriber line (DSL)
 cellular connection
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NETWORKING TODAY
Summary
 Networks Affect Our Lives
 Network Components
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 Network Representations and Topologies

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 Common Types of Networks
 Internet Connections
 Reliable Networks
 Network Trends
 Network Security

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CHECK YOUR
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UNDERSTANDING
QUESTIONS

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 1:
During a routine inspection, a technician discovered that software that was installed on a computer was
secretly collecting data about websites that were visited by users of the computer. Which type of threat is
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affecting this computer?

A. DoS attack

B. identity theft

C. spyware

D. zero-day attack

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 2:
Which term refers to a network that provides secure access to the corporate offices for suppliers,
customers, and collaborators?
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A. internet

B. intranet

C. extranet

D. extended net

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 3:
A large Corporation has modified its network to allow users to access network resources from their
personal laptops and smartphones. Which networking trend does this describe?
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A. cloud computing

B. online collaboration

C. bring your own device

D. video conferencing

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 4:
What is an ISP?
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A. It is a standards body that develops cabling and wiring standards for networking.

B. It is a protocol that establishes how computers in a local network communicate.

C. It is an organization that enables individuals and businesses to connect to the internet.

D. It is a networking device that combines the functionality of several different networking devices in
one.

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 5:
For which of the following would the use of a WISP be recommended?
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A. an internet cafe in a city

B. a farm in a rural area without wired broadband access

C. any home with multiple wireless devices

D. an apartment in a building with cable access to the internet

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 6:
What characteristic of a network enables it to quickly grow to support new users and applications without
impacting the performance of the service being delivered to existing users?
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A. reliability

B. scalability

C. quality of service

D. accessibility

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 7:
A college is building a new dormitory on its campus. Workers are digging in the ground to install a new water
pipe for the dormitory. A worker accidentally damages a fiber-optic cable that connects two of the existing
dormitories to the campus data center. Although the cable has been cut, students in the dormitories experience
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only a very short interruption of network services. What characteristic of the network is described here?

A. quality of service

B. scalability

C. security

D. fault tolerance

E. integrity
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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 8:
What are two characteristics of a scalable network? (Choose two.)
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A. easily overloaded with increased traffic

B. grows in size without impacting existing users

C. is not as reliable as a small network

D. suitable for modular devices that allow for expansion

E. offers limited number of applications

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 9:
Which device performs the function of determining the path that messages should take through
internetworks?
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A. a router

B. a firewall

C. a web server

D. a DSL modem

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 10:
Which two internet connection options do not require that physical cables be run to a building? (Choose
two.)
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A. DSL

B. cellular

C. satellite

D. dialup

E. dedicated leased line

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 11:
What type of network must a home user access in order to do online shopping?
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A. an intranet

B. the internet

C. an extranet

D. a local area network

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 12:
How does BYOD change the way businesses implement networks?
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A. BYOD requires organizations to purchase laptops rather than desktops.

B. BYOD users are responsible for their own network security, thus reducing the need for organizational

security policies.

C. BYOD devices are more expensive than devices that are purchased by an organization.

D. BYOD provides flexibility in where and how users can access network resources.

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 13:
An employee wants to access the network of an organization remotely, in the safest possible way. What
network feature would allow an employee to gain secure remote access to a company network?
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A. ACL

B. IPS

C. VPN

D. BYOD

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 14:
What is the internet?
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A. It is a network based on Ethernet technology.

B. It provides network access for mobile devices.

C. It provides connections through interconnected global networks.

D. It is a private network for an organization with LAN and WAN connections.

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONS

Question – 15:
What are two functions of end devices on a network? (Choose two.)
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A. They originate the data that flows through the network.

B. They direct data over alternate paths in the event of a link failure.

C. They filter the flow of data to enhance security.

D. They are the interface between humans and the communications network.

E. They provide the channel over which the network message travels.

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