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SOURCES OF DRUGS & active principles Dr Mari

The document discusses various sources of drugs, including plant, animal, mineral, synthetic, and microbiological origins. It details specific examples of drugs derived from these sources, such as penicillin from fungi and morphine from poppy flowers. Additionally, it explains the active principles in crude drugs, highlighting their chemical constituents and biological activities.

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6 views

SOURCES OF DRUGS & active principles Dr Mari

The document discusses various sources of drugs, including plant, animal, mineral, synthetic, and microbiological origins. It details specific examples of drugs derived from these sources, such as penicillin from fungi and morphine from poppy flowers. Additionally, it explains the active principles in crude drugs, highlighting their chemical constituents and biological activities.

Uploaded by

malikss223344
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 66

DR.

MARIA ILYAS
SENIOR LECTURER
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS
SOURCES OF
DRUGS
 🧩 "What do penicillin, caffeine, and
quinine have in common?"
💡 Options:
A) All are synthetic drugs
B) All come from plants
C) All have natural sources
D) All are discovered accidentally
 Penicillin comes from fungi 🍄, caffeine
from plants ☕, and quinine from tree bark
🌳
 Let’s explore how nature is the biggest
pharmacy in the world!"
Drugs can be obtained
from:
 Plant source
 Animal source
 Mineral/Earth source
 Synthetic/Semi-Synthetic source
 Microbiological source
PLANT /
VEGETABLE
SOURCE
PLANT / VEGETABLE SOURCE

ROOTS

Ipecacuanha root ........ Emetine
antiprotozoal and emetic drug
 Rauwolfia serpentina ........ Reserpine

antihypertensive and antipsychotic


drug
Ipecacuanha root ... Emetine
Rauwolfia serpentina ...
Reserpine
STEM
 Chondrodendron Tomentosum .......
D-tubocurarine
skeletal muscle relaxant

 Atropa Belladona........ Atropine


anticholinergic drug
Chondrodendron tomentosum ... D-
tubocurarine
Atropa Belladona ... Atropine
BARKS
 Cinchona bark .……. Quinine,
Quinidine (antimalarial drugs)
 Willow Bark…. Salicin (aspirin similar)
 Atropa Belladona .……. Atropine
anticholinergic drug
 Hyoscyamus niger .……. Hyoscine
motion sickness and postoperative
nausea and vomiting
Cinchona bark Hyoscyamus niger
Quinine, Hyoscine
Quinidine
LEAVES
 Digitalis purpura ........ Digoxin,
Digitoxin
cardiac glycosides…CCF
 Eucalyptus ........ Eucalyptus oil
sinus decongestant, cough , sore throat
,
dental, antimicrobial, asthma
 Tobacco leaves ........ Nicotine
parasympathomimetic
 Atropa Belladona ........ Atropine
parasympatholytic
Digitalis purpura ... Digoxin,
Euclaptus ... Euclaptus oil
Tobacco leaves … Nicotine
FLOWERS
 Papaver Somniferum …….. Morphine
opioid analgesic
 Rose …….. Rose water

 Vinca rosea …….. Vincristine,


Vinblastine
chemotherapy medications
Papaver Somniferum … Morphine
Rose … Rose water
Vinca rosea …
Vincristine,Vinblastine
FRUITS
 Senna pod ...….. Anthracene
red dye ,wood
preservative

 Calabar beans ...…..


Physostigmine
a parasympathomimetic drug
Senna
pod
Anthracen
e
Calabar
beans
Physostigmin
e
SEEDS
 Nux Vomica seeds..……
Strychnine……pesticide
 Castor oil seeds …….. Castor oil
laxative and anti
inflammatory
 Calabar beans ……. Physostigmine
parasympathomimetic
Nux Vomica
seeds
Strychnine
Castor oil seeds
Castor oil
ANIMAL SOURCE
 Ant pituitary gland .... Pituitary Gonadotropins
 Sheep thyroid .... Thyroxine
 Pancreas .... Insulin
 Stomach tissues .... Pepsin, Trypsin
 Cod liver .... Fixed oil contains Vit A
&D
 Blood of animals .... Anti toxins, Vaccines
 Urine of pregnant women .... HCG
(Active principles of animal drugs are Proteins,
Oils & Fats, Enzymes and Hormones)
MINERAL / EARTH SOURCE

METALS & NON METALLIC ELEMENTS


 Iron, mercurial salts
 Zinc, iodine
 Gold salts

ORGANIC ACIDS
 Ascorbic acid

MISCELLANEOUS
 Fluorine
 Borax
 Selenium
 Petroleum
SYNTHETIC &
SEMISYNTHETIC SOURCE
 Emetine Bismuth Iodide
 Protamine Zinc Insulin
 Apomorphine
 Diacetyl Morphine
 Ethynyl Estradiol
 Methyl Testosterone
“ The Miracle Mold”
MICROBIOLOGICAL SOURCE
Penicillin → Penicillium notatum / Penicillium
chrysogenum
Vitamin B12 → Pseudomonas denitrificans /
Streptomyces griseus
Erythromycin → Saccharopolyspora
erythraea Streptomycin (Aminoglycoside)
→ Streptomyces griseus
Penicillin → Penicillium notatum / Penicillium
chrysogenum
ACTIVE
PRINCIPLES
OF CRUDE
DRUGS
DEFINITION

The chemical constituents


present in crude animal /
vegetable preparations,
responsible for the biological
activity of that preparation
are called Active Principles.
IMPORTANT ACTIVE PRINCIPLES
 Alkaloids
 Glycosides
 Saponins
 Fixed oils
 Volatile oils
 Fats
 Waxes
 Gums
 Resins
 Oleoresins
 Gum Resins
 Balsams
 Tannins
 Neutral Principles
1.ALKALOID
S
CHARACTERISTICS
 Nitrogenous Compounds
 Complex structure
 Found in plants
 Intensely Bitter
 Very Active Biologically
 Basic in Nature
 Form Salts with Acids, which are water soluble
 Insoluble in Water
 Soluble in Alcohol
 Mostly solids
 Rarely liquids
 End in ----“INE”
SOLID ALKALOIDS

 Morphine
 Papavarine
 Atropine
 Hyoscine
 Quinine
 Ephedrine
 Strychnine
Liquid Alkaloids

Nicotine
Pilocarpine
Lobeline
2. GLYCOSIDES
 Non Nitrogenous, containing C, H & O
 Very Active Biologically
 Found in Plants
 Hydrolyzed by Acid / Enzymes into
 Sugar Portion or Glycone mainly
determines pharmacokinetics
 Non Sugar Portion or Aglycone is
pharmacologically active
 When Sugar Portion is Glucose. It is called
GLUCOSIDE
 English names end in letter “IN”
Examples:

Cardiac Glycosides:
Digoxin
Digitoxin
Gitoxin
Strophanthin
3.OILS
Fixed Oils
Volatile Oils
FIXED OILS
 Esters of higher fatty acid (Oleic/Palmitic/
stearic acids)
 Obtained from
 Plants
 Animals
 Insoluble in water
 Soluble in Ether, Chloroform, Alcohol.
 Bland + Non Irritating
 Greasy Mark on Paper
 Decompose on Distillation (higher boiling points)
 Form Soaps with Alkalies
 Nutrient
 Emolient
EXAMPLES:

Castor Oil
Cod liver Oil
Olive Oil
Volatile Oils
 Mostly contain liquid Hydrocarbons which are
monoterpenes
 Most contain Oxidised Hydrocarbons, which are
usually solids, called Stearoptenes
 Extracted from various parts of plants like
flowers, fruits, leaves & seeds by distillation
 Chemically these are alcohols, phenols & ketones
 Slightly water Soluble – Impart Smell & Taste
 Highly aromatic
Therapeutic Uses:

1. Carminatives (Relieves gas and bloating)


1. Example: Cardamom oil

2. Diuretics (Increase urine output)


1. Example: Oil of Sandalwood

3. Antiseptics (Prevent microbial growth)


1. Example: Clove oil
4. Counter Irritants (Stimulate
local circulation)
1. Example: Turpentine oil

5. Expectorants (Help clear mucus


from the airways)
1. Example: Balsam of Tolu
EXAMPLES
Usually Solids:

1. Camphor

2. Thymol

3. Menthol

Liquids:

1. Eucalyptol
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FIXED
+VOLATILE OILS
FIXED OILS VOLATILE OILS
Theses are Non volatile These are Volatile
Source:
Animals & Plants Plants
Esters of higher fatty They are hydrocarbons
acids
Insoluble in water Slightly soluble in water
Give no smell or taste to They impart smell & taste
water to water
They give greasy mark Do not give greasy mark
on paper on paper
They are bland nonirritant They are mild irritants

They form soaps with alkalies They do not from soaps with
alkalies

They cannot be distilled without They can be transferred by


process of distillation
being decomposed

They become decomposed and They do not decompose


rancid when kept for long time,
particularly during hot weather

They usually have a few They have many actions i.e


Pharmacological Actions i.e Carminatives, Antiseptics,
Nutrient, Emolient Counter Irritants, Diuretics
expectorants flavouring agents.
FATS

Fixed Oils solid at room


temperature
Triglycerides
Obtained From Plants

Animals
EXAMPLES:

Theobroma
Lard
Wool Fat
SAPONINS:
 These resemble glycosides

 Neutral in reaction

 Found in plants

 Emulsifying Agents

 Form a clear solution with water which froths


(soap like form) on shaking

 They are Toxic

 May cause hemolysis of RBCS


EXAMPLES:

Senegin (Expectorant)
Quillia Sapotoxin
WAXES:
 Esters of Fatty Acids with Monohydric Alcohols
 Complex mixtures
 Used in ointments & other topical preparations

EXAMPLES

Bee’s Wax (Cera Alba)

Ointment Base

Emulsifying Agent

Binding Agent
Protective Coating
GUMS:
 PlantExudations
 Carbohydrates Starch
Cellulose
 Amorphous, Transparent
 Viscous Solution with water – Mucilage
 Suspending/Emulsifying Agents

EXAMPLES:
Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth
RESINS:
 Solid& Brittle
 Oxidised volatile oils
 Form Soap with alkalies
 Soluble in alcohol

EXAMPLES:
Colophonium (obtained from pine
trees)
Podophyllum
 OLEORESING:
Resins dissolved in volatile oils
e.g Copaiba
 GUM RESINS:
Combination of Gum + Resin
Exudations of Plant e.g. Myrrh,
Asafetida
 BALSAMS:
Resin + Benzoic +/or Cinnamic Acid

EXAMPLES: Benzoin, Peru, Tolu


TANNINS:
 Non-Nitrogenous
 Precipitated by Metallic Salts or Alkalies
 Astringent to mucosa
 Blue inky color with Iron
 Hydrolyzed to Tannic Acid

NEUTRAL PRINCIPLES:
Do not conform to any special
group
e.g Santonin
Should we rely more
on natural drugs or
synthetic drugs?

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