1/N Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process

Numerical Simulation For Slope Stability Under Infiltration Conditions Using

Different Constitutive Models
Lehrstuhl fr Grundbau, Boden- und Felsmechanik
Fakultt fr Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften
Ruhr-Universitt Bochum, Deutschland
18.07.2011
R.Gupta
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
2/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
OUTLINE
1. Introduction


2. Mohr Coulomb Model & Modified Cam Clay Model


3. Partially Saturated Soils & Barcelona Basic Model


4. Results And Discussion
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
3/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Introduction
LANDSLIDES
A Landslide is an catastrophic event where a block of earthen mass slides downhill
Causes : Groundwater flow
Erosion
Earthquakes
Volcanic Eruption
Rainfall
Problem : Changing Boundary Water Conditions !!!!
Solution : Numerical simulations to understand trigger mechanism of failure.
Challenge :Modeling of unsaturated soil portion as well as infiltration with rain.
Why ???? : Huge loss of money, infrastructure and human lives.

Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
4/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook


SOIL
Complex material.
Non linear behavior, anisotropic & time dependent behavior.
Behaves differently in primary, unloading and reloadi ng.
Non linear behavior well below the failure condition with stress dependent
stiffness.
Plastic deformation & inconsistent in dilatancy.
Experience small strain stiffness at very low strains & upon stress reversals.
Numerous constitutive models have been developed in recent years to
represent stress strain and failure behavior of soils.
These Models inhibit certain Advantages & Disadvantages depending on appl.

Introduction
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
5/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Mohr Coulomb Model.
Mohr Coulomb Model
Linear elastic perfectly plastic model
Combination & Generation of Hookes and
Coulombs law formulated in plasticity
framework.

Bilinear aprrox. of triaxial test
Basic law:


c
i
=c
i
e
+c
i
p

i = x, y,etc.
reversible elastic strain
irreversible plastic strain

f = yield function




c
i
e
=

c
i
p
=

f = f (o
x
,o
y
,o
z
,o
xy
,o
yz
,o
zx
)
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
6/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Mohr Coulomb Model.

Yield Function For MC Model
Failure Criterion:
Or r c cos + s sin
s: center of Mohrs stress circle r: radius of Mohrs stress circle
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
7/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Mohr Coulomb Model.
Flow Rule
For Plastic Strain,


This means :

, , etc.


a multiplier that determaines the magnitude of plastic strains

determines the direction of plastic strains.


Classical Associated plasticity: g=f
General non-associated plasticity: g = f

c
i
p
-
=
cg
co
i

c
x
p
-
=
cg
co
x

c
y
p
-
=
cg
co
y

=
i
g
co
c
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
8/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Parameters
The mohr coulomb yield surface
in principal stress space
In Mohr- Coulomb 5 parameters to be determined:
Youngs modulus, E
Poissons ratio,
Cohesion, c
Angle of friction,
Dilatancy angle,
For elastic range
To define Failure
crieterion
To describe Flow rule
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
9/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Limitations
Limitations of MC model
1
st
order model, includes limited no. of features of soil behavior
No stress dependency nor stress path dependency of stiffness.
Eff. Stress path in Undrained materials may deviate significantly.
Stiffness ( Deformation) behavior- poorly modeled.
No effect of Strain hardening or softening creep of soil.
In general, effective stress states at failure are quite well described using MC failure
criterion with effective strength parameters.
This model is applicable to analyze stability of slopes, embankments & shallow
foundations.

Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
10/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Modified Cam Clay Model
Modified Cam Clay Model
The Cam Clay & Modified Cam Clay models were formulated by researchers at
Cambridge University, Roscoe & Schofield &Wroth (1958), Roscoe & Burland (1968)
MCC is an Elastic-Plastic Strain Hardening model.
Based on Critical State Theory i.e. there is a logarithmic relationship between mean
stress, p & void ratio, e as:

0
0
0
0
'
ln
'
ln
p
e e
p
p
e e
p

k
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
Virgin Isotropic Compression
Isotropic Unloading & Reloading
Advanced plasticity model including effects of non
linear elasticity, pressure sensitivity & both softening
& hardening plastic responses.

ln p
0
ln p
e
Swelling line
Virgin consolidation line
(Normal compression line)
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
11/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Modified Cam Clay Model
Yield Function
) ' ( '
2
2
c
p p p
M
q
f + =
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
12/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Modified Cam Clay Model
Hardeining
If yielding occurs to the right of the point at which
CSL intersects the yield surface, hardening behavior,
accompanied by compression, is exhibited. Also
called wet or subcritical side
Softening
If yielding occurs to the left of the point at which CSL
intersects the yield surface, soil material exhibits
softening behavior, which is accompanied by
dilatancy. Also called dry or supercritical side.
A major advantage of this model is their ability to
model volume changes more realistically for clays.
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
13/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Limitations
Limitations of MCC model
Yield surfaces in CS models significantly overestimate failure stress on dry state.
Assume associated flow rule, unable to predict peak in deviatoric stress before
critical state is reached in loose sand and NC clays.\
The critical state concept has been much less successful for modelling granular
materials.
Limited to saturated clays & stiff over consolidated clays donot generally be modeled
with critical state formulations.
The model is more suitable to describe deformation than failure esp for NC soft soils
Also performs well in applications involving loading conditions.

Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
14/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Boundary Value Problem
Description Of Boundary Value Problem
Water pressure
Pw=1KPa

Water level
Water level
The simulation is divided into two phases:
Phase1: Water level is low (3m above ground)
Phase2: Water level increasing due to rain
(assumed 10 cm above slope toe).
P=120KPa
4000 5000 7000
4000
3000
3000
The problem is analyzed using PLAXIS software
for both the models.
In PLAXIS two modes of calculation are available.
Modes of
calulation
Classical mode
Terzaghis
stresses
Fully
Saturated/ Dry
soil
Advanced
mode
Bishops
stresses
Fully / Partially
Saturated
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
15/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Boundary Value Problem
Parameters for the Mohr- Coulomb model.
Parameter Layer1 Layer2 Layer3
Phi () 33 33 33
C (KN/m2) 8.4 8.4 0.7
_dry 14.57 14.57 15.36
_initial 15.936 15.936 18.535
_wet 18.982 18.982 19.483
K_permeability
(m/day)
0.2119 0.2119 0.2119
Poisson ratio, 0.3 0.3 0.3
Parameter Layer1 Layer2 Layer3
0.3 0.3 0.3
0.007 0.007 0.007
0.032 0.032 0.032
e
0
0.818 0.724 0.667
M 1.3 1.33 1.4
Parameters for the Modified Cam Clay Model.
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
16/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Boundary Value Problem
Displacement of Node A VS Time
Classical mode
Advanced mode

C lassical mode
Advanced mode

Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
17/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Boundary Value Problem
FOS VS Displacement of Node A
Phase 1 (classical
Phase 2 mode)
Phase 1 (advance
Phase 2 mode)

MC (AM)
MC (CM)
MCC ( AM)
MCC (CM)

Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
18/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Boundary Value Problem
Conclusion
Implementing hydro coupled mechanical analysis don't solve the problem.
Even implementing Suction into the model accurate results are not excepted.
But ignoring the effect of suction may lead to overestimation of deformations
and underestimation of stresses.
Thus apart from the mode of calculations a well defined constitutive model
using the unsaturated soil mechanics should be implemented.
Although a better understanding of the models can be used for getting
different results for same application as e.g. it is experimentally verified that
MC model performs well for evaluation of stability of slopes and MCC model
gives more realistic deformation than MC.
MCC model though gives nearly same displacements but yet the wetting
induced collapse of soil cannot be described in this model.
Thus there is a need to look into the partially saturated models and science
related to it.
One of the first models to describe the Partially saturated soil is the famous
BBM (Alonso et.al 1990).
A conceptually same model developed by Gonzalez & Gens (2008) has been
implemented in PLAXIS via User define option
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
19/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Boundary Value Problem
Unsaturated Soil Mechanics
Single stress framework could not explain wetting induced collapse. During wetting,
it couldn't explain the effect of Plastic Compression (Jennings & Burland.1962; Matyas
& Radhakrishna, 1968)
Multiple stress variables were proposed as a new Constitutive framework.
SHEAR STRENGTH
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
20/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Boundary Value Problem
Unsaturated Soil Mechanics
In saturated soil ,mechanics elastoplastic stiffness matrix is non linear.
elastoplastic behavior of soil, suction dependency of S and k
rel
all coefficient of
global stiffness matrix of Biots theory are non linear thus effective modeling and
efficient numerical procedures are required.
For modeling the mechanical behavior of Unsaturated soils Barcelona Basic
Model proposed by Alonso et.Al (1990) is discussed.
BBM appeared to be capable of addressing features such as: wetting induced
swelling or collapse or increase of shear strength with suction.
BBM is an extension to MCC by introducing suction into its formulations by
increasing the size of yield surface.

Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
21/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
BBM- Parameters associated with isotropic behavior
(0) : stiffness parameter for the saturated state along virgin loading
(s) : stiffness parameter for changes in net mean stress for the unsaturated state
along virgin loading.
r : Parameter to control infinte suction
: compressibility coefficient a long elastic (unloading- reloading) stress paths
: Parameter to control soil stiffness with suction
P
0
: Preconsolidation stressof saturated soil
P
c
: Preconsolidation stress
P
r
: Reference stress




Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
22/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
BBM- Parameters associated with changes in suction and shear stress
Parameters associated with changes in suction

s
: compressibility coefficient for increments of suction across virgin states.

s
: compressibility coefficient for changes in suction within the elastic region.
Parameters associated with changes in shear stress
: Poissons ratio
M : the slope of critical state line
k : parameter that controls the increase in cohesion with the suction.


Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
23/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
The variation of preconsolidation mean net stress with suction is given by an LC
yield surface in the (p-s) plane:



with:

In the BBM, the value of (s) is assumed to vary exponenetially with suction from
a value (0) at zero suction, to a value r as suction tends to infinity.
BBM- Yield Surface
Where,

Yield Function For BBM
) ' )( ' (
2 2
p P p p M q f
c s
+ =
s k p
s s
=
* *
* *
0
0
k
k

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s
r
r c
P
P
P P

s
*=
0
[(1-r) exp(-s)+r]
It is proposed that whenever the soil reaches a maximum previously attained
value of the suction s
0
an irreversible strains will begin to develop.
Numerical Simulation of Landslide Process
24/N
Introduction
Method
Application
Conclusion and outlook
Effect of suction on the yield surface
As a hypothesis the effect of suction which will be represented by an increase in
cohesion maintaining the slope M of CSL for saturated conditions if the
increase in cohesion follows a linear relationship with suction, the ellipses will
intersect the p axis at a point for which
p = - p
s
= -k
s


The initial form of BBM which is defined
with the notification of the Cam Clay
Model by introducing an increase of the
size of the yield surface with suction.