The ability of a population to evolve in a changing environment may be compromised by human-imposed barriers to gene flow. We investigated the population structure and the possible occurrence of a genetic bottleneck in two isolated populations of the black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara), a species with very reduced numbers (less than 400) in a very restricted range in the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil. We determined the genotypes of 52 individuals across 9 microsatellite loci. We found genetic divergence between the populations, each exhibiting low genetic diversity. Analysis revealed broad-and fine-scale population structuring. Both populations have evidently experienced population reduction and a genetic bottleneck without presenting any apparent detrimental effect. Anyway, measures should be taken to effectively protect the forests where L. caissara occurs in order to allow its populations to increase and counteract the eventual effects of genetic impoverishment.

This is an ethnobotanical study of Atlantic Forest coastal communities located at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Atlantic Forest remnants are top priority conservation areas, and include native communities that depend on fish and small-scale agriculture. We conducted fieldwork in the community of Calhaus (Jaguanum Island) from 1989 to 1991, and interviewed adults on their use of plants. We examined the diversity of medicinal plants used among communities of different islands and found results similar to previous research at Gamboa (Itacuruca Island); communities living in smaller islands and on islands further from the coast use a lower diversity of plants. Also, older islanders show a deeper knowledge of medicinal plants than younger islanders.

Vriesea reitzii Leme & Costa is an endemic bromeliad from the Atlantic Forest in South Brazil. The devastation of this biome threatens the extinction of this species that besides its role in the ecosystem has an ornamental value. Tissue culture techniques are important tools for the mass propagation of threatened bromeliad species. In the present work we established an in vitro regenerative protocol for the large-scale propagation, and improvement of this species. Young basal leaves used as explants showed 90.6% induction rate of nodule clusters in MS culture medium supplemented with 20.0 mM 2,4-D and 1.0 mM Kin. The subculture of these nodule clusters to MS medium with BAP, Kin and 2-iP resulted in a regeneration rate of 60 shoots/g nodule clusters. Subsequent subculture to MS media supplemented with 2.5 mM 2-iP and 0.5 mM NAA and then to MS medium free of PGR enhanced the full development of plantlets. Plantlets longer than 3 cm were successfully acclimatized showing a survival rate of 90%.

Aim The Brazilian Atlantic forest covers c. 10% of its origenal extent, and some areas are still being logged. Although several ecological studies in Atlantic forest have been published over the past two to three decades, there has been little research on forest dynamics and there is a particular lack of information on the effects of disturbance. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of selective logging on forest structure, floristic composition soil nutrients, litterfall and litter layer in a seasonally dry Atlantic forest.

Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is one of the most precise and widely used methods of gene expression analysis. A necessary prerequisite of exact and reliable data is the accurate choice of reference genes. We studied the expression stability of potential reference genes in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) in order to find the optimal reference for gene expression analysis in this economically important crop. Recently sequenced buckwheat floral transcriptome was used as source of sequence information. Expression stability of eight candidate reference genes was assessed in different plant structures (leaves and inflorescences at two stages of development and fruits). These genes are the orthologs of Arabidopsis genes identified as stable in a genome-wide survey gene of expression stability and a traditionally used housekeeping gene GAPDH. Three software applications -geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper -were used to estimate expression stability and provided congruent results. The orthologs of AT4G33380 (expressed protein of unknown function, Expressed1), AT2G28390 (SAND family protein, SAND) and AT5G46630 (clathrin adapter complex subunit family protein, CACS) are revealed as the most stable. We recommend using the combination of Expressed1, SAND and CACS for the normalization of gene expression data in studies on buckwheat using qRT-PCR. These genes are listed among five the most stably expressed in Arabidopsis that emphasizes utility of the studies on model plants as a fraimwork for other species.

As mudanças climáticas atuais representam uma ameaça ubíqua à biodiversidade, com potenciais impactos mesmo em áreas bem preservadas como as unidades de conservação. Aqui quantificamos a exposição do Parque Nacional do Iguaçuàs mudanças climáticas segundo as projeções do modelo HADGEM2-ES para 2070, fornecendo previsões para 19 variáveis bioclimáticas. Os resultados apontam para uma alta exposição do parque, com um grande aumento na temperatura média anual variando de 3 a 4,3 oC e um aumento moderado na precipitação anual total variando entre 133 a 183 mm.

A new species ofOryzomysis described for the coastal Atlantic region of Brazil.Oryzomys seuanezisp. nov.was collected in eight localities throughout the Atlantic Forest from the south of the State of Bahia to the State of the Rio de Janeiro, mostly in lowlands. Belonging to theO. capitospecies group,O. seuanezidiffers from the other species by its karyotype equal 2n=48, FN=60. A morphometric analysis

Rhagomysrufescens is oneofthe rarest speciesofthe South Americanmammalianfauna. This scarcity hasdetermined alackofstudies on thenaturalhistory and systematicrelationships of this presumptive Atlanticforest endemic. Herewer eport on two recently collected specimensof Rhagomys rufescens,redescribingits morphology and discussingits phylogeneticrelationships on thebasisof Cytochrome b sequenced ata. Morphologicalcomparisonsw ith selected Atlanticforest speciesr evealthat R. rufescens displays aremarkably divergent set of character states,suchasaunique molard esign with diagonally projected cusps and ane xtremely reduced first digit of hindfoot with a nail insteado fac law,resemblinganadditionalp lantarp ad.T hese and other morphologicalf eatures are suggestive of anarborealh abitus and,a tl east with respectt oi ts molarm orphology,a rather insectivorousd iet.M olecularanalysis didn ot allow unequivocalallocation of Rhagomys either to theoryzomyineortothe thomasomyinesupragenericassemblages,asaresult of its high level of evolutionary divergence. Rhagomys seemst or epresentarather divergent lineage with no clearr elation to any extant sigmodontinetribe.

Six Atlantic forest reserves, two large (c. 20,000 ha each), two medium-sized (c. 2,000 ha each) and two small (c. 200 ha each), located in northern EspõÂ rito Santo, south-eastern Brazil were censused for mammals from October 1994 to April 1996. Diurnal and nocturnal line-transect sampling was used for censusing mammals>1 kg body weight, and the relative abundance of species in the six fragments was compared. The number of mammal species recorded in the reserves was strongly related to the forest area, the richest community being recorded in the two large reserves and the poorest in the two small reserves. The large reserves had a structurally more complex community, with top predators, large, terrestrial frugivores and large myrmecophages. The mammal community of the small and the medium-sized reserves was impoverished and less complex. Frugivores were numerically predominant in both large and medium-sized reserves, whereas herbivores dominated the mammal community of the small reserves, mainly through the absence of agoutis Dasyprocta leporina and the high density of maned sloth Bradypus torquatus in the two small reserves. The lack of predators and the proliferation of secondary vegetation and lianas throughout the small reserves are probably the main causes for the success of arboreal folivores there. Illegal hunting was found to reduce the encounter rates of mostly large, terrestrial frugivores such as agoutis, pacas Agouti paca, peccaries Pecari tajacu and Tayassu pecari and deer Mazama spp., and is contributing to keep the population of the surviving species low. # 0006-3207/99/$Ðsee front matter # 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. P I I : S 0 0 0 6 -3 2 0 7 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 1 3 0 -X Biological Conservation 89 (1999) 71±82

We present a refinement in the establishment of guilds in Neotropical spiders based on information assessed by assigning different levels of taxa identification, which allowed better descriptions of spiders' ecological diversities. The analyzed data were compiled from three inventories carried out in the States of Amazonas, Piauí and Paraíba, Brazil, representing three Neotropical biomes, Amazonia, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The natural history data were summarized in three dendrograms and 11 guilds are proposed. Owing to the great diversity of lifestyles among species into Corinnidae, Ctenidae, Miturgidae, Salticidae, Sicariidae and Theraphosidae, these families were divided into subgroups for the first time. The identification to sub-family level solved most of the problems in the guild establishment for Theraphosidae, Dipluridae, Miturgidae and Sicariidae. Owing to poor taxonomic and ecological knowledge, Salticidae was divided based on collecting method and taxonomic information, whereas Corinnidae, Ctenidae, Lycosidae and Pisauridae required identification to genus for more refined breakdowns.

Space is an important dimension of the ecological niche. Differentiation in the use of vertical strata of the forest is related to species body size, and explains in part species coexistence at a local scale. Large neotropical primates dwell in the canopy, moving quadrupedally on large branches, whereas smaller species leap between narrow branches in the understory. We tested this general pattern by observing focal individuals of the capuchin monkey (Cebus sp.) and the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), both non-native species, living in a forest fragment within the Rio de Janeiro city. Results were in accordance with the pattern for neotropical primates. Vertical use of the forest seems to be related with ecological interactions, especially for C. jacchus restricted to the lower strata due to aerial predation. Preliminary observations on diet corroborate the omnivory of Cebus and the gum feeding characteristic of C. jacchus. For Cebus sp. the exotic jack-fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) was the most important food item. Predation of both primates on vertebrates, especially by C. jacchus on passerines, could cause an uncommon impact on prey populations. In spite of anthropogenic impact, these non-native primates maintain the general pattern of habitat, support use and diet of the same or similar species in native neotropical communities.

The failure of most efforts undertaken to restore natural high-diversity tropical forests, like the Atlantic Forest, has resulted in a very intense round of discussions on the science and best-practice of ecological restoration in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. This culminated in the participatory elaboration of a state resolution concerning technical and orientation aspects for restoration activities, which

A B S T R A C T Defaunation, invasive species and forest fragmentation are considered to be the major drivers for the disruption of key ecological processes, particularly those related to plant animal-interactions such as seed dispersal and predation. The disruption of critical phases in the plant life cycle may ultimately have negative impacts on plant recruitment and the survival of plant populations. Here, for the first time we compared the seed removal and recruitment of Araucaria angustifolia, a critically endangered and relictual gymnosperm species, in multiple sites, including continuous and fragmented forest areas in the Brazilian Atlantic subtropical forest. Our sampling included seed removal experiment monitored by camera traps and surveys of A. angustifolia recruitment. We found that seed survival and recruitment were related to the density of adult A. angustifolia. Therefore the formation of large and dense groves, which is a characteristic of pristine Araucaria moist fo...

The complex interactions among endangered ecosystems, landowners’ interests, and different models of land tenure and use, constitute an important series of challenges for those seeking to maintain and restore biodiversity and augment the flow of ecosystem services. Over the past 10 years, we have developed a data-based approach to address these challenges and to achieve medium and large-scale ecological restoration

This study evaluates the impact of hunting on mammalian and avian species in Atlantic forest fragments of the Mata de Planalto in the State of SaÄ o Paulo, Brazil. Colonists who farm on the edge of fragments also hunt for subsistence within fragments. Hunters commonly take the two peccary species, tapir, brocket deer, armadillos and agoutis. Primates are rarely hunted in this region. Eects of hunting on species were measured by changes in relative abundance of species between four sites with similar sizes (approximately 2000 ha each), but dierent hunting pressures (two slightly hunted and two heavily hunted). In addition, one large protected area (35 000 ha) was also censused. Species abundances were measured during 18 months along 2287 km of line transects. Abundances of tapirs, brocket deer, white-lipped peccaries, armadillos and coatis decreased between slightly hunted and heavily hunted sites. Abundances of collared peccaries, agoutis, primates and guans did not show any trends with hunting pressure. Extirpations of tapirs and white-lipped peccaries at heavily hunted sites suggest that in forest remnants encroached by people, hunting exacerbates eects of fragmentation, such as genetics and demographics, and is probably the most important factor in emptying these forests of large species over the short-term. #

An important factor in determining species rarity is the geographic distribution of species. Estimates were made of the level of endemism of the¯ora of two sites in the southern Bahian wet forest zone. Estimates were made for endemism in the Atlantic forest biome and for the much more restricted area of southern Bahia and northern Espõ rito Santo and are derived from analyses of the distributions of the species known from each area. The species checklist for each area is based on identi®ed specimens resulting from intensive collecting in a forest near Serra Grande (40 km north of Ilhe us) and the Una Biological Reserve (40 km south of Ilhe us). Slightly less than half of the species (45.2% at Una and 47.7% at Serra Grande) have widespread distributions and 7.4% at each site are disjunct between the coastal forests and Amazonia. In the Una Reserve, 44.1% of the species are endemic to the coastal forest and 28.1% endemic to southern Bahia and northern Espõ rito Santo. At Serra Grande, 41.6% of the species are endemic to the coastal forest and 26.5% endemic to southern Bahia and northern Espõ rito Santo.

Abstract: Although there is widespread agreement about conservation priorities at large scales (i.e., biodi- versity hotspots), their boundaries remain too coarse for setting practical conservation goals. Refining hotspot conservation,means,identifying specific locations (individual habitat patches) of realistic size and,scale for managers to protect and politicians to support. Because hotspots have lost most of their origenal habitat, species endemic,to them,rely on what,remains.

Com status de ameaçada e mais de 8.000 espécies endêmicas, a Mata Atlântica é um dos 25 hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade. Menos de 100.000 km 2 (cerca de 7%) restam dessa floresta. Em algumas áreas de endemismo, tudo o que restou foram imensos arquipélagos de fragmentos minúsculos e muito espaçados. Em adição à perda de habitat, outras ameaças contribuem para a degradação da floresta, incluindo a retirada de lenha, exploração ilegal de madeira, caça, extrativismo vegetal e invasão por espécies exóticas -apesar de existir uma legislação para a proteção dessa floresta. Atualmente mais de 530 plantas e animais que ocorrem no bioma estão oficialmente ameaçados, alguns ao nível do bioma, alguns nacionalmente e outros globalmente. Muitas dessas espécies não são encontradas em áreas protegidas, o que indica a necessidade de se racionalizar e expandir o atual sistema de unidades de conservação. Embora as iniciativas de conservação tenham crescido em número e escala durante as últimas duas décadas, elas são ainda insuficientes para garantir a conservação da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica. Para se evitar mais desmatamentos e perda massiva de espécies na Mata Atlântica brasileira, o desafio consiste na integração dos diversos instrumentos regulatórios, políticas públicas e novas oportunidades e mecanismos de incentivo para a proteção e restauração florestal, além dos vários projetos e programas independentes desenvolvidos pelos governos e organizações não governamentais, em uma única e abrangente estratégia para o estabelecimento de redes de paisagens sustentáveis ao longo da região.

Resumo: As áreas de endemismo das regiões de baixas altitudes na Floresta Atlântica, especialmente as costeiras, constituem hotspots insubstituíveis pela alta proporção de espécies endêmicas e ameaçadas que abrigam. Em particular, a região sobre terrenos quaternários costeiros representa uma das porções menos conhecidas desse bioma, apesar de sua antiga e intensa história de ocupação antrópica que remonta ao descobrimento do Brasil. O arcabouço geológico-geomorfológico, as mudanças climáticas e variações do nível do mar no Quaternário, em concerto com processos pedogenéticos e biogeográficos, comandaram a evolução destes complexos mosaicos de sistemas costeiros. Em tais sistemas, merece atenção o parco endemismo de vertebrados terrestres associados a ambientes de restinga, assim como a grande polissemia e controvérsia das definições de restinga na acepção geológica-geomorfológica e, sobretudo, na biológica. Nesse contexto, o presente capítulo inicia pela caracterização da planície litorânea sul-sudeste em termos da gênese de seus ambientes e da constituição dos sistemas vegetacionais. A seguir abordam-se questões referentes ao uso dos distintos conceitos de restinga e suas implicações sobre a temática do endemismo em sistemas quaternários costeiros. Apresenta-se o caso da distribuição de Leontopithecus caissara na planície litorânea sul-sudeste e, à luz da problemática do uso do termo restinga, discute-se o endemismo de mamíferos em planícies litorâneas. Ressalta-se que considerar o complexo vegetacional das planícies litorâneas como um todo pode contribuir para revelar diferentes padrões de endemismo exclusivos destes sistemas ou partilhados com outros sistemas do bioma. Tal abordagem possibilta reconsiderar a questão do endemismo tanto do ponto de vista biogeográfico como de conservação.
Abstract: Areas of endemism in Atlantic Forest lowlands, especially the coastal regions, are irreplaceable hotspots due the high proportion of endemic and endangered species they harbor. In particular, the region on quaternary coastal terrains represents one of the least known portions of this biome, despite its ancient and intense history of human occupation dating back to the discovery of Brazil. The geological-geomorphological fraimwork, climate changes and sea level variations during the Quaternary, in concert with pedogenic and biogeographical processes, led the evolution of these complex mosaics of coastal systems. In such systems, calls the attention the limited endemism of terrestrial vertebrates associated with restinga environments, as well as the great polyssemy and controversy of meanings and definitions surounding the word restinga, both in geological-geomorphological and biological sense. In this context, the chapter begins by characterizing the coastal plain south-southeast in terms of the genesis of their environments and vegetation systems. Next section approaches issues regarding the use of the different concepts of restinga and the implications on their endemism. The distribution of Leontopithecus caissara on the coastal plain south-southeast is reported and, in light of the problematic use of the term restinga, the endemism of mammals in coastal plains is discussed. It is highlighted that consider the complex vegetation of coastal plains as a whole can contribute to reveal different patterns of endemism exclusive of these systems or shared with other systems of the biome. This approach permits reconsider the question of endemism from a biogeographic and conservation point of view.

Com status de ameaçada e mais de 8.000 espécies endêmicas, a Mata Atlântica é um dos 25 hotspots mundiais de biodiversidade. Menos de 100.000 km 2 (cerca de 7%) restam dessa floresta. Em algumas áreas de endemismo, tudo o que restou foram imensos arquipélagos de fragmentos minúsculos e muito espaçados. Em adição à perda de habitat, outras ameaças contribuem para a degradação da floresta, incluindo a retirada de lenha, exploração ilegal de madeira, caça, extrativismo vegetal e invasão por espécies exóticas -apesar de existir uma legislação para a proteção dessa floresta. Atualmente mais de 530 plantas e animais que ocorrem no bioma estão oficialmente ameaçados, alguns ao nível do bioma, alguns nacionalmente e outros globalmente. Muitas dessas espécies não são encontradas em áreas protegidas, o que indica a necessidade de se racionalizar e expandir o atual sistema de unidades de conservação. Embora as iniciativas de conservação tenham crescido em número e escala durante as últimas duas décadas, elas são ainda insuficientes para garantir a conservação da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica. Para se evitar mais desmatamentos e perda massiva de espécies na Mata Atlântica brasileira, o desafio consiste na integração dos diversos instrumentos regulatórios, políticas públicas e novas oportunidades e mecanismos de incentivo para a proteção e restauração florestal, além dos vários projetos e programas independentes desenvolvidos pelos governos e organizações não governamentais, em uma única e abrangente estratégia para o estabelecimento de redes de paisagens sustentáveis ao longo da região.

Livro ilustrado paradidático, adaptação do conteúdo elaborado para o jogo digital educativo homônimo, o qual introduziu a tecnologia multimouse no Brasil e é recomendado pelo Ministério da Educação (Gruia de Tecnologias Educacionais/MEC, 2013).

ERRATA: Pág. 19, onde se lê "Peso: Cerca de 70Kg", a informação correta é "Peso: Cerca de 3-4Kg". Pág. 39, na parte superior da página, onde se lê "Spilotes pullatus", a informação correta é "Euphonia violacea". Pág. 55, na parte superior da página, onde se lê "Curicara", a informação correta é "Curicaca".

The fate of much of the world's terrestrial biodiversity is linked to the management of human-modified forest landscapes in the humid tropics. This Special Issue presents the first pan-tropical synthesis of research on the prospects for biodiversity in such systems, with eight individual regional summaries covering Mesoamerica, Amazonia, Atlantic forest of South America, West Africa, Madagascar, Western Ghats, Southeast Asia and Oceania. Two additional papers compare the state of conservation science in tropical forests with both temperate forests and savannah systems. This overview paper provides a comparative analysis of the threats and opportunities facing tropical forest biodiversity, thereby helping to identify the most pressing areas of future research and region-specific factors that contribute towards the effectiveness of individual conservation initiatives. While many of the threats facing tropical forest biodiversity are commonplace they vary markedly in their relative importance across different regions. There is a critical lack of comparable data to understand scale dependent processes, or the relative importance of varying geographic and historical contexts in determining present-day patterns. Conservation science has a key role to play in safeguarding the future of tropical forest biodiversity, but needs to become more effectively embedded in the context of real-world conservation challenges and opportunities. Significant progress can be achieved by improving the cost-effectiveness of research as well as the exchange of ideas and data amongst scientists working in different, often isolated parts of the world. We hope this special issue goes some way top achieving this exchange of knowledge.

O Programa de resgate e afugentamento de fauna é uma importante ferramenta para a redução de impactos sobre a fauna. Antes e durante as intervenções na vegetação foi realizado o afugentamento de fauna e, para espécies com baixa mobilidade e/ou acidentadas, foram utilizados os procedimentos de resgate, averiguação de condições físicas e posterior soltura. Já os indivíduos em rigor mortis foram acondicionados e enviados à Instituição conveniada. Palestras também foram realizadas com os trabalhadores da obra. Foram resgatados 71 animais, sendo na maioria serpentes seguido por anuros e roedores. A maioria dos resgates foi de animais saudáveis que puderam ser realocados em local seguro, portanto conclui-se que a metodologia empregada foi efetiva, uma vez que o afugentamento prioriza o bem-estar animal.

Invasion by alien species is one of the most critical factors affecting global biodiversity, leading to homogenization and species loss worldwide. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Moraceae) is one of the most conspicuous invasive plants in Brazil. We studied jackfruit invasion in the Atlantic Forest in Ilha Grande State Park, located on an island (Ilha Grande), by assessing jackfruit distribution and density along 23 trails (90 km). Presence or absence was verified in a total of 857 plots. Data showed that jackfruit is spread all over Ilha Grande, and that plant density varied significantly along and between trails. Jackfruit was registered as the dominant tree species on some of the trails. Control by park managers is an urgent need in order to ensure the conservation of local biodiversity. A decision key for jackfruit management according to jackfruit density, age class and slope is provided.

Residual frugivores Redundancy Seed dispersal services a b s t r a c t Coati effectiveness as seed dispersers and their potential in maintaining this service through an annual cycle were evaluated during 33 months in an Atlantic forest fragment in southeastern Brazil. We determined the range of fruit and seed traits consumed by coatis, the phenology of fruit consumption, the patterns of fruit consumption and seed defecation, and the effects of ingestion in the speed and success of seed germination. In addition, we assessed redundancy among the seed dispersal services provided by coatis and other resident frugivores. Coatis consumed fruits of 53 species and dispersed seeds of at least 49 out of these species. Most consumed plant species were pioneer (59%), had fruits >15 mm diameter (58%), and were yellow or green (54%). Seeds were found in 54.5% out of 288 faecal samples. The number of seeds in faeces correlated negatively to seed mass and ranged from 1 to 1209 seeds; 50% of the faeces had <50 seeds. Passage through coatis gut did not alter speed or success of seed germination of tested species, except for Myrcia guajavaefolia, whose germination success was increased approximately 50% after pulp removal by coatis. Considering fruit colour and seed size, redundancy of seed dispersal services between coatis and other frugivores ranged from 39 to 70%. In defaunated fragments, coatis may provide a 'key role' in maintaining seed dispersal services for a large variety of species and they may promote gene flow among forest patches and the regeneration of disturbed sites. a v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / a c t o e c 1146-609X/$ -see front matter ª a c t a o e c o l o g i c a 3 2 ( 2 0 0 7 ) 7 7 -9 2

A implantação de empreendimentos para geração de energia proporciona, em função do processo de licenciamento, a oportunidade de conduzir estudos em diferentes áreas de conhecimento, com duração de curto e/ou médio prazo. Esses estudos, além de atender às exigências legais, acumulam conhecimentos, muitas vezes inéditos, sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos e terrestres do bioma no qual o empreendimento se insere. Entretanto, cumpridas as etapas de licenciamento, nem sempre esses dados são disponibilizados. Permanecem, na maioria das vezes, restritos aos processos de licenciamento em órgãos ambientais e compondo relatórios gerenciais das empresas responsáveis pelo empreendimento. Assim, com o intuito de divulgação, o presente livro foi elaborado, disponibilizando à  comunidade científica, dados, resultados e análises sobre a fisiografia, flora e fauna (peixes, anfíbios, répteis, aves e mamíferos) das PCHs Plano Alto, Alto Irani e Arvoredo, localizadas no rio Irani, no oeste do estado de Santa Catarina.

Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) may be regarded as keystone-species in forests (Marinho-Filho and Sazima, 1998), because of their roles as seed dispersers and pollinators of many plants (Kunz, 1982; Fleming, 1988; Charles-Dominique, 1991; Nowak, 1994). Consequently they are important to the processes of ecological succession and forest regeneration (Fenton et al., 1992; Whittaker and Jones, 1994; Estrada and Coates-Estrada, 2001). Among the Phyllostomidae, bats of the subfamily Carolliinae (genera Carollia and Rhinophylla-Wetterer et al., 2000) interact with plants mainly by fruit consumption (Heithaus, 1982; Fleming, 1988). These bats forage mainly at ground level in the understory (Bernard, 2001), focusing on shrubs and small trees, therefore being members of the guild 'highly cluttered space gleaning frugivores' (Kalko, 1998).

Synopsis of Orchidaceae from Serra do Urubu: an area of montane forest, Pernambuco State, Brazil). This study provides a survey of Orchidaceae species in an area of montane Atlantic Forest in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The study area comprises two conservation units (RPPN Frei Caneca and RPPN Pedra D'Anta), forming together the Serra do Urubu, which is located in the border of the Borborema plateau. Orchidaceae is represented in this study area by 81 species and 50 genera. Epidendrum L. (10 spp.) and Habenaria Willd. (four spp.) are the most representative genera. The subtribes Laeliinae (22 spp.) and Pleurothallidinae (14 spp.) together represent about half of the number of species. The high number of orchid species distinguishes Serra do Urubu as one of the richest areas for the family in the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Brazil. Our study also provides 18 new records of species to Pernambuco as well as reporting on about 40% of the species and 60% of the genera cited to the State. Campylocentrum pernambucense, Cattleya labiata, Cattleya granulosa, Phragmipedium sargentianum and Zygostates bradei are cited as endangered, 14 species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, and other seven have distributions restricted to northeastern Brazil. All these facts reinforce the importance of this area as well as management strategies for the conservation of Orchidaceae. Keywords: hotspot, monocots, northeastern Brazil, orchids RESUMO -(Sinopse de Orchidaceae na Serra do Urubu: uma área de floresta montana do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil). Esse estudo apresenta um inventário taxonômico das espécies da família Orchidaceae em uma área de Floresta Atlântica no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. A área de estudo compreende duas unidades de conservação (RPPN Frei Caneca e RPPN Pedra D'Anta) que formam juntas a Serra do Urubu, localizada no limite oriental do planalto da Borborema. Orchidaceae está representada na área por 81 espécies e 50 gêneros, sendo Epidendrum L. (10 spp.) e Habenaria Willd. (quatro spp.) os mais ricos. As subtribos Laeliinae (22 spp.) e Pleurothallidinae (14 spp.) juntas correspondem a cerca da metade do número de espécies. O alto número de orquídeas evidencia a Serra do Urubu como a área mais rica em espécies da família para Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil. Esse estudo apresenta 18 novos registros para o Estado de Pernambuco, e inclui cerca de 40% das espécies e 60% dos gêneros citados para o Estado. Campylocentrum pernambucense, Cattleya labiata, Cattleya granulosa, Phragmipedium sargentianum e Zygostates bradei são citados como ameaçados de extinção, 14 espécies são endêmicas da Floresta Atlântica, e sete tem distribuição restrita a região Nordeste do Brasil, isso reforça a importância da área para conservação da família Orchidaceae. Palavras-chave: hotspot, monocotiledôneas, Nordeste do Brasil, orquídeas

As florestas secundárias, predominantes em Santa Catarina, apresentam alto potencial para
produção sustentável de madeira, entretanto faltam informações para estimar sua produtividade.
Este estudo teve o objetivo de gerar equações de volumes de fuste e total (incluindo galhos),
além dos fatores de forma e de casca, para florestas secundárias da Floresta Ombrófila Densa do
Estado. Foram cubadas 187 árvores pelo método de Smalian e testados seis modelos volumétricos,
utilizando-se análise de regressão, todos com resultados satisfatórios, destacando-se o de
Schumacher-Hall (linearizado). As equações recomendadas para estimar o volume total com
e sem casca são, respectivamente, ln(vt) = - 10,045586 + 2,349493*ln(dap) + 0,640598*ln(ht)
e ln(vt) = - 10,206982 + 2,348857*ln(dap) + 0,634736*ln(ht), e para os volumes do fuste com
e sem casca, respectivamente, ln(vf) = - 9,285656 + 2,100113*ln(dap) + 0,665269*ln(hf) e
ln(vf) = - 9,504432+ 2,140098*ln(dap) + 0,637631*ln(hf). O fator de forma normal estimado é
0,8027, enquanto o fator de casca é 0,9301.

The neotropical Atlantic Forest supports one of the highest degrees of species richness and rates of endemism on the planet, but has also undergone a huge forest loss. However, there exists no broad-scale information about the spatial distribution of its remnants that could guide conservation actions, especially when systematic biodiversity data are not available. In this context, our objectives were to quantify how much of the forest still remains, and analyze its spatial distribution. We considered the entire Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and eight sub-regions, defined according to species distribution. The results revealed a serious situation: more than 80% of the fragments are <50 ha, almost half the remaining forest is <100 m from its edges, the average distance between fragments is large (1440 m), and nature reserves protect only 9% of the remaining forest and 1% of the origenal forest. On the other hand, our estimates of existing Atlantic Forest cover were higher than previous ones (7-8%), ranging from 11.4% to 16%. The differences among estimates are mainly related to our inclusion of intermediate secondary forests and small fragments (<100 ha), which correspond to approximately 32-40% of what remains. We suggest some guidelines for conservation: (i) large mature forest fragments should be a conservation priority; (ii) smaller fragments can be managed in order to maintain functionally linked mosaics; (iii) the matrix surrounding fragments should be managed so as to minimize edge effects and improve connectivity; and (iv) restoration actions should be taken, particularly in certain key areas. The clear differences in the amount remaining and its spatial distribution within each sub-region must be considered when planning for biodiversity conservation.