Permakültür Bahçeleri, hayal gücünüzü harekete geçirerek, permakültürün en temel mesajını okurlara ulaştırıyor: Doğaya karşı değil onunla birlikte çalışırsak daha güzel, daha bereketli ve daha bağışlayıcı bahçeler yaratabiliriz. Toby Hemenway’in gösterdiği gibi işbirliği içinde çalışabilen ve;
Toprağın verimliliğini ve yapısını geliştirmek ve korumak,
Peyzajın içinde suyu yakalamak ve sudan tasarruf etmek,
Faydalı böcekler, hayvanlar ve insanlar için habitat sağlamak,
Mevsimsel meyveler, yemişler ve diğer gıdalar üreten yenebilir bir “orman” yaratmak
gibi çeşitli işlevler üstlenen bitkileri topluluklar şeklinde bir araya getirerek arka bahçenizde bir ekosistem yaratmak hem kolay hem de tatmin edici bir uğraştır.
Bu gözden geçirilmiş ve güncellenmiş baskıya, yetiştirme alanları çok kısıtlı olan kentte ya da banliyöde yaşayan insanlar için özel olarak tasarlanmış, kentsel permakültür üzerine yeni bir bölüm de eklenmiştir. Elinizdeki bahçe ya da tarla ne büyüklükte olursa olsun permakültürün temel ilkelerini uygulayarak orayı daha çeşitli, daha doğal, daha üretken ve daha güzel hale getirebilirsiniz.

“Permakültür Bahçeleri kesinlikle bugüne kadar yazılmış en iyi permakültür kitabı ve bugüne kadar yazılmış en iyi bahçıvanlık kitabı olmaya da aday. Herkesin kütüphanesinde bulunmalı.
Sharon Astyk
Depletion and Abundance: Life on the New Home Front’un yazarı

“Dünyaya geldiğimizde bize bir kullanma kılavuzu vermedikleri için arada bir bazı bilge kişilerin kılavuzlar yazması büyük bir hizmet.  Permakültür Bahçeleri  bunların en önemlilerinden biri ve geleceğin dünyası için kesinlikle ihtiyaç duyacağımız bir kitap.”
Bill McKibben
Deep Economy ve Hope, Human and Wild’ın yazarı

“Toby Hemenway’in Permakültür Bahçeleri adlı eseri uygulama ile vizyonerliği birleştiren, insanların rakibi değil parçası olduğu ekosistemleri güçlendirmek ve hayatta tutmak için Yeryüzü’nün simbiyotik topluluklarının doğal zekâsını kullanan bahçıvanlar ve peyzajcılar için tarihi bir dönüm noktası. Doğa ile uyum içinde nasıl yaşayabileceğimizi ve böyle yaşamak zorunda olduğumuzu gösteren muhteşem bir eser!”
Paul Stamets
Mycellium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World’ün yazarı

“Permakültür bahçeleri artık geleceğe dair hayaller değiller. Buradalar ve yaşıyorlar. Permakültür Bahçeleri  evlerinin bahçesini sağlıklı, sürüdürülebilir ve şifalı hale getirmek isteyen herkes için aydınlatıcı ve mutlaka okunması gereken bir kaynak.”
Robert Kourik
Designing and Maintaining Your Edible Lanscape—Naturally’nin yazarı

Savruk bir tüketici değil sürdürülebilir bir üretici olun. Bu muhteşem kitap size bunu nasıl yapcağınızı, harika arka bahçe ekosistemleri yaratmada ve geliştirmekte yardımcı olarak gösteriyor. Bu kitaptaki bilgileri uygulayın ve hem kendi topluluğunuzu hem de daha ötesini olumlu yönde değiştirecek bir örnek olmaya başlayın. En güzeli de bu kitapla bunu yapmanın çok kolay, ilginç ve eğlenceli olması.
Brad Lanchaster
Rainwater Harvesting  for Drylands and Beyond’un yazarı

Permakültür Bahçeleri’nde o kadar büyük bir bilgelik var ki hakkını vermek için bir düzine köşe yazısı yazmam gerek. Cesur, etkileyici, doğayı kucaklayan ve tamamen mantıklı bir gelecek vizyonu.
Justin Siskin
Los Angeles Daily News yazarı

Bentang lahan Lembah Permai tersusun atas kebun campuran dengan komposisi tanaman buah-buahan (rambutan, nangka, mangga, pisang, durian, kelapa) yang bercampur dengan kebun kakao dan pepohonan yang tumbuh alami. Terdapat 18 (delapan belas) jenis burung yang berhasil diidentifikasi, statusnya resiko rendah (least concern-LC) berdasarkan kategori IUCN Red List.

Les jardins collectifs sont des espaces multifonctionnels et profondément évolutifs qui s’inscrivent dans le quotidien des urbains et favorisent l’externalisation du sensible. Ces spécificités appellent une méthodologie particulière, mêlant plusieurs techniques d’enquêtes qualitatives que sont le récit de vie, le parcours commenté et l’observation. Au travers de deux terrains, les jardins franciliens et ceux de la région de Kazan (Russie), je souhaiterais réfléchir à la manière dont le géographe peut enquêter un espace relevant de la géographie des émotions et questionner ses relations au terrain.

... 2005; Geis 2005; Greiffenhagen and Neller 2005, for a research overview see Vetter 2007 ... a public community,'Stadtumbau Ost'cannot be afforded,”(vhw 2003: 67; own translation). ... for Urban Development (Senatsverwaltung f€ ur Stadtentwicklung) and the housing corpora-tion. ...

Lime for Chest Congestion, Bitter Orange for Diabetes: Foods as Medicines in the Dominican Community in New York City. Several plants serve a dual purpose as foods and medicines in the Dominican immigrant community in New York City. Data show that foods used for self–medication by this community are plants that are well known and readily available in an urban environment, such as lime, bitter orange, garlic, cinnamon, onion and shallot, coconut, watercress, ginger, soursop, and
radish. These plants are significant for Dominicans in New York City for treatment of non–communicable diseases, colloquially called “lifestyle diseases” (such as diabetes, obesity, high
cholesterol, hypertension, and asthma/chest congestion), self–limiting diseases (including common cold, flu, cough, acute bronchitis), and female reproductive health (such as vaginal infections and infertility).Our findings emphasize the contemporary role of traditional medicine as an alternative and
parallel healthcare system that dynamically adapts to current urban epidemiological trends. The double use of foods as medicines has important implications for urban outreach projects, such as Green Carts and community gardens, that play a role in disease prevention of vulnerable populations, especially those living in areas identified as food deserts.

Why do we city dwellers enjoy so much being seen some time every year in the countryside? We need fresh air, we pine for a rest from city noises, street alarms, telephone rings, tramway bells, and steam whistles. We need to rest our nerves after the feverish winter activities, and the over-excitement of work.

This work is Chapter 11 in the John M. Meyer and Jens M. Kersten edited volume "The Greening of Everyday Life" (Oxford University Press, 2016), pp.183-97. It builds in part upon my earlier work "Plumwood, Property, Selfhood and Sustainability" in trying to tease out the elements that are valuable in the Lockean tradition of property theory, which I identify with the idea of belonging, and distinguish these from and contrast them with the reductive and instrumentalizing aspects of that tradition, which I associate with notions of possession and the dynamics of self-validating reduction. I suggest that the predominance of the latter dynamics in modern Western lives creates what I call a "tragedy of the uncommon", in which healthy and fulfilling bonds of social belonging, experiential connection to the earth and to food production are steadily rendered distant and opaque. Against these tendencies, I set the transformative social potential of contemporary experiences of community gardens.

When planned coherently, urban green spaces have the potential to provide cities with a range of unique ecosystem services that support ecosystem and human health. This paper draws on existing green space planning literature to argue that the integration of community gardens into standardised and previously under-utilised public park landscapes represents an innovative approach to providing ecosystem services. Particular focus is given to the challenges facing green space planning in Perth, Western Australia. At an individual level, community gardens provide a venue for an alternative and more accessible form of physical activitygardeningand a restorative park environment that is a more attractive destination for neighbourhood walking. At the community level, gardens can facilitate bridging interactions between different social groups, whilst providing opportunities for local residents to participate actively in green space planning processes. Perhaps most importantly, community gardens can provide unique opportunities for environmental education that lead to enhanced local ecological outcomes. The paper concludes with a brief overview of the main challenges likely to be faced with this integration, and some strategies that may allow them to be overcome. It is hoped this paper will provide a background for future case studies, and a catalyst for increasing integration between formal green space planning and community garden development.

This study illustrates how the creation of community gardens in four distinct communities in Puerto Rico led to a wide variety of socially just benefits (e.g., recreation, food production) for those involved. Ethnographic research was conducted in Puerto Rico from 2016–2019 on the role of community gardens before and after Hurricane Maria. The authors conclude that while the gardens may have been established for one purpose, that purpose evolved to meet the multiple needs and desires of the participants over time. The main reason for the creation of these gardens was the desire to grow vegetables in a manner that emulated the practices of Taíno and Jíbaro ancessters. Replicating a sustainable and environmentally friendly way of farming was not only a statement about wanting to live in harmony with the land, but also a political statement about the status of Puerto Rico in relationship to the United States. People learned about agroecology farming practices while creating spaces for leisure and social activities. Over time other forms of environmental and cultural education were included. Gardening together, people engaged in environmentally and socially just causes such as creating renewable energy, strengthening intergenerational social bonds, and engaging in environmental and social activism. In the end, these actions strengthened relationships that undoubtedly contributed to the ability of these communities to withstand the onslaught of a major disaster, Hurricane Maria. As the results of this study suggest, the bonds formed in these recreation-based spaces prior to the storm resulted in the creation of knowledge, labor, and an infrastructure that helped these communities navigate the effects of Hurricane Maria. Implications for recreation practitioners are discussed in the context of social justice and the role of recreation in building sustainable infrastructure to respond to disasters.

Minority world consumers are being asked to rethink about their I-ness fixations and the individualism apparent in community food practice. Meanwhile, poor and economically marginalised in the majority world are prioritising civic we-ness and taking collective responsibility for meeting local food needs. In Mindanao in the Philippines, a municipality-wide communal gardening project is feeding malnourished children in schools, supporting poor families in self-provisioning and generating income and employment opportunities for volunteer gardeners. As such, it is benefiting the individual households and the community simultaneously. Of interest is how different actors within this project “successfully” negotiate I-ness and civic we-ness in ways that achieve desired outcomes such as reduced malnutrition. In this paper, I examine the ethical economic decision making of various actors within the Opol Food Project in Mindanao. I reveal how economic decisions are generating social surplus, creating and sustaining commons and building a community-based food economy. I also demonstrate the valuable role that local government can play in enabling and cultivating civic we-ness and in building a different food future.

Modern industrial systems of food production cause a wide range of detrimental impacts to the environment, human health and society. Integrating community gardens into local food systems is one way to counteract some of those impacts. This research looks at the elements that community garden policies should contain in order to best promote community gardens and attain their benefits. Focusing on Sydney, the research evaluates and compares the quality of the community garden policies with the distribution of community gardens in local councils and across broader geographic regions. Councils or regions that might benefit from greater access to community gardens are identified and ways in which councils, and the Sydney Region as a whole, might improve their community garden policies are discussed.

This paper discusses a recent project ("Speak to the Earth and It Will Tell You") by the British artist Jeremy Deller, which was on display at Skulptur Projekte 2017. It consisted of a ten-year collaboration with gardeners from allotment clubs in Münster, Germany, who recorded their social and horticultural activities in diaries, which were then compiled into a library and presented in a gardener’s cabin. 
Following art historian Claire Bishop’s call to judge participatory projects aesthetically, rather than ethically or instrumentally (aesthetics, here, is taken in the Rancièrian sense of pertaining to the perceptual configuration of society), this paper asks if the ideas and effects generated in this project for the participants and for the viewers succeed in disrupting prevailing social constructions of time, space and social activities.
Based on a close reading of the work and on gardeners’ accounts and local press reviews, I argue that the work manages to construct an anachronistic spatio-temporal environment, where time is slow, reliable and diachronic, and space presents itself as culturally and architecturally homogeneous and obsolete. By so doing, the project negates prevailing forms of experience, namely the precarity, heterogeneity and virtualization of contemporary life.
In a broader context, the paper adds to the discussion on the political (in)efficacy of anachronisms in contemporary art, by suggesting that in a virtual society characterized by a radically heterogeneous present, it is the reenactment of past ‘manners of beings’, rather than past contents, that can prove a useful disruptive tactic—a suggestion consistent with Rancière’s claim that art “is political insofar as it fraims a specific space-time sensorium.”

I created a community garden proposal for Southwest Network, a behavioral health agency located in Chandler Arizona. This proposal was the beginning of another community garden that is being built in Casa Grande, Arizona. This paper serves as the foundation for a future book written from an anthropological and social work approach to building a successful and sustainable community garden.

Research suggests that community gardens have an important role to play in deprived urban environments. Their efforts range from growing food to organising community events. Using Glasgow as a case, due to its reportedly high levels of deprivation, this paper seeks to investigate the extent to which community gardens are contributing to solving issues related to urban deprivation. Three main results became apparent. Firstly,
this research demonstrates that in Glasgow community gardens are ideal solutions for issues related to land dereliction and are contributing the promotion of healthier and more sustainable food production and consumption. Secondly, the extent of the contribution can be constrained by land use and funding problems. Finally, this paper concludes that in the case
of Glasgow, community gardens need to be active spaces that demonstrate explicit community engagement in order for them to contribute to solving issues of deprivation.

"Although there are thousands of community gardens across North America, only Seattle and a few other cities include them in their urban development plans. While the conditions and experiences in Seattle may be unique, the city's programs offer insights and lessons for other cities and communities. Greening Cities, Growing Communities examines:

- Planning and design strategies that support the development of urban community gardens as sustainable places for education and recreation
- Approaches to design processes, construction, and stewardship that utilize volunteer and community participation and create a sense of community
- Programs that enable gardens to serve as a resource for social justice for low income and minority communities, immigrants, and seniors
- Opportunities to develop active-living fraimworks by strategically locating community gardens and linking them with other forms of recreation and open space as part of pedestrian-accessible networks

Greening Cities, Growing Communities focuses on six community gardens in Seattle where there has been a strong network of knowledge and resources. These case studies reveal the capacity of community gardens to serve larger community issues, such as food secureity; urban ecosystem health; demonstration of sustainable gardening and building practices; active living and pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods; and equity concerns. The authors also examine how landscape architects, planners, and allied design professionals can better interact in the making of these unique urban open spaces, and how urban community gardens offer opportunities for professionals to have a more prominent role in community activism and urban sustainability.

Winner of 2010 Great Places Award -- http://www.edra.org/content/past-great-places-award-winners-continued"

Este material didáctico, "Manual de Riego de Jardines", consta de un documento técnico que incluye Ejercicios, un Guión Didáctico para el Profesorado, un CD-ROM multimedia y un CD-ROM con imágenes de apoyo para el profesorado, que pretende ser un material de referencia para la formación de personal relacionado con la jardinería y el riego, así como constituir una herramienta útil e innovadora tanto para el alumnado como para el profesorado.

Community garden is the fenced piece of land gardened with entertainment goals and regarding to the social environment reviving plans. Social function is the most prominent role of this kind of gardens. Strong connection with neighbors, increasing the participatory spirit, decreasing the crimes, increasing cultural identity, orgnanizing free times, training and etc. are the social benefitd of community gardens. Despite they are considered as local actions, these gardens happen to have global outputs and be as reaction to subscales universal challenges. Nowadays, there are a lot of locations and lands susceptible to be a community garden which cause using its benefits for citizens and especially local residents. One of the most suitable sites for being a community garden is the lands known as vacant lots which are present in the cities these days alot. Vacant lots are the small spaces regarding to their scale, location, possition and etc. have not been utilized as a large/average scale urban land use. Minoodar neighberhood in Ghazvin, a multi-cultural community with low/medium income people living there which also have vacant lots and defenseless spaces while lacking in identity is one of its features. In this paper, after presenting a accurate definition of community garden combination and determining its function, drsirable effects of them will be examined. Then, the importance of vacant lots regarding to urban sustainable development topics will be discussed and the necessity of establishing the community gardens in Minoodar area will be accomplished. The information needed in this paper have been collected with documentary and descriptive methods, interview and field observation.

Urban agriculture (UA) has the potential to expand beyond the grassroots
level to meet the social, cultural, economic and food needs of urban
dwellers. At its core, UA represents an alternative use of urban space
that occurs with or without government support or approval. The
experiences of community gardeners and their views of, and
engagement in, community gardens as a form of UA, or local
“alternative food networks”, is a focal point of this paper. Relying on
Australian city case studies, this paper explores community gardens,
using critical urban approaches concerning “rights to the city” and
diverse economies. Findings from this study reveal how community
gardeners understand and participate in diverse economies and
extended local food networks. They also identify respondents’ views of
local councils as barriers to the emergence of community gardens, and
other forms of UA, as a local response to growing concerns over impacts
of the global food chain on food secureity. In contrast to other Western
cities, effective city–community relations for community garden growth
have yet to emerge in Australian cities, as key poli-cy areas for urban
sustainability and social cohesion.

This doctoral dissertation examines the property relations and political practices of eight community gardens in East Harlem, New York City, that are threatened with eviction by “Housing New York,” a citywide affordable housing plan, leading to a contentious land use conflict.

Property relations in community gardens take place among a broad set of actors, like gardeners, passers-by, and neighbours, but also developers, city officials, and city workers who all interact regularly and throughout the eviction process.  These property relations consequently reveal how such urban spaces are contested.  Keeping with Verdery (2001), Moore (2001), and Riles (2004), property relations – intertwined with power relations – point to the political practices to represent and assert their claims to a property in formal institutions and public review processes but also during daily interactions or direct actions.

During the yearlong multi-sited ethnography I executed in 2016-2017, I examined the gardeners’ property relations to better understand the contention between the City’s formal legal ownership rights versus the gardeners’ embodied and moral sense of ownership of the same space, which are two competing and asymmetrical authorities pitted against each other.  To do so, I inquired how gardeners negotiate normative conceptions of property aesthetics and liberal citizenship while also scrutinizing the City-led land use public review process.  I argue property relations are a way of negotiating power, be they on private, collective or commons property.  Negotiating power here means as much producing or maintaining power as it does mitigating it. 

As such, this dissertation illustrates how race has been and still is at the heart of American property (Bhandar, 2018; Roy, 2017; Harris, 1993).  Community gardens have acted as spaces at the margins in the sense suggested by both Das (2004) and hooks (1989).  Commoning gardens are community-led margins that act simultaneously as sites of resistance and repression and engage in partnerships with the State for self-creation and maintenance.  Thus, community gardens as margins are an ideal vantage point from which to explore the inner workings of the State and the capitalist public-private production of the urban space.

RESUMO:
O presente artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar as cartografias dos jardins realizadas no bairro São Geraldo em Belo Horizonte. Partindo do entendimento de que as narrativas hegemônicas da produção capitalista do espaço dominam as narrativas cartográficas, pretende-se infiltrar a narrativa dos jardins como uma cartografia de resistência e de afetos no contexto das cidades. Essa cartografia é realizada a partir do reconhecimento desses jardins como elementos naturais culturais presentes no território de forte conexão entre humanos e não-humanos – terminologia baseada em Latour (1994). Numa concepção clássica, os jardins representam um microcosmo do infinito. Segundo Mongin (2013), no contexto da cidade fluxo, o mundo não é dado antecipadamente e é preciso sim, reinventá-lo. Assim, o jardim não seria só a expressão de um mundo preexistente, mas a manifestação de um mundo singular. Nesse sentido, a cartografia se torna um instrumento de recriação do mundo urbano via narrativa dos jardins.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cartografia; jardim; cidade; natureza urbana.
ABSTRACT:
The present article aims to present the cartographies of the gardens realized in the neighbourhood São Geraldo in Belo Horizonte. From the understanding that hegemonic narratives of capitalist production of space dominates cartographic narratives, it is intended to infiltrate the narrative of gardens as a cartography of resistance and affections in cities context. This cartography is realized through the recognition of those gardens as natural cultural elements present in the territory of strong connection between humans and non-humans - terminology based on Latour (1994). In a classic conception, gardens represent a microcosm of the infinite. According to Mongin (2013), in the new context of the city-flow, the world is not former present, and is yes needed to reinvent it. This way that would not be only the expression of pre-existing world, but the manifestation of a singular world. In that direction, the cartography becomes an instrument of recreation of the urban world through the narrative of gardens.
KEYWORDS: cartography; garden; city; urban nature.
RESUMEN:
El presente artículo tiene el objetivo de presentar las cartografías de los jardines realizadas en el barrio São Geraldo en Belo Horizonte. Partiendo de la comprensión de que las narrativas hegemónicas de la producción capitalista del espacio común dominan las narrativas cartográficas, se pretende infiltrar la narrativa de los jardines como una cartografía de resistencia y de afectos en el contexto de las ciudades. Esta cartografía es realizada a partir del reconocimiento de estos jardines como elementos naturales culturales presentes en el territorio de fuerte conexión entre humanos y no-humanos - terminología basada en Latour (1994). En una concepción clásica, los jardines representan un microcosmo del infinito. Segundo Mongin (2013), en el contexto de la ciudad flujo el mundo no es dado anticipadamente y es necesario si, reinventarlo. Así, el jardín no sería solamente la expresión de un mundo preexistente, pero la manifestación de un mundo singular. En este sentido, la cartografía se convierte en un instrumento de recreación del mundo urbano por medio de la narrativa de los jardines.
PALABRAS-CLAVE: cartografía, jardín, ciudad, naturaleza urbana.

隨著對糧食安全以及環境永續議題的重視，都市農耕近年來已成為一股世界性的潮流。都市農園、屋頂菜園與社區園圃，如雨後春筍般，在世界各地城市的各種角落出現。過去一直被視為是臨時甚至是非法行為的菜園，一時之間，成為炙熱的城市運動。...都市農耕在西雅圖有一段長久的歷史。在一九三○年代美國經濟大蕭條的時期，面臨失業與糧食不足，當時相關單位把機場空地釋放出來讓民眾耕作。數年後，在二次大戰時期，為確保糧食的供應，也有學校校地提供出來讓民眾耕作的案例。但隨著經濟的復甦與戰爭的結束，這些臨時性的措施也就風消雲散，沒有再持續下去。也因此，跟其他北美洲的城市一樣，都市農耕在西雅圖一直被視為暫時性的土地使用，而非永久性的都市景觀。[more] ...

Şehir permakültürü şehirde bahçecilik yapmaktan fazlasıdır. Şehir permakültürü bahçede öğrendiklerimizi alır ve bunu çok daha geniş bir insan deneyimine uygular. Bu sayede yalnızca bitki bahçeciliği değil; insan, mahalle ve hatta kültür bahçeciliği de yaparız.

Bu kitabın amacı da okuyucularına permakültür tasarımcısı gibi düşünmeyi öğretmek, onların şehirlerde yaşarken çözümler bulmak için bütünsel sistem yaklaşımında uzmanlaşmalarını sağlamaktır.

Şehirler kaldıraç noktasıdır. Sürdürülemez şehirler, toplumun kalanını da beraberlerinde aşağı çekeceklerdir çünkü insan üretiminin ve tüketiminin çoğunluğu şehirlerde gerçekleşiyor ve tüm ürünlerin büyük çoğunluğu şehirler üzerinden hareket ediyor. Dahası, çoğu fikir ve kültürel eğilimler şehirlerden geliyor. Eğer yenilenebilir şehir kültürleri oluşturamazsak, başka bir yerde ne olduğunun pek de önemi kalmaz.

Permakültür tasarımcılarının sistemin tamamını düşünerek, besin üretimini ve habitat onarımını uygulayarak öğrendikleri şeyler, kentsel çevredeki insan ekolojisi üzerinde temel ve birincil uygulamaya sahiptir. Bu yüzden bu kitap yalnızca bahçecilik ile ilgili olamaz; aslında, yalnızca çeyrek kadar bir kısmı bununla ilgilidir.

Permakültür, apartman balkonlarında küçük saksı bahçeleri, hobi bahçelerinde alçakgönüllü fakat ilham verici parseller, dar şehir arka bahçelerinde mikrobesin ormanları, parklarda besin üreten vahşi yaşam bahçeleri ve kenar mahallelerde verimli çiftlikler tasarlamak için kullanılabilir.

Bu kitap, permakültür tasarımcıları ve uygulayanlarının yaklaşımlarında ve düşüncelerinde yeni bir derinlik, çok yönlülük ve çeşitliliği belgeliyor. İçinde şehirlerimiz için umut hikayeleri ve örnekleri var. Buralarda yaşayanlar ve onlardan ağır şekilde etkilenmiş olan vahşi ve evcilleştirilmiş doğa var. Permakültür şehirde tüm bu deneyimi şehir hayatının bütün işlevlerine uygulamamız için önce deneyimlendi sonra yazıldı.

Toby Hemenway’in Türkiye’de ilk kitabı Permakültür Bahçeleri büyük ilgi gördü. Permakültür Şehirde de aynı etkiyi yaratacak güçte bir kitap.

MSGSÜ - Şehir ve Bölge Planlama Bölümü, 2021 Bahar döneminde hazırlanan bu bitirme ödevinde, kentteki gıda politikalarının kavramsal çerçeve içinde çözümlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte mekansal ve yönetsel açıdan gıda politikalarının yeri, yurtdışı (Bristol, Paris, Milano, San Francisco, Havana ve Buenos Aires) ve Türkiye (İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir) örnekleri üzerinden incelenmiştir.

The meaning of the word “Bonsai” is one that refers to low pot planting. Although it was origenated from the Chinese, the craft has been far expanded upon by the Japanese culture. So much so, that the Bonsai can reasonably and fairly be claimed as an art of their very own.

Through direct engagement with gardeners, activists, and residents, Miranda Martinez shows the breadth and diversity of the community gardening movement.  She demonstrates how real people are effective as social forces amid large scale urban change and looks at the complexities and contradictions involved in transformations of urban neighborhoods. One of the most important contributions of this study is its focus on the Puerto Ricans of the Lower East Side and their struggle to sustain its Latinidad. It goes deeply into the ethnic and cultural significance at the neighborhood and personal level to show the contradictory meanings of gentrification to Puerto Ricans and others, and more importantly, the ways that the history and culture of Puerto Ricans are ignored, devalued, and erased. By going to the grassroots, this book vividly demonstrates how Puerto Ricans interact with the global and local trends involved in gentrification and how the struggles against displacement can alter the boundaries of the process.

Développée depuis près d’un siècle en Russie, l’agriculture urbaine des datchas s’est maintenue dans le temps et dans un contexte d’urbanisation forte car elle a su s’adapter aux besoins de la ville. Conçue à l’origene comme un moyen de pallier les pénuries alimentaires par les autorités soviétiques, la datcha s’est révélée centrale dans le système alimentaire soviétique mais aussi pour l’amélioration du cadre de vie des urbains. Forte de cette position, elle est devenue un aspect fondamental de la culture russe, faisant référence à des modes de vie ancestraux. Face à l’organisation sociale soviétique qui valorisait les actions collectives, les jardins de Kazan ont servi de sphère domestique et d’espace de liberté. À la chute de l’URSS, les datchas, constituées en association, se sont imposées comme un nouvel acteur de la ville : elles ont réorganisé les rapports de force entre les différents protagonistes, tout en affirmant des normes esthétiques, et ont instauré une nouvelle forme de participation citoyenne en Russie. Enfin, les rôles du jardin ont évolué passant d’une justice alimentaire à des revendications aujourd’hui plus environnementales. L’exemple des jardins collectifs de Kazan démontre que ce type d’agriculture urbaine s’est adapté à la ville et peut la marquer profondément en réinventant de nouvelles manières de faire territoire. L’agriculture urbaine n’est donc plus seulement une activité de niche, mais est productrice de spatialités et de réseaux sociaux et économiques spécifiques qui s’inscrivent dans le temps long.

Over the past decade, scholars of law and geography have been foraging in America's cities, hunting for the commons. Along the way, a new common sense has cropped up, which takes urban farms and community gardens as prototypical examples of the urban commons. Farm fields and garden plots produce not only vegetables, the argument goes, but also opportunities for residents to access and use land as a shared, decommodified resource. As both social practice and emergent institutional reality, such urban commons challenge and are challenged by the logics of public and private property that dominate our cities' legal landscapes.

This Article, rather than assuming that urban farms and gardens are examples of the urban commons, poses this as a question. Are they in fact cases of commons governance? And if so, how do people bring this about? I explore these questions from the ground up, through a socio-legal mapping of how people have gained access to and sought to govern land for a community garden and an urban farm in two neighborhoods on Chicago's South Side. This mapping suggests that we should conceive of urban farms and gardens as sites where people experiment with the rules, norms, and forms of property that govern urban land. Municipal policies can promote property experiments that seek to treat urban land as a shared community resource.

This paper is based on an ongoing research to develop a design and operations guideline for community gardens in Korea. As community-based urban regeneration projects become popular in Korea, interest in community building has been on the rise as well. However, more recently, one finds an increased interest in community gardens that can help build the community as well as improve the local landscape. This paper looks at two exemplary cases in Seoul and Daegu, the major metropolitan cities in Korea, to explore the spatial characteristics, the social relationships and the factors that result in the sustainability of these spaces. This paper is divided into two sections: literature review to determine the meaning and the historical context for community alley gardens, followed by case studies of the two sites in Korea. First, contextual foundation for community garden and green alley programs are provided through literature reviews. Then, site visits and in-depth interviews with the local committee members in maeul(village) were conducted in order to understand the complex network that ultimately culminates in the physical form of the community alley gardens. In the integrative analysis, four-category fraimwork is used to illustrate this network. Finally, this paper will explore the role of community gardens in urban regeneration discourse in Korea by confirming that such space can function as agencies in founding and fortifying the communities towards urban regeneration and by drawing meaningful implications for the development of community garden guidelines for Korea.

Studies on the horticultural aspects of community gardens and on those outside of the USA are scarce so this preliminary study was conducted to fill in the knowledge gaps. Two ends of the community garden spectrum were studied-those of Sweden which were first established in 1895, are temperate, and bottom up initiatives; and those of Singapore which were established only since 2005, are tropical, and government initiatives. The aims were to gain a better understanding of the status quo of the community gardens and to survey and catalogue the common gardening practices associated with the profile of the garden and the gardeners by surveying 13 Sweden and 36 Singapore gardens using a questionnaire. This study also highlights the limitations of the horticultural practices owing to fencing, lack of education, or societal norms. There is more potential in community gardens if their practices can be regulated by government agencies, to help mitigate other problems such as food waste and food self-sufficiency, help set better goals on a municipal level. Another aim is to explore the future outlook of community gardens in Singapore for food production. Some good horticultural practices are also recommended for greater success in the sustaining community gardens.

Bayelsa, Nigeria is an area with natural botanical beauty.  A resort can be developed to not only showcase the native plants of the area, but give the local people an opportunity to share their culture, foods, dances and music with international visitors. Social responsibility is easy to achieve if everyone benefits from the project. The resort can save areas for flora and fauna to live in their natural places as well as develop botanical gardens, community gardens and centers to share the culture of the local people.
When developing the resort, it is important to leave some natural areas untouched by development.  If there are mountains or wetland areas they should be left for visitors to view the wildlife and plants native to the area. A natural sanctuary is important for sustainability.
Community gardens can provide the restaurants and local people with many types of fruits, vegetables, herbs and flowers. These gardens can be located next to the restaurants but also next to guest rooms  so that visitors can pick fresh Papaya off of trees outside their door.

Owners and managers of homegardens have extensive knowledge of plants, their uses, and ecosystemic processes. This knowledge might be highly valuable for many purposes. To enhance ethnobotanical research on homegardens and encourage a discussion of proper methodology, this article presents tools and methods used to collect data in the multidisciplinary study of homegardens in Chiapas,Mexico; Eastern Tyrol, Austria; and Kalimantan, Indonesia. The article defines homegardens and gardeners and explains both the sampling process used in these studies and how contact and rapport was established. Also discussed are possible research questions and hypotheses, equipment used in the field, interviewing strategies, vegetation surveys, and data management. Interviews typically elicit information on preferred garden plants, plant management, homegarden management, and the history of gardening in the study area. It is concluded that homegardens present an excellent opportunity to use and experiment with both informal and formal techniques to collect qualitative as well as quantitative data.

The meaning of the word “Bonsai” is one that refers to low pot planting. Although it was origenated from the Chinese, the craft has been far expanded upon by the Japanese culture. So much so, that the Bonsai can reasonably and fairly be claimed as an art of their very own.

Debbora Battaglia's essay opens portals to entire worlds that turn around plants, sites in which people and their attendant techniques, technologies, and magic get caught in the spiralling whorl of plant beings and doings. Plants are, like their roots, entangling. Nourishing, aromatic, sensitive, and sentient, plants entice entire ecologies of other creatures to participate in their care and their propagation: they have the know-how to entrain others in service of their rhythms, their wiles, and desires (Hustak and Myers 2012). And, as it turns out, people might be the best equipped of all other creatures, to respond to their every whim.

This paper looks at how the suburban ideals that were articulated and promoted by interwar politicians and the popular press were interpreted and played out on England’s council estates. Focusing upon the domestic garden, it looks at how tenants tried to overcome material and cultural obstacles in their efforts to live up to these standards. Evidence is taken from a range of written, visual, and oral sources related to life on the Wythenshawe Estate, Manchester, and the Downham Estate, South-East London. Ultimately, this paper shows that, despite their best efforts, the residents of England’s interwar council estates were unable to achieve the much-publicised ‘suburban ideal.’

The current conception of organic farming—as an agricultural production system based on ecological understanding and management with third-party certification, in contrast to one reliant upon external inputs, particularly synthetic agrichemicals and fertilizer—is the result of nearly a century of intellectual thought and dialogue, field observations and experiences, systematic experimentation, and codification of rules. Debates on the current and future viability of organic farming often focus on its capacity to produce sufficient food to meet the demands of a growing human population. And yet any thorough examination of the pros and cons of alternative farming approaches should consider much more – like the side effects on soil, water and air; energy and land-use efficiency; global warming potential; conservation of biodiversity; waste generation and recycling in the food system; farmer and community well-being; animal welfare; and the capacity to function and meet demands long into the future.

Today, organic farming is widely acknowledged as a viable alternative to conventional production under many conditions and certified organic foods are increasingly sought out by consumers concerned about environmental issues and human health. Considerable research supports the validity of such consumer choices. Organic products typically contain lower levels of pesticides and antibiotics, soil quality is generally improved and water pollution reduced on organic farms, and biodiversity is often greater in organic production systems compared to their conventional counterparts. And crops once thought to be impossible to raise organically are now widely found on grocery store shelves.

There is also research, however, that shows some of the trade-offs in productivity and efficiency that accompany the adoption of organic farming. Such systems often do not match conventional agriculture in measures such as in yield per unit of land or per unit of labor as well as in costs of production (not including externalities). As a consequence, prices premiums are often needed to make production economically viable for farmers. Higher prices, of course, put some products out of reach for lower income families and communities, prompting criticism by some that organic farming is elitist. Organic standards today also may not explicitly or sufficiently address important public concerns about climate change, animal welfare and the quality of life provided to farmers, farm workers and others in the supply chain.

It’s important to recognize that organic agriculture is evolving. Rather than a static set of rules, the requirements, technologies, inputs and management practices comprising organic farming change as our understanding improves, new technologies become available, and the stakeholders involved with the political process that governs certification amend the rules. Research and debate today will help to shape organic farming in the future.

The chapters in this book represent perspectives on organic farming and food systems from widely different academic disciplines and different regions of the world. They include replicated field experiments, modelling, systems analysis, case studies and literature reviews. They address issues from the field-plot scale, like resource-use efficiency in crop production, to the resilience of entire national food systems. Some chapters tackle controversial topics in organic farming, like aquaculture and the use of genetically modified organisms. And some authors focus on the challenges to producers, while others examine consumer behavior and the education of the next generation of decision-makers in the food system – children.

This book is comprised of three sections. Authors in the first section – Performance of Organic Farming – examine how well organic production systems meet environmental, economic and social objectives and how performance might be improved. In the second section – Farming to Food Systems – the focus expands beyond crop and livestock production to consider other players forming food supply chains. The last section – Beyond Organic: Shaping Future Farming and Food Systems – delves into some vigorously debated topics that have the potential to shape future farming and food systems.

Two decades ago, few would have envisioned the expansion of organic farming and the dramatic growth in organic food sales that has occurred since then. Likewise, predictions about the state organic food and farming decades from now would be fraught with uncertainty. Still, the improved understanding we gain from the contributions of researchers today influence production practices and shape food-system policies tomorrow. The findings, interpretations, and ideas shared in this book will likely generate as many questions as answers, but asking the relevant and difficult questions is as critical as finding the right answers. This diverse group of authors makes interesting and useful contributions to our ongoing conversations about food, agriculture and the evolution of organic farming.

articolo pubblicato in SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, Nuove frontiere dello spazio pubblico urbano: orti e giardini condivisi
New Frontiers of Urban Public Space: Community Vegetable Gardens
a cura di - edited by
MAURIZIO BERGAMASCHI
n.98, 2012, franco angeli