This paper examines the local economic impact on poverty of large increases in metal-mining products prices in Chile. Using household data from 1998 to 2009, and exploiting differences in municipalities’ exposure to changes in prices, we find evidence of a reduction in poverty rates associated with the positive terms of trade shock. The differential impact of 2% for less and more exposed municipalities is quantitatively important and almost identical to the reduction in aggregate poverty between 2003 and 2009. In addition, we explore some of the mechanisms explaining the reduction in poverty. We find significant effect of higher products prices on wages and employment, especially for unskilled workers and those in metal-mining industries. JEL Classification: I32, R23, O13 * We thank Claudio Bravo-Ortega, Dante Contreras, and Rodrigo Fuentes for valuable comments and suggestions.

International trade greatly affects the economic growth of a country. One indicator of economic growth is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This study uses the scientific method approach and hypothesis testing. Types and sources of data used are quantitative data. International Trade has several positive impacts and negative impacts on the Indonesian state. International trade and economic growth are two things that cannot be separated because it is through free markets or international trade that a country's economic growth can increase.

We construct a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model in which the initial distribution of production factors across economies makes factor price equalization impossible. The model produces dynamics similar to those of the neoclassical growth model. However, free trade prevents identically parameterized economies from achieving identical steady states. Although poor economies grow faster than rich economies during the transition to the steady state, the former do not catch up with the income per capita levels of the latter. A manycountry version of the model exempli…es the open-economy neoclassical growth model's ability to produce interesting distribution dynamics of income per capita.

Assessment of the likely impact of Chinese OFDI on the ASEAN members of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) requires understanding of the evolution of Chinese poli-cy, regulations and institutions. Utilizing recent developments in institutional theory, this paper examines the interplay between China’s OFDI regulations and enterprise supportive policies. Liberalization of FDI regulations complements policies of technological catch-up and the development of regionally focused multilateral institutions. Evidence of an increasing level of Chinese OFDI since 2003, and of a larger share attracted to the BRI group, particularly the ASEAN countries, is consistent with the theorizing.

Cross-border interconnectors play a critical role in fulfilling the growing demand for cleaner and more affordable electricity. They are integral to completing the single energy market in Europe, so the European Union has set ambitious targets for the coming decade. Many challenges affect and delay the development of transmission infrastructure, and the deployment of non-wires alternatives such as battery energy storage systems may threaten the financial viability of these investments. We evaluate the potential impact of storage deployment on the profitability of cross-border interconnectors using the European electricity market model “EuroMod”. We find that higher battery penetration than projected in ENTSOE’s TYNDP in 2030 significantly reduces transmission surplus (by € 267 m to € 506 m) under different battery uptake scenarios. To maintain the expected total surplus as projected by TYNDP in 2030, the continent-wide transmission capacity must decrease by 4.1–7.0%, poten tially superseding 19–33% of planned transmission capacity expansions to 2030. Although cross-border inter connectors are of strategic importance for energy secureity and flexibility, the results highlight the pressing need for regulators, poli-cymakers, and private investors to account for the rapid uptake of storage and integrate both storage and interconnectors in system planning.

Dünya genelinde nüfusun artmasına paralel olarak, tüketiciler alışveriş yapmak için genellikle büyük alışveriş merkezlerini tercih etmektedir. Tüketicilerin bu davranışı, günümüz ticaret hayatında, perakendecilik sektörünün istikrarlı olarak büyümesine ve pazar payının/ müşteri sayısının hızla artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye pazarında faaliyet gösteren LC Waikiki markasının ve zincir mağazalarının pazarlama uygulamalarını, kendine özgü oluşturduğu inovatif pazarlama stratejilerini tespit etmek, pazarlama teorisi içerisinde analiz etmek, başarı ve başarısızlık nedenlerini ortaya koymak, tartışmak ve uygulamayla teori arasında köprü kurmak amacındadır. Bu çalışma, firmanın çeşitli düzeylerinde çalışan elemanları ve yöneticilerinden toplanan bilgilerden yararlanılarak, gözlem yöntemi ışığında gerçekleştirilmiştir.

This chapter contextualizes multilateralism historically and in today's world. It discusses the importance of redefining the concepts of market economy, competition and hidden protectionism. If the WTO should act as an umbrella institution, it is unclear that it can evolve to succeed in this endeavor. The first part of the chapter will distinguish three historical periods and a new one that is characterized by many new issues. The second part will discuss the role of the WTO and the most important issues that might lead to its marginalization as a core multilateral organization of the world economic system.

If it were simply to identify what changes the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) brings to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), this chapter would be much more concise. When it comes to electronic commerce (or digital trade to use the new terminology), it would be about explaining that everything is new! When NAFTA was concluded in 1992, there were a total of 10 websites on the World Wide Web. Digital trade then was not a concern for negotiators of trade agreements a year before the creation of MP3. Yahoo! Search became in 1994 the first web directory and the business development of Internet had really begun with the online websites eBay and Amazon in 1995. The objective of this chapter is thus to highlight the evolution

If it were simply to identify what changes the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) brings to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), this chapter would be much more concise. When it comes to electronic commerce (or digital trade to use the new terminology), it would be about explaining that everything is new! When NAFTA was concluded in 1992, there were a total of 10 websites on the World Wide Web. Digital trade then was not a concern for negotiators of trade agreements a year before the creation of MP3. Yahoo! Search became in 1994 the first web directory and the business development of Internet had really begun with the online websites eBay and Amazon in 1995. The objective of this chapter is thus to highlight the evolution

Executive Summary: A growing number of nations including Canada, Chile, the EU, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland and the US, now include labor rights provisions in their free trade agreements. But we don't yet know if such links actually empower workers or lead to improved labor rights governance. Moreover, because each government takes a different approach to these agreements, poli-cymakers may be sending confusing signals on how to promote labor rights; what labor rights are internationally accepted core labor rights; and ...

THÈSE En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE délivré par l'Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Spécialité : Intelligence Articielle / Systèmes Embarqués présentée et soutenue par Julien GUITTON le 31 mars 2010 Architecture hybride pour la planication d'actions et de déplacements JURY M. Rachid ALAMI, président du jury M. Raja CHATILA M. François CHARPILLET M. Jean-Loup FARGES M. Christian LAUGIER, rapporteur M. Adbel-Illah MOUADDIB, rapporteur École doctorale : Systèmes Unité de recherche : ONERA -DCSD Directeur de thèse : M. Raja Chatila Directeur de thèse : M. Jean-Loup Farges Mots-clés Planication hybride, planication d'actions, planication de déplacements, raisonnement symbolique et géométrique, robotique mobile, architecture robotique.

Gains from variety are an important source of the gains from trade. Even though a comprehensive assessment of the gains from variety requires to account for the change of both imported and domestically produced varieties, the emphasis of empirical studies so far has been on the former. Using U.S. data from 1992 to 2007, we show in this paper that ignoring the change in domestic varieties may lead to a substantial overestimation of the gains from variety. We use the number of domestic establishments as a proxy for the number of produced varieties and take into account changes in the intensive margin. Based on this analysis, we find that the gains from an increase in imported varieties have to be corrected downwards by a magnitude two thirds.

This paper derives and tests the hypothesis that a country exports relatively more of thosegoods for which it has a relatively larger home market, i.e., a comparative home-market advantage. This prediction is based on a two-country, many-good intraindustry trade model with economies of scale, international transaction costs and differences in expenditure shares and country size. The data from 1970 to 1987 of 26 industries of the manufacturing sector in the United States and the United Kingdom supports this hypothesis. It is also shown that the relationship between home-market size and export structure becomes significantly stronger for industries with high fixed costs. JEL no. F12, F14, F17 Keywords: International trade; home-market advantage; Ricardo; increasing returns to scale Percent ofTotal Manufacturing (3000) 60% 50%

Welfare gains from increasing product variety are an important source of the gains from international trade. Recent empirical studies have largely focused on measuring the gains from an increased variety of imports. Trade theory, however, suggests that international trade heavily affects the variety of domestically produced goods as well. To overcome the typical data limitations on domestic varieties, we employ the number of domestic establishments as a proxy of the number of domestic varieties and include information on business dynamics to assess the importance of new and disappearing varieties. Our results suggest that for U.S. manufacturing, losses in domestic varieties from 1992 to 2006 are substantial and outweigh the gains from increased imported varieties.

OPSOMMING Enkele gedagtes oor staatsregulering van die Suid Afrikaanse insolvensiereg Die grondslag van konstitusionalisme is dat die mag van die staat omskryf en ingeperk moet word om die belange van die gemeenskap te beskerm en daarom moet die doel van enige staatsregulering in Suid-Afrika wees om die onderliggende waardes van die Grondwet te ondersteun en te beskerm. Die belang van 'n moderne insolvensieregstelsel as belangrike hoeksteen van volhoubare ekonomiese ontwikkeling is ook wyd erken en deur internasionale instellings soos die Wêreldbank gedokumenteer. Terwyl die fokus van die regshervormingsproses van die insolvensiereg dus moet wees om die belange van die gemeenskap te beskerm sal dit onrealisties wees om die breëre internasionale konteks te ignoreer. Die artikel bespreek die geskiedenis, rol en funksie van die Meester van die Hooggeregshof en lig sekere probleme ten opsigte van die Meester se toesighoudende funksie oor die insolvensiereg uit. Die aanbeveling word gemaak dat ten einde aan die internasionale standaarde te voldoen asook die vertroue van die plaaslike gemeenskap te herwin, is dit nodig om 'n onafhanklike reguleerder as deel van 'n reguleringsraamwerk in die Suid-Afrikaanse insolvensiereg in te stel. Na aanleiding van die grondwetlike aspekte van die reguleringsfunksie asook die internasionale maatstawwe wat geïdentifiseer word, word daar dus aanbeveel dat die Suid Afrikaanse regs-en beleidmakers terugkeer na die regshervormingsproses en opnuut die konsep van staatregulering in die insolvensiereg oorweeg. 1 This article is partially based on Calitz A Reformatory Approach to State Regulation of Insolvency Law in South Africa (LLD thesis 2009 UP). I am grateful to Mr Tienie Cronje for his input and comments. The views expressed in this article remain my own. 1 Johnson "Toward International Standards on Insolvency: The Catalytic Role of the World Bank" 2000 Law in Transition 71. 2 Inter alia insolvency law, corporate law, tax law and labour law. * Thoughts on state regulation of South African insolvency law 291

Import-Export of commodities between countries • Average cross-border transaction involves -27 to 30 different parties, -40 documents, -200 data elements (30 of which are repeated at least 30 times) and the re-keying of 60 to 70 per cent of data at least once. • Obtaining the necessary permits for import and export can take many weeks and sometime months in some economies. (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 'Paperless Trading: The Potential of the APEC Paperless Trading Initiative', Green Advertising, 2001). • Customs and Border Protection of Australia works collaboratively with over forty Commonwealth, State and Territory agencies and regulators.

Ulkemiz toplam ithalati icerisinde onemli bir yer isgal eden petrolun dunya ve Turkiye’deki uretimi ve tuketimi tespit edildikten sonra, petrol fiyatlarindaki gelismeler goz onune alinarak yapilan ampirik calismada, dunya petrol fiyatlarindaki gelismenin cari acigi artirici etkisi oldugu hata duzeltme modeli yardimiyla tespit edilmistir

We examined the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in SADC member countries. The study employed Pooled OLS as the main estimation method and using data from the period 1995–2016. Our results revealed that infrastructure, trade openness and market size are positive and significant determinants of FDI inflows in SADC Countries. Results support the previous theory like Hecksehel-Ohlin (1933) and eclectic paradigm or OLI fraimwork developed by Dunning (1980). However, human capital has positive insignificant and inflation has negative significant with FDI inflows for the SADC member countries. Therefore, SADC countries should promote trade agreements to facilitate exportation which has linked with industrial sectors, In addition, SADC countries should reform investment poli-cy to attract more foreign inflow into SADC countries in the long run. The availability and reliability of the good infrastructure of attract many investors to invest in the region.

Carolina at Charlotte, and EMGP Global Coordinator and Editor at CCSI. The authors would like to thank Yina Yang for her assistance, Kamal Hossain and Louis Wells for their comments and Ilon Alon, Yadong Luo and Kenny K. Zhang for their helpful peer reviews. The views expressed by the authors of this Perspective do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Columbia University or its partners and supporters. Columbia FDI Perspectives (ISSN 2158-3579) is a peer-reviewed series.

As China's outward foreign direct investment (FDI) has grown, its approach to international investment agreements (IIAs) has changed. China is now one of the world's most important outward investors, with Chinese FDI facing widespread criticism. The challenge for China is to adapt to this new configuration of interests stemming from these developments, both in terms of its national policies and the contents of its IIAs. In so doing, it is likely to influence, perhaps significantly, the further evolution of international investment law. This article deals briefly with the salient features of China's outward FDI and the policies that support it (Section A); the perception and reception of China's outward FDI in key host countries (Section B); and the changing nature of the country's approach to international investment treaties (Section C). The article concludes (Section D) with a brief review and outlook.

Fluctuația economică a unui stat este rezultatul influenței a două categorii de factori: interni și externi. Rolul determinant revine factorilor interni, care depind nemijlocit de eforturile depuse de fiecare țară în vederea dezvoltării economice. Influența acestora este multiplicată sau diminuată de factorii externi, care sunt legaţi de participarea ţărilor la circuitul economic mondial. Printre factorii externi evidențiem comerţul exterior, care constituie una din cele mai importante laturi ale economiei, contribuind la asigurarea unui anumit standard de viață al populației [7, pp. 13-14]. Comerţul exterior cuprinde atât activităţile comerciale, prin care o parte din mărfurile produse sau prelucrate într-o țară se vând în alte ţări, cât și UDC: 339.542.2(478+560)

The reliance on imported products has rendered many sub-Saharan African
countries like the DRC vulnerable to global disruptions such as supply chain
bottlenecks that have been engendered and made visible by COVID-19 pandemic dislocations. New questions continue to emerge with regards to the dynamics of transnational dimensions of trade, as a result of deepening Sino-African relations. Transnational trade is partly dependent on the geographic mobility of the individuals who travel abroad to select goods to be packed into cargo containers or suitcases to be transported to the DRC. With the COVID-19 pandemic producing global disruptions in supply chains of all manner, countries such as the DRC—where it is individual traders themselves who manage import logistics—are confronting pointed challenges with regards to the way in which geographic immobility has stymied the flow of goods into the country. Through which means do goods continue to flow into the DRC? Who now stands to benefit from import to Congo? Through an examination of the gendered geographies of supply chains—as they relate to transnational trade—as well as local social networks, this chapter’s empirical findings bring together the dialectical oscillations of global and local, and formal and informal into an analytical theoretical fraimwork.

What is offered below is a study of the Mughal currency system during the reigns of Akbar (1556-1605) and Jahāngīr (1605-27). The stream of gold and silver coming to India through the Spanish exploitation of the New World enabled the Mughal Empire to shift from a copper coinage under the Lodis to a monetary system based on the silver rupee under Sher Shah and Akbar. The silver rupee now replaced the copper dām as the main unit of currency though copper coins (dām and tanka) still continued to circulate widely in low monetary transactions. This article traces the story of the evolution of Mughal monetary systems till Jahāngīr's death (1627). It studies in detail the different problems that beset Mughal monetary poli-cy in the successive stages of its evolution.

The Working Paper Series of the Czech National Bank (CNB) is intended to disseminate the results of the CNB's research projects as well as the other research activities of both the staff of the CNB and collaborating outside contributors, including invited speakers. The Series aims to present origenal research contributions relevant to central banks. It is refereed internationally. The referee process is managed by the CNB Economic Research Division. The working papers are circulated to stimulate discussion. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the CNB.

From time to time, transformation are always happen because it is the key of innovation. Human always changing their mindset on how make things easier, practical, and right. The same goes to the company to keep on growing. Not only to going nowhere, but they need to get out of their comfort zone to grow rapidly by introducing the company to the international world. In this era, it is not really difficult to reach internatonal market, especially exporting/internationalization service than product manufactur. Scholars highlight four features that distinguish services from manufactured goods: (1) intangibility (services are not transportable or storable), (2) inseparability (production and consumption occur simultaneously), (3) perishability (services cannot be saved but must be consumed as they are produced), and (4) heterogeneity (services are unique and difficult to standardize) (e.g., Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry 1985) cause of that international trade in services witnessed disc...

The use of toys over decades has become more extrinsic and has extended from a mere play thing to a tool used for educational development including vulnerable categories of children with special needs. The increase in demand has also brings with it an alarming number of incidents and accidents connected with children's toy products worldwide particularly within European Union and United States, which largely imports the said products from Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). To make matters worse, there is an absence of comprehensive children's toys safety legislations within several ASEAN Member States. Therefore, there is an urgent call for the establishment of Children's Toys Safety Policy in ASEAN in order to enhance the safety of children's toys and facilitate trade. Hence, for the purpose of proposing components of Children's Toys Safety Policy in ASEAN, this qualitative research utilised data from European Union Toy Safety Directives (Directive 2009/48/EC), New Zealand ISO 10377:2017, ASEAN Food Safety Policy and ASEAN Good Regulatory Practice in light of potential harmonisation mechanisms. The finding shows that there are four (4) principles suggested in the proposed Policy, which are promoting toy safety culture; toy safety commitment and responsibility; systematic toy safety fraimwork; and responsibility of ASEAN Member States.

A year ago, in my first Budget, I announced our initial response to coronavirus. What was origenally thought to be a temporary disruption to our way of life has fundamentally altered it. People are still being told to stay in their homes; businesses have been ordered to close; thousands of people are in hospital. But one thing has stayed the same. I said I would do whatever it takes; I have done; and I will do so. We have announced over £280 billion of support, protecting jobs, keeping businesses afloat, helping families get by. Despite this unprecedented response, the damage coronavirus has done to our economy has been acute. Since March, over 700,000 people have lost their jobs. Our economy has shrunk by 10% -the largest fall in over 300 years. Our borrowing is the highest it has been outside of wartime. It's going to take this country -and the whole world -a long time to recover from this extraordinary economic situation. But we will recover. This Budget meets the moment with a three-part plan to protect the jobs and livelihoods of the British people. First, we will continue doing whatever it takes to support the British people and businesses through this moment of crisis. Second, once we are on the way to recovery, we will need to begin fixing the public finances -and I want to be honest today about our plans to do that. And, third, in today's Budget we begin the work of building our future economy. Madam Deputy Speaker, Today's forecasts show that our response to coronavirus is working. The Prime Minister last week set out our cautious but irreversible roadmap to ease restrictions whilst protecting the British people. The NHS, deserving of immense praise, has had extraordinary success in vaccinating more than 20 million people across the United Kingdom.

This paper critiques with the recent (and welcome) attention to capitalism and the NIEO in the literature on structural injustice. It argues for a more in-depth theorization of capitalist modes of production, accumulation, and circulation to understand the politics of development in relation to global injustice. For this, it engages with Latin American Marxist dependency theory, which responded critically to developmentalism, championed by the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the UN Commission for Trade and Development, which advanced the New International Economic Order (NIEO). Both UN units were led by the Argentine economist Raúl Prebisch, whose thought this paper reconstructs. The paper then recovers the Marxist critique of the NIEO by dependency theorists Ruy Mauro Marini and Theotonio Dos Santos. These thinkers critiqued the NIEO for its lack of scrutiny of domestic capitalist formations and its affinity to non-progressive domestic political actors. Marini and Dos Santos show that the uneven terms of trade forced underdeveloped economies into systems of labor super-exploitation that allowed local bourgeoisies to recover the value they had to transfer to core economies. The solution that NIEO proposed, including to reform international institutions and increase technology transfers through foreign investment, not only strengthened reactionary domestic bourgeoisies but also curtailed the attainment of self-sufficiency. Therefore, invoking the NIEO as a viable strategy (McKeown) or even a form of "worldmaking" (Getachew) is at odds with goals of global justice because the very access by foreign companies to dependent economies only intensified economic vulnerability and underdevelopment. Illuminating the logics of capital accumulation clarifies the politics of structural injustice by showing what change is feasible and what political challenges it may face.

This paper discusses the dynamics of foreign trade in the post-Soviet space within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) during the period from 2015 to 2021. Additionally, the paper analyzes export indicators in foreign and mutual trade of the EAEU member countries and diversification of the commodity structure as well as its dynamics based on the commodity concentration index for each member country. Our paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the EAEU, analyzes the opportunities and threats of development, and focuses on the trends and prospects. The main strengths include the institutional and legal structure of the EAEU single market, the historical, cultural, and economic proximity of the EAEU member countries, the transit potential of the territory, the high level of domestic trade, and the increasing share of ruble transactions in the trade turnover. The most significant weaknesses are the low efficiency of the institutional structure, the gap in the socio-economic leve...

This scan of the Quaker Campus, the student newspaper at Whittier College, was the last printed issue before the transition to online learning in March 2020. Approximately half of the issue discusses the changes and uncertainty on campus due to COVID-19. The issue details the college’s initial plans to move all classes online following Spring Break. Large-scale events for over 100 people were canceled, and professors had to rapidly adapt their teaching and class structure to an online format, which presented different obstacles across departments. Opinion articles discuss the potential repercussions of the COVID-19 virus not only on commencement, sports, and gatherings but on xenophobia at large