Motivated by some recent research on the terminal (reduced) distance matrix, we consider the terminal Wiener index (T W ) of trees, equal to the sum of distances between all pairs of pendent vertices. A simple formula for computing T W is obtained and the trees with minimum and maximum T W are characterized.

The aim of this research was to identify a small set of indicators of an individual's deprivation that is appropriate for all ethnic groups and can be combined into a single and simple index of individual socioeconomic deprivation in New Zealand. The NZiDep index of socioeconomic deprivation was derived using the same theoretical basis as the national census-based small-area indices of relative socioeconomic deprivation. The index has been created and validated from the analysis of representative sample survey data obtained from approximately 300 Maori, 300 Pacific, and 300 non-Maori, non-Pacific adults. Twenty-eight deprivation-related characteristics, derived from New Zealand and overseas surveys, were analysed by standard statistical techniques (factor analysis, Cronbach's coefficient alpha, item-total correlations, principal component analysis). The index was validated using information on tobacco smoking, which is known to be strongly related to deprivation.

Two general methods for establishing the logarithmic behavior of recursively defined sequences of real numbers are presented. One is the interlacing method, and the other one is based on calculus. Both methods are used to prove logarithmic behavior of some combinatorially relevant sequences, such as Motzkin and Schr\"oder numbers, sequences of values of some classic orthogonal polynomials, and many others. The calculus method extends also to two- (or more-) indexed sequences.

Objective: To compare the impedance to uterine artery blood flow, during the midluteal phase, in women with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) as compared to normal fertile controls. Design: A prospective study involving women with a history of RSA and fertile controls. Setting: University of Rome "Tor Vergata." Patient(s): Two hundred thirty women with RSA and 50 fertile controls referred for routine examination. Intervention(s): Transvaginal Doppler examination of uterine arteries during the midluteal phase of untreated cycles. Main Outcome Measure(s): The mean pulsatility index (PI) of uterine arteries.

A szegénységgel kapcsolatos kérdésekkel hagyományosan a szociológia foglalkozik, de a területfejlesztés, illetve tágabban a fejlesztéspolitika is érintett a kérdésben. A szegénység területi dimenziójának megragadása bár mindkét megközelítésben megjelenik, mégsem alkot koherens kutatási fókuszt. Jelen írás célja, hogy e hiányosság pótlására tegyen kísérletet és egyszerre érvényesítse ezt a két megközelítésmódot. A szegénység területi dimenziójának feltárásakor a szegénységet Townsend nyomán több dimenzióban megnyilvánuló erőforrás-, illetve lehetőséghiányként (depriváció) értelmezem, amely meggátolja a társadalomban elfogadott, megszokott életkörülmények elérését. A lakhatás, a képzettségi színvonal, a munkaerő-piaci részvétel, a jövedelmi viszonyok és a demográfiai jellemzők megragadására sztenderdizált mutatókat készítettem, amelyből főkomponens-analízis révén egyetlen deprivációs indexet képeztem. Ez a települési deprivációs index világosan kirajzolja az ország klasszikus fejletts...

Mutual fund is one of the most popular techniques for many people to invest their funds where a professional fund manager invests people's funds based on some special predefined objectives; therefore, performance evaluation of mutual funds is an important problem. This paper proposes a multi-objective portfolio optimization to offer asset allocation. The proposed model clusters mutual funds with two methods based on six characteristics including rate of return, variance, semivariance, turnover rate, Treynor index and Sharpe index. Semivariance is used as a downside risk measure. The proposed model of this paper uses fuzzy variables for return rate and semivariance. A multi-objective fuzzy mean-semivariance portfolio optimization model is implemented and fuzzy programming technique is adopted to solve the resulted problem. The proposed model of this paper has gathered the information of mutual fund traded on NASDAQ from 2007 to 2009 and Pareto optimal solutions are obtained considering different weights for objective functions. The results of asset allocation, rate of return and risk of each cluster are also determined and they are compared with the results of two clustering methods.

Innovation, as a competitive economic factor, is a process that requires a continuous, evolving and mastered management. Therefore innovative companies need to measure their innovation capacity. Literature attests of research in the field of innovation measurement or the innovation abilities evaluation. One major theoretical problem consists in elaborating mathematical models that consider the threshold effect and synergy between innovation practices and verify their validity. In this article, mathematical approaches supplementing multi-criteria models are suggested.

A pneumatic tube viscometer was used to study the apparent viscosity of seven different samples of processed Gouda cheese during processing in the temperature range 55-95°C. Processed cheese has been behaved as a pseudoplastic fluid. Regression models were suggested in order to describe the effect of temperature and chemical composition on the rheological parameters. The flow behavior index was increased when the moisture content and the temperature were increased. Consistency index, and thus apparent viscosity, increased with reducing temperature and moisture content and increasing protein content. Fat was found to have no significant effect on the rheological behavior of processed cheese. The average activation energy of flow for all processed cheese samples was 15.85 kcal/mol.

La notion d'« appareils » insiste sur le fait qu'une époque se constitue à partir de l'articulation singulière d'une loi, d'un dispositif technique et d'un support, qui tour à tour qualifie, manipule (techniquement) et enregistre, comme trace, « l'événement ». L'appareil, c'est : ce qui met en rapport la singularité et la collectivité avec la loi, selon des normes de légitimité » […] « La loi, c'est ce qui ouvre le matériau (le corps) à autre chose que lui : l'événement 1. Diagrammes et temporalité architecturale : la loi des « appareils »

Studies show that family businesses need to manage conflict, but there has been little research on different conflict manifestations and their impact on families involved in businesses together. This study investigates the impact of six conflict styles on severity of conflict and quality of life for husbands and wives in 206 farm family businesses. Data analysis was done using structural

Cultivar segregation according to the sensory perception of their organoleptic characteristics was attempted by using trained panel data evaluated by principal component analysis of 12 plum and four pluot cultivars as a part of our program to understand plum minimum quality. The perception of the four sensory attributes (sweetness, sourness, plum flavor intensity, plum aroma intensity) was reduced to three principal components, which accounted for 98.6% of the variation in the sensory attributes of the tested cultivars. Using the Ward separation method and PCA analysis (PC1 = 49.8% and PC2 = 25.6%), plum and pluot cultivars were segregated into groups (tart, plum aroma, and sweet/plum flavor) with similar sensory attributes. Fruit source significantly affected cultivar ripe soluble solids concentration (RSSC) and ripe titratable acidity (RTA), but it did not significantly affect sensory perception of plum flavor intensity, sourness, sweetness, and plum aroma intensity by the trained panel on fruit harvested above their physiological maturity.

Based on current dietary intake recommendations and a recommendation to limit sedentary activity in preschoolers, an overall diet quality index for preschoolers (RC-DQI) incorporating a component for energy balance to measure adequacy of nutrition for growth, development, and disease prevention was developed.The newly developed index was used in nationally representative samples of 2- to 5-year-olds in the US Department of Agriculture Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-96 and 1998 (n=5,437). Index components included added sugar, total fat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total and whole grains, fruits, vegetables, excess fruit juice, dairy, iron, and an interaction term of total daily energy intake and sedentary behavior (television time). Points were allocated to reflect deficient or excessive intakes.Means and standard errors were used to describe food intakes and RC-DQI scores. Ability to differentiate diets was ascertained using mean intakes of food groups/nutrients followed by a nonparametric test of trends across ordered groups. Correlation coefficients measured dependence among RC-DQI components, nutrients, and overall energy intakes. Component scores of the highest and lowest quartile of RC-DQI were compared.Mean RC-DQI score was 64 points (range=28 to 93). Increasing RC-DQI scores were associated with improved diet quality. Children in the lowest RC-DQI quartile scored lower in all components.The RC-DQI successfully differentiated diets by level of diet quality. Increasing scores were associated with decreasing consumption of added sugar and juices, and increasing intakes of fiber, essential fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables. The RC-DQI can be used to determine diet quality in groups of preschool-age children.

The regional catchment area of an Australian regional university city provided the basis for an exploratory research project generating an index of wellbeing of rural towns. The project used the residential locations of fi rst-year sociology students to investigate several dozen rural town communities each year in three successive years. This empirically established the number and proportion of empty shops across a sweep of rural towns. Common patterns and differences between towns in the proportion of empty shops provided points of refl ection and analysis. Because the research had a pedagogical as well as an investigative purpose, a space was opened up to debate the adequacy of the index to measure the complex realities of rural wellbeing, balancing the project's limitations with it value as a 'proof of concept'. Other issues concerning the validity of empty shops as a measure of rural social health were examined.

In  a  wide  variety  of  studies  over  the  past  two  decades,  the  media  has  consistently  been  identified  as  a  significant  social  institution  implicated  in  normalizing  and  disseminating  anti-Muslim  prejudice.  Identifying  and  combating  Islamophobic  discourses  has  been  a  challenging  proposition,  however,  due  to  difficulties  in  systematically  identifying  and  evaluating “Islamophobia” within texts. Islamophobia is a complex and contested phenomenon that defies easy classification within the boundaries of terminology which would normally be employed to describe hostility or prejudice based on, for example, race or religion. This article outlines some of the challenges involved in defining and categorizing Islamophobic discourses through  an  exploration  of  the  process  of  constructing,  evaluating,  and  applying  a  unique  content analysis instrument, the “Islamophobia Index,” to media texts, using data sets drawn from the Australian news media. We critically reflect upon the methodological limitations of systematic  quantitative  studies,  the  importance  of  qualitative  and  interpretive  approaches  that take into account researcher subjectivities, and ultimately reposition and repurpose this project as a mixed-method study. In conclusion, potential applications for the Index, including non-media textual analysis, are considered.

This paper contains the evolution of the Perceptions Index Corruption of Public Security Institutions in Mexico (PICPSI), for the period 2009-2012, and shows that in the year 2010, this increased significantly. This index quantifies the perception of the level of corruption that police officers (states and municipal) perceived with respect to police officers of all the institutions of public security in its three levels of Government. It also includes 3 indexes of perception of corruption called components of the PICPSI and their behavior by State, changes in their values and national ranking.

El presente paper contiene la evolución del Índice de Percepción sobre la Corrupción en las Instituciones de la Seguridad Pública de México (IPPCSP), para el periodo 2009-2012, y muestra que en el año 2010, éste se incrementó significativamente. Este índice cuantifica la percepción del nivel de corrupción que los oficiales de policía (municipal y estatal) perciben respecto a los oficiales de policía de todas las instituciones de la seguridad pública en sus tres niveles de gobierno. También se presentan 3 índices de percepción de la corrupción llamados componentes del IPPCSP y su comportamiento  por entidad federativa, los cambios  en sus valores y el ranking que han ocupado en la escena nacional

Dodol is a popular traditional food that has great potential to be commercialized. The physico-chemical characterization of dodols such as proximate analysis, pH, moisture content, protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash and fibre contents are investigated. The rheological characterization of dodols were modelled by several models such Bingham, Power Law and Casson models. Regression analysis shows good agreements for all three models applied in this study. Dodol exhibits pseudoplastic behaviour under the conditions tested, as indicated by flow behaviour indices (n) ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 and is further confirmed with the data of decreasing apparent viscosity with increasing shear rate, indicating strong shear-thinning behaviour.

The article analyses Frank Gehry’s insistence on the use of self-twisting uninterrupted line in his sketches. Its main objectives are first, to render explicit how this tendency of Gehry is related to how the architect conceives form-making, and second, to explain how Gehry reinvents the tension between graphic composition and the translation of spatial relations into built form. A key refer-ence for the article is Marco Frascari’s ‘Lines as Architectural Thinking’ and, more specifically, his conceptualisation of Leon Battista Alberti’s term lineamenta in order to illuminate in which sense architectural drawings should be understood as essential architectural factures and not merely as visualisations. Frascari, in Eleven Exercises in the Art of Architectural Drawing: Slow Food for the Architects’s Imagination, after having drawn a distinction between what he calls ‘trivial’ and ‘non-trivial’ drawings—that is to say between communication drawings and con-ceptual drawings, or drawings serving to transmit ideas and drawings serving to their own de-signer to grasp ideas during the process of their genesis—unfolds his thoughts regarding the lat-ter. The article focuses on how the ‘non-trivial’ drawings of Frank Gehry enhance a kinaesthetic relationship between action and thought. It pays special attention to the ways in which Frank Gehrys’ sketches function as instantaneous concretisations of a continuous process of transfor-mation. Its main argument is that the affective capacity of Gehry’s ‘drawdlings’ lies in their in-terpretation as successive concretisations of a reiterative process. The affectivity of their abstract and single-gesture pictoriality is closely connected to their interpretation as components of a sin-gle dynamic system. As key issues of Frank Gehry’s use of uninterrupted line, the article identifies: the enhancement of a straightforward relationship between the gesture and the decision-making regarding the form of the building; its capacity to render possible the perception of the evolution of the process of form-making; and the way the use of uninterrupted line is related to the function of Gehry’s sketches as indexes referring to Charles Sanders Peirce’s conception of the notion of “index”.

The selected internal qualities (weight loss, Haugh unit, yolk index, and albumen pH) of noncoated and mineral oil-coated chicken eggs during 15 weeks of storage at 4°C and ⁄ or during 5 weeks of storage at 25°C were evaluated. Results indicated that, without refrigeration, the noncoated and mineral oil-coated eggs rapidly changed from AA to C and B grades as measured by Haugh unit, respectively, after 5 weeks of storage. However, the AA quality of the noncoated eggs could be maintained under refrigerated storage (4°C) for at least 5 weeks. The mineral oil coating and refrigerated storage (4°C) synergistically minimised weight loss and preserved the albumen and yolk qualities of chicken eggs during a long-term storage. At 4°C, the mineral oil-coated eggs preserved the initial AA grade for at least 15 weeks with l.19% weight loss.

Purpose -The paper defines a theoretical model which assesses and measures the intangible asset contribution to company performance. The model keeps into consideration the most meaningful elements that reflect the success factors, crucial to company business strategy and value creation. Design/Methodology/Approach -The model adopts a hierarchical structure. The strategic intangible assets of the company have been divided into value drivers; a series of measurement indicators have been selected to describe the characteristics of each aspect of the intangible company performance. The measurements obtained from numerical indicators, which express the totality of the results achieved by the organizational strategies, are combined to create the Hierarchical Assessment Index (H.A.I.), by assessing quantitative and qualitative company features, through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (A.H.P.). Findings -The H.A.I. identifies the sources of added value and competitive advantage in each business context; it traces the subordination of every element on company performance, and singles out those intangible assets which improve the company performance, at every level of the hierarchy. Practical implications -The H.A.I. provides guidelines to understand what are the key intangible factors to create the value of the company and suggests the implementation of corrective strategies. Originality/value -The H.A.I. is the expression of the combination of the objective measurements of intangible assets with the subjective contributions by the managers. In fact, besides the numerical results of the performance of every element in the hierarchical structure, also the managers' opinions about the significance of their performance are considered. Thus, objective and subjective evaluations jointly contribute to suggest the way to the achievement of the expected objectives.

Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag berichtet über die teststatistische Prüfung und Normierung der deutschen Versionen des EUROHIS-QOL 8 Item Index (EUROHIS-QOL) zur Erfassung der generischen Lebensqualität und des Wohlbefindens-Index der WHO (WHO-5) zur Erfassung der Wohlbefindens aus Sicht der Befragten. Datengrundlage bildet eine repräsentative Stichprobe der bundesdeutschen Bevölkerung aus dem Jahr 2004. Die teststatistische Prüfung verweist auf gute psychometrische Eigenschaften des EUROHIS-QOL Index. Obgleich Modifikationsmöglichkeiten bestehen, wird die Selektion von Items ausgeschlossen, weil dies den komzeptuellen Vorgaben der Indexkonstruktion widersprechen würde. Die Ergebnisse der teststatistischen Prüfung des WHO-5 sind hinsichtlich der psychometrischen Eigenschaften als ausgezeichnet einzuschätzen. Erstmals werden geschlechts-und altersgruppenspezifische Normwerte für die deutschsprachigen Versionen der beiden Instrumente vorgelegt. Schlüsselwörter: EUROHIS, WHO-5, Lebensqualität, Wohlbefinden, Index

Scale developers often provide evidence of content validity by computing a content validity index (CVI), using ratings of item relevance by content experts. We analyzed how nurse researchers have defined and calculated the CVI, and found considerable consistency for item-level CVIs (I-CVIs). However, there are two alternative, but unacknowledged, methods of computing the scale-level index (S-CVI). One method requires universal agreement among experts, but a less conservative method averages the item-level CVIs. Using backward inference with a purposive sample of scale development studies, we found that both methods are being used by nurse researchers, although it was not always possible to infer the calculation method. The two approaches can lead to different values, making it risky to draw conclusions about content validity. Scale developers should indicate which method was used to provide readers with interpretable content validity information. ß

While temperature management is a usual accepted practice and is the simplest and easiest way of delaying vegetable deterioration, maintenance of the recommended relative humidity (RH) during postharvest storage is not always carried out. The objectives of this work were to simulate two RH conditions: optimal (95-98%) and low (70-72%) during the storage of lettuce heads at recommended temperatures (0-2 • C), and to address how deviation of RH from optimal conditions affects lettuce quality indices. The effects of storage on quality parameters were assayed as follows: weight loss and water content as physical indices, chlorophyll content as a greenness index, native microflora (mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, total coliforms, yeast and molds) as microbiological quality indices, ascorbic acid retention as a nutritional quality index, and overall quality as a sensory acceptability index. Additionally, these indices (with the exception of weight loss) were analyzed in three lettuce sections: external (composed by outer and older leaves), middle (composed by mid leaves) and internal (composed by inner and younger leaves). Shelf-life of lettuce was significantly affected by RH. The exposure of lettuce heads to low RH drastically reduced shelf-life by 75%. Plants exposed to low RH had considerable weight loss from the first day to the end of storage. For both RHs, the middle and internal sections did not show chlorophyll changes during storage while the external section showed pigment degradation characterized by first order kinetics. Ascorbic acid underwent first order degradation for all situations (sections and RH conditions), but with different degradation rates. The microbial population counts were slightly affected by RH. The overall quality of lettuce stored at low RH decreased rapidly. The shelf-life of material stored at this relative humidity condition was 5 days, when the overall quality scores of middle and external sections were below the acceptability limit and only the internal section had a score above the limit. In addition, overall quality of lettuce stored at optimal RH decreased slowly. At day 5 of storage the three lettuce sections had high scores and the product was satisfactory. Only at day 20 did the external section show a score just on the acceptability limit.

The normalized difference vegetation index (INDVI) has been widely used for remote sensing of vegetation for many years. This index uses radiances or reflectances from a red channel around 0.66 pm and a near-JR channel around 0.86 pm. The red channel is located in the strong chlorophyll absorption region, while the near-IR channel is located in the high reflectance plateau of vegetation canopies. The two channels sense very different depths through vegetation canopies. In this article, another index. namely, the normalized difference water index (NDWI), is proposed for remote sensing of vegetation liquid water from space. NDII is defined as (p(0.86 m) -p(l.24 um))/(p(0.86 ,um) + p(1.24 pm)), where p represents the radiance in reflectance units. Both the 0.86-pm and the 1.24-pmn channels are located in the high reflectance plateau of vegetation canopies. They sense similar depths through vegetation canopies. Absorption by vegetation liquid water near 0.86 um is negligible. Weak liquid absorption at 1.24 pm is present. Canopy scattering enhances the water absorption. As a result, NDWIJ is sensitive to changes in liquid water content of vegetation canopies. Atmospheric aerosol scattering effects in the 0.86-1.24 pm region are weak. NMDWI is less sensitive to atmospheric effects than ND Vi. X,'DW`I does not remove completely the background soil reflectance effects, similar to ND17I. Because the informiation about vegetation canopies contained in the 1.24-pn channel is very different from that contained in the red channel near 0.66 um, NDWI should be considered as an independent vegetation index. It is complementary to, not a substitutefor NDVI. Laboratory-measured reflectance spectra of stacked green leaves, and spectral imaging data acquired with Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) overJasper Ridge in California and the High Plains in northern Colorado, are used to demonstrate the usefulness of ANDWI. Comparisons between NDWI and NDVI images are also given. © Elsevier Science Inc., 1996 REMOTE SENS. ENVIRON. 5:257-266 (1996) (©)Elsevier Science Inc., 1996 655 Axeuole of tie Americas. Next ork N I(01 0 0)0)34-4257 96 / $15.00 P1 S)034-4257(96)00067-3

Part of each feasibility study of a food production plant is to make an estimation of the “future” investment  costs in such a plant. In this document, the investment cost estimation method of Zevnik-Buchanan is explained, in 10 consecutive steps. The method, requiring a detailed plant flowsheet, can be executed manually by using graphs. However, calculation is more rapid and much simpler by using the Zevnik-Buchanan Excel worksheet, included in this document. For this worksheet, the Z-B graphs had to be converted into mathematical equations. These equations can be found in the corresponding graphs.
2 worked examples explain the basics of Zevnik-Buchanan's estimation method of plant cost investments: one about a 10 000 tons/year mozzarella factory, the other on a 1150 tons/year whole egg powder plant.
Calculations using the Zevnik-Buchanan graphs and equations are valid for the year 1996. To convert these 1996 figures to future estimated plant costs, the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Indices (CE Plant Cost Index), from 1980 onward, have been included in Annex 2: both as a graph for easy extrapolation, and as a table.
For reference purposes, the 1986 Bartholomai investment costs of some 40 different food factories are listed in Annex 3.

هل يروم التأويل المطلقَ ؟
قد يحيلنا هذا السؤال إلى معرفة الكيفية التي يتمثل فيها اللامقول في القول ؛ غير أن نظرة خاطفة تجعلنا نستسلم للشروط الممكنة لنظرية التواصل ـ من المنظور الجمالي ـ مع المفاهيم الكامنة في هذا العالم، وتشكلاته الدلالية، التي لم يعد يحدها حد ، وليست قابلة للنقض ، أو المساءلة ، ما دامت الرغبة تكسر المنهجيات ، وتطلب الحاجة إلى التعبير عن الأشياء الخافية. وما دام العالم يفيض بالمستجدات، فليس هناك حكم ناجز . وإذا كان ذلك كذلك فإن العين الرائية تبقى ملتمعة بكل ما هو كشفي  يشع بالتأمل الذي يستمد قيمته من ذاته ؛ لا من  مرجعية الطي ، أو المطوي في ذاته ، الضامر في منابعه.

This paper offers terms for talking about information and how it relates to both matter-energy and communication, by: (1) Identifying three different levels of signs: Index, based in contiguity, icon, based in similarity, and symbol, based in convention; (2) examining three kinds of coding: Analogic differences, which deal with positive quantities having contiguous and continuous values, and digital distinctions, which include "either/or functions", discrete values, and capacities for negation, decontextualization, and abstract concept-transfer, and finally, iconic coding, which incorporates both analogic differences and digital distinctions; and (3) differentiating between "information theoretic" orientations (which deal with data, what is "given as meaningful" according to selections and combinations within "contexts of choice") and "communication theoretic" ones (which deal with capta, what is "taken as meaningful" according to various "choices of context"). Finally, a brief envoi reflects on how information broadly construed relates to probability and entropy.

This paper provides discussion of ways in which an interdisciplinary approach can be taken to produce an integrated assessment of water stress and scarcity, linking physical estimates of water availability with socioeconomic variables that reflect poverty, i.e., a Water Poverty Index. It is known that poor households often suffer from poor water provision, and this results in a significant loss of time and effort, especially for women. By linking the physical and social sciences to address this issue, a more equitable solution for water allocation may be found. For the purpose of initiating discussion, a summary of different approaches to establishing a Water Poverty Index is discussed. Ó

Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag berichtet über die teststatistische Prüfung und Normierung der deutschen Versionen des EUROHIS-QOL 8 Item Index (EUROHIS-QOL) zur Erfassung der generischen Lebensqualität und des Wohlbefindens-Index der WHO (WHO-5) zur Erfassung der Wohlbefindens aus Sicht der Befragten. Datengrundlage bildet eine repräsentative Stichprobe der bundesdeutschen Bevölkerung aus dem Jahr 2004. Die teststatistische Prüfung verweist auf gute psychometrische Eigenschaften des EUROHIS-QOL Index. Obgleich Modifikationsmöglichkeiten bestehen, wird die Selektion von Items ausgeschlossen, weil dies den komzeptuellen Vorgaben der Indexkonstruktion widersprechen würde. Die Ergebnisse der teststatistischen Prüfung des WHO-5 sind hinsichtlich der psychometrischen Eigenschaften als ausgezeichnet einzuschätzen. Erstmals werden geschlechts-und altersgruppenspezifische Normwerte für die deutschsprachigen Versionen der beiden Instrumente vorgelegt. Schlüsselwörter: EUROHIS, WHO-5, Lebensqualität, Wohlbefinden, Index

""Part of each feasibility study of a food production plant is to make an estimation of the “future” investment costs in such a plant. In this document, three rapid investment cost estimation methods are explained: 1) the indexed 0.6 exponent method, in case your plant is “similar” to one of the 40 food plants, listed by Bartholomai; 2) the adapted Marouli method for complete food plants, if you only know the total production capacity of your plant, and 3) the adapted Marouli method for separate plant production sections, to be used if you have a plant flowsheet and you know the capacity of each of the main production sections of the food plant. Each of these 3 estimation methods can be executed manually, but calculation is rapid and simpler by using the 3 Excel worksheets, included in this document. Several worked examples explain the mathematics behind each of the 3 cost estimation methods; these examples should help to understand the basics of the calculations.
Usually, investment cost estimations are made for plants to be build in the near future. but are based on investment cost figures from the past, often with different production capacities. To convert past plant investment costs to future estimated plant costs, the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Indices, from 1980 onward, are available, both as a table and as a graph. To convert plant production capacity from past to future capacity, the well-known 0.6 exponent rule is used.
Annex 1 discusses similar investment cost estimation methods for non-food plants, based on Perry’s (1985 and 1999) tables with past plant investment costs of many non-food factories.
""

BACKGROUND: Low glycemic index (GI) diets may be less nutritious because of limited food choices. Alternately, high GI diets could be less healthful because of higher intake of refined carbohydrate. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between dietary GI, intakes of carbohydrates from high (CHOhighGI) and low GI (CHOlowGI) sources, and the risk of nutrient inadequacy in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Children, aged 2 to 16 years, who provided two plausible 24 h recalls in a national survey were included (n = 4,140). Odds ratios (OR) of not meeting the Australian Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS: Subjects with higher intakes of CHOhighGI were found to be at risk of not meeting the NRVs for a wide range of nutrients, including calcium and iodine (both ptrend < 0.001). Compared to subjects in the lowest quartile of CHOhighGI, those in the highest quartile had three times (adjusted OR = 3.13; 95%CI: 2.47, 3.97; ptrend < 0.001) the risk of not meeting the estimated average requirement of calcium. For iodine, the risk was increased more than five-fold (adjusted OR = 5.45; 95%CI: 3.97, 7.48; ptrend < 0.001). On the other hand, subjects with higher intakes of CHOlowGI were less likely to meet adequate intake levels of unsaturated fatty acids (all ptrend < 0.001), despite having lower risks of not meeting the NRVs of most nutrients. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents consuming more CHOlowGI are more likely to meet most nutrient recommendations than those consuming higher GI diets.

This paper presents an overview of the state of the art in measuring efficiency and its application in the measurement of health services. We analyze the implication of measuring efficiency; the methods used and makes a proposal for a way to address the concept of efficiency from an integrative perspective

""The Heidegger Concordance offers a comprehensive list of the most relevant concepts in Heidegger’s Collected Works [Gesamtausgabe] and their corresponding occurrences in all 79 published volumes. This book is the first index of Heidegger’s complete writings and will help scholars and students find their way through the almost 40 000 pages published up to now. In order to enable English-speaking readers to use the index, the Concordance also includes a complete German-English Glossary.


Table of Contents

Presentation
Index of German Terms
Index of Greek Terms
Index of Latin Terms
Index of Proper Names
Index of Cited Works
German-English Glossary""

Background: Left ventricular function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has been extensively studied, whereas right ventricular function is much less explored. The myocardial performance index (MPI) has been shown to be useful in functional assessment of both ventricles. Furthermore, right ventricular MPI was found to be of predictive value in heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the right ventricular MPI in patients with HCM. Methods: Fifty patients with HCM and 250 healthy controls were studied by conventional Doppler echocardiography and Doppler tissue imaging. Results: Patients showed increased global, 0.48 (0.15) vs. 0.21 (0.14), and regional, 0.71 (0.23) vs. 0.55 (0.17), right ventricular MPI, as compared to controls, p b 0.001. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and peak myocardial systolic velocities were also reduced. Patients with dyspnoea had increased global right ventricular MPI (0.53 vs. 0.36, p b 0.05) as compared to those without dyspnoea. Conclusion: In the present study, patients with HCM showed evidence of both global and regional right ventricular dysfunction. Previous studies of the right ventricle in HCM have only shown evidence of diastolic dysfunction, contrary to our results, showing impairment of both systolic and diastolic function. This study suggests that HCM should not only be regarded as an isolated disease of the left ventricle, but rather as a biventricular disease. The predictive value of our findings in HCM needs to be assessed in a separate study with special reference to those with and without dyspnoea.

In the present study, the multidimensional Trait and State Food Cravings Questionnaires (FCQ-T and FCQ-S), as developed by The development and validation of the State and Trait Food Cravings Questionnaires. Behavior Therapy, 31, 151-173], were modified in order to construct an index of general food craving instead of specific food craving. The factor structure, validity and reliability of the modified questionnaires, renamed as the Trait and State General Food Cravings Questionnaires (G-FCQ-T and G-FCQ-S), were investigated in three separate studies. Firstly, exploratory factor analyses were conducted, which yielded a G-FCQ-T with a four-factor structure, that was considerably shorter as compared to the original (nine-factor) FCQ-T, and a G-FCQ-S of which the factor structure was highly comparable to the original FCQ-S. Secondly, in an attempt to replicate the factor structures of the G-FCQ-T and the G-FCQ-S as found in Study 1, confirmative factor analyses were performed. Results indicated adequate fits for both questionnaires. In addition, the test-retest reliability of both versions was satisfactory and an analysis of the construct validity generally revealed the expected results. In Study 3, the validity of the state version of the G-FCQ was further investigated by relating scores on this questionnaire to indices of food deprivation and satiation. Results indicated that the G-FCQ-S indeed measures food craving as a variable state, which is influenced by situational and temporal variables. Altogether, it can be concluded that the G-FCQ-T and G-FCQ-S are both reliable and valid measures of general trait-like and state-dependent food craving. r

BACKGROUND: When sucrose is eliminated from products to meet consumers' demand for calorie-free products and substitutes are used, sweetness becomes an important characteristic. The objective of this study was to compare sensory properties of four sucrose substitutes: aspartame, acesulfame K, sodium saccharin and sodium cyclamate in water solutions.

Different types of novel wheat lines with different starch contents and amylose/amylopectin ratios, relating to defined alterations in the number and activity of starch synthase IIa genes, were processed by pilot-plant extrusion. Two types of products were produced: pure wholemeal products and breakfast cereals made from wholemeal/maize blends. Lower apparent shear viscosity was obtained in the extruder with lower starch content and higher amylose/amylopectin ratio flours (SSIIa-deficient line). The bulk density of the products decreased with increasing extrusion temperature and was always higher for the triple-null line. The bulk density was not completely explained by the melt shear viscosity, suggesting the importance of the fillers (fibers, brans) in the process of expansion and structure acquisition. The different mechanical properties were explained by the density and by the material constituting the cell walls. Enzyme-resistant starch (RS) content and hydrolysis index (HI) were not correlated to the extrusion temperature, but RS was higher in pure wholemeal products and in the SSIIa-deficient line. These results are discussed in terms of starch molecular architecture and product microstructure.