Application of tissue culture (TC) technology for mass propagation of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.)
O. Kuntze] is still limited on account of (i) difficulty encountered in rooting ofsolne clones, and (ii)
hardening and field establishment of TC raised tea plants. This presentation will focus on attempts
made to overcome these difficulties. A two step method has been developed (culture of microshoots
in % MS medium containing 25.0 µM NAA or 175.0 µM IBA for 10 days, followed by transfer to
plant growth regulator (PGR)-free medium for two weeks) to obtain cent per cent rooting of even
difficult-to-root clones. The strength of MS medium, period of exposure in auxin containing
medium, sucrose concentration, presence/ absence of gelling agents, pH, temperature and light
intensity were also found to ~ave a significant effect on rooting. Use of phytagel was found to be
superior over agar. Morphological, histological and biochemical (soluble proteins, protein profile,
peroxidase activity, etc.) changes during the initiation and elongation of roots were also studied upto
18 days (10 days in auxin medium followed by 8 days on PGR-free medium). To overcome high
mortality encountered during lab to land transfer, physical and biological methods of hardening
have been tried. In particular bacterial strains isolated from the rhizosphere of established tea bushes
have been found to be effective agents for hardening of TC raised tea plants.

Since the discovery of topolins as naturally occurring aromatic cytokinins (CKs), they have emerged as genuine alternatives to the long serving CKs such as benzyladenine, zeatin and kinetin in plant tissue culture (PTC). Globally, the past 15 years has witnessed a surge in the use of topolins and their derivatives in research laboratories. Topolins, especially the meta-topolin and its derivatives have been employed for culture initiation, protocol optimization and for counteracting various in vitro induced physiological disorders in many species. Evidence from various studies indicate the rising popularity and advantages (although not universal for all species) of topolins compared to other CKs. In this review, we assess the use of topolins in PTC with emphasis on their metabolism, structure-activity relations and effect on morphogenesis in vitro. In addition, the review provides a detailed list of species that have been used to study the effect of topolins in comparison with other CKs, the growth parameters affected and recommended concentrations are also provided.

The production of erythroidines and other alkaloids was studied in cotyledons, callus and cell suspension cultures of Erythrina americana Miller. The cell suspension cultures, grown in Murashige & Skoog medium with naphthaleneacetic acid (3 mg l(-1)) and kinetin (2 mg l(-1)), produced 89 and 17 microg alpha- and beta-erythroidines respectively per g dry wt.

The present investigation studied the effect of amino acids (Glutamine, Spermidine and Asparagine) with different concentration (50, 250.500 mg/l) used as precursors to produce secondary metabolites (steroids) and growth development during different stages (callus, embryoids and shooting) of date palm (Malakaby cv.). In Embryogenic callus stage, callus volume was the highest (4.00) when treated with any of the three amino acids, 50 mg/l of Glutamine or Asparagine showed no effect compared to the control giving the lowest callus volume (3.00). Total steroids in callus tissues clearly showed that using Glutamine 250 mg/l in medium gave the highest steroid content 0.662 mg/g and percentage (336% of control), while the lowest (0.111mg/g) was found with Asparagine (500mg/l) and 56.35% of control. Glutamine at 250 mg/l resulted in the highest weight of embryos (2.100 gm). As well as, 500 mg/l Spermidine seemed to be the best amino acid used in order to stimulate steroid biosynthesis resulting in 202.1% of control (0.782 mg/g). In shooting stage, according to the number of shoots, the highest number of shoots (2.33) was achieved with Glutamine and Spermidine at 500 mg/l. In shoot weight, the highest weight (7.267 gm) was achieved by using 500mg/l Glutamine , as to steroid biosynthesis in shooting stage, the best result obtained, were by using Glutamine at 500 mg/l which gave highest steroid biosynthesis (0.534mg/g), 206.0% of control.

The plant hormone auxin drives plant growth and morphogenesis. The levels and distribution of the active auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are tightly controlled through synthesis, inactivation, and transport. Many auxin precursors and modified auxin forms, used to regulate auxin homeostasis, have been identified; however, very little is known about the integration of multiple auxin biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. This review discusses the many ways auxin levels are regulated through biosynthesis, storage forms, and inactivation, and the potential roles modified auxins play in regulating the bioactive pool of auxin to affect plant growth and development.

Effects of nitrogen @ 20, 40, 60 and 80 meq in combination with potassium @ 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 meq on in vitro tuberization of potato were evaluated to find out the optimum concentration of nitrogen and potassium for developing a standard protocol for in vitro tuberization of a popular variety Diamant. Microtuberization was delayed with increasing rate of nitrogen. Number of microtubers were reduced with an increase in total nitrogen but the average weight of microtubers increased with an increase in nitrogen level up to 60 meq. The number and size of microtubers increased with an increase in potassium up to 40 meq. Concentration of nitrogen at 60 meq and potassium at 40 meq in MS medium gave rise to microtubers of large size

An apparatus was developed that featured programmable application of liquid medium to plant cultures for micropropagation. Computer control capabilities included liquid medium introduction and medium depth within four culture vessels, medium application and removal on an assigned schedule, schedule adjustment during a culture period and medium replacement. The medium level was controlled using an accurate custom level-sensing technique consisting of thermistors and float switches. Seven-liter polycarbonate containers were modified and used as the culture vessels. Maintaining sterility was a key constraint in the development of the plant tissue culture apparatus.

are rich with bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and resorcinols, and they are often being used in herbal base medicine. Flavonoids is one of the important components that having the remarkable health promoting effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant activity, prevention of osteoporosis and anti-cancer. Unfortunately, due to the indiscriminate collection for the medicinal preparations, this plant species is gradually disappearing from its natural habitat. Thus, instead of getting the plant roots by removing them from nature or through normal cultivation, which take time for sufficient amount of production, the present research, using the in vitro technique, was performed. In this technique the roots formation was induced from leaf and stem explants without forming the other plant parts. Once the young roots culture was obtained, more cultures can be produced, which then take only about eight weeks to mature. Based on this age of culture, the component of flavonoids (R) compounds in the roots, which were determined using HPLC, was up to 95% similarity as in the original roots (OR) of Kacip Fatimah collected in a forest. The main flavonoids components obtained in the plant roots were rutin, naringin, myricetin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol.

The presidedress soil nitrate test (PSNT) and the presidedress tissue nitrogen test (PTNT) have been developed to assess residual soil nitrogen (N) sufficiency for corn (Zea mays L.) in the humid eastern U.S. We conducted field studies at 47 sites during 1990 and 1991 to evaluate the use of the PSNT and PTNT for corn in Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Appalachian Ridge and Valley regions of Virginia. Seven rates of fertilizer N (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, and 270 kg/ha) were applied at corn height of 0.40 to 0.50 m and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Whole corn plants and soil to a depth of 0.30 m were sampled when corn height was 0.15 to 0.30 m to estimate available soil N prior to the application of fertilizer N treatments. Corn grain yield response to fertilizer N was used to assess residual soil N availability. Nitrogen concentration of whole corn plants at 0.15 to 0.30 m height was not an accurate indicator of plant-available soil N. Corn yields were maximized without sidedress N at the 19 sites where soil NO 3 -N was at least 18 mg-kg -1 and at the 17 sites where soil (NO 3 +NH 4 )-N was at least 22 mg-kg -1 . The PSNT predicted corn N sufficiency regardless of soil physiographic region or surface texture; however, the critical values for NO 3 -N and (NO 3 +NH 4 )-N were 3 to 5 mg-kg -1 lower than those established in Pennsylvania and Maryland, where cooler soil temperatures may permit greater residence time of inorganic N.

Lead is a metallic pollutant emanating from various environmental sources including
industrial wastes, combustion of fossil fuels, and use of agrochemicals. Lead
may exist in the atmosphere as dusts, fumes, mists, and vapors, and in soil as a
mineral. Soils along roadsides are rich in lead because vehicles burn leaded gasoline,
which contributes to environmental lead pollution. Other important sources of
lead pollution are geological weathering, industrial processing of ores and minerals,
leaching of lead from solid wastes, and animal and human excreta. Lead is
nondegradable, readily enters the food chain, and can subsequently endanger
human and animal health. Lead is one of the most important environment pollutants
and deserves the increasing attention it has received in recent decades.

The variety MD2 of pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) was used in this study. This variety is highly demanded in the international market and known for possessing harvest quality with aroma, high sugar content (14% Brix), vitamins and longer shelf life. However, shortage of planting material has limited the production in Malaysia. In vitro mass propagation using the direct and indirect shoot proliferation techniques was tested on variety MD2. The plantlets were successfully initiated from sucker on solid MS basal medium containing 30 g/L sucrose, 0.1 g/L Myo-inositol and 3 mg/L BAP after one month of culture. The highest direct shoot tips regeneration was obtained on solid MS medium when added with 30 g/L sucrose, 0.1 g/L Myoinositol, 3 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L NAA. Indirect shoot regeneration was obtained on medium containing 3 mg/L Zeatin after one month of culture. In average, 10 shoots were regenerated from approximately 1 gram of calli. The techniques can produce 100-200 number of plantlet within 4 to 6 months of culture, and ready for planting after 7 months of culture.

Date palm is a dioecious, perennial monocot plant species of the Arecaceae family cultivated in 56 countries including European and American countries. The success of date palm micropropagation is strongly linked to the in vitro root quality. The identical shoots of 8-10 cm long of three different varieties (vars.) were cultured in rooting experiment to study the combined impact of genotype, sucrose concentration, activated charcoal (AC), basal salts (MS or MS & B5) and subculture number. The adventitious roots were planned to be initiated on media included different combinations of sucrose and basal salts for a couple of subcultures (each a month) and after then were transferred onto media contained 1.5 and 3.0 g/l AC for additional two subcultures. Findings indicated that using 40 g/l sucrose in the rooting medium encouraged the adventitious roots production where 5 roots per plantlet of 7.8 cm long and 1.4 mm width were averagely induced. The average leaves number reached 3-4 lea...

Potato (Solaum tuberosum L.) varieties, viz. Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Sindhuri and Kufri Chipsona 1 were evaluated for seed production in west-central Indian conditions. Days to the emergence and 50 % emergence were delayed in 10 and 17 October plantings (10.6, 10.5 days and 16.9, 16.6 days, respectively) and in the variety Kufri Sindhuri (10.6 days and 16.5 days). 7 November planting recorded higher growth attributes like emergence, number of stems, compound leaves except plant height. Delayed planting resulted in the reduction of plant height. Among the varieties, Kufri Sindhuri and Kufri Chipsona-1 recorded significantly higher growth parameters, viz. stem number, compound leaves and plant height. Higher seed size and total tuber number and per ha yield were recorded in 17 October onward plantings over other 10 October planting and highest was in 7 November planting (355 and 634 thousand/ha and 19.33 and 24.63 t/ha seed size and total tuber number and weight, respectively). Severe mosaic, mild mosaic and off types in each date of planting and varieties were below maximum permissible limit as per Indian minimum seed certification standards. Aphid population (weekly) was below the critical limit in all date of plantings and varieties. Gwalior region of west-central India is most suitable for seed production under prevailing climatic situation for getting higher seed yield.

Capsanthin is a natural pigment gains great attention because it used world widely in the food, cosmetic and dye industries and readily metabolized in the body. Its functions are anti oxidative, anti tumor, anti cancer and have inhibitory effect on colon carcinogenesis in the human body. The demand for capsanthin is increasing day by day in the growing industries, while its supply is low. So it required great attention to increase yield of capsanthin content to meet public demand. In this paper we have focus on chemistry of capsanthin, classical genetics, regulator genes in synthetic pathway and environmental stress. This paper will provide research review ideas for the researchers to improve capsanthin content and fruit quality.

Hormones play an important role in plant tissue culture and BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and Kinetin (6-furfuryl-aminopurine) which belong to Cytokinins are known to have effects on cell division, shoot elongation and promoting growth of lateral buds. These two hormones are used in plant tissue culture as combination for shoot development. Present study was carried out to find out the most appropriate combination of these two hormones on the shoot development of Anubias nangi which is one of the most attractive and high valued aquatic plants belonging to the family Araceae. Explants of Anubias nangi (after 4 culture circle) were taken and cultured in MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) media containing different combinations of BAP and Kinetin hormone (BAP:Kinetin) viz. 4 : 0.5, 3 :1.5, 2:2.5, 1:3.5. Four explants were cultured in one culture jar and 4 replicates were used for each hormone combination. All cultures were kept at 25 ºC and 12 hours light provided using cool white fluorescent tubes (40W). Number of shoots per explant were counted for 42 days and data was analyzed by using Microsoft office Excel 2013 and Minitab 16. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test the median number of shoots from 4 hormone combination were significantly different (P<0.05, DF=3, N=16) from each other. The highest median number of shoots were recorded in both combinations of 3 BAP: 1.5 Kinetin and 2BAP: 2.5 Kinetin followed by combination of 1 BAP: 3.5 Kinetin (3.5) and combination of 4BAP: 0.5 Kinetin. Hence, the present study concludes that the most suitable hormone combinations are both 3 BAP: 1.5 Kinetin and 2BAP: 2.5 Kinetin for the highest shoot development of Anubias nangi.

In order to establish the major factors affecting in vitro micropropagation of intergeneric hybrids Fragaria ×
Potentilla, respectively ‘Pink Panda’ and ‘Serenata’, basic culture media Murashige-Skoog (MS), Lee-Fossard (LF) and Knop, were supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetine (Kin), indole-3-acetic acid (AIA), indole-3-butyric acid (AIB) and gibberellic acid (GA3), in different combination and concentration. In ornamental strawberry ‘Serenata’, which showed a genetic potential of shoot regeneration significantly higher compared with ‘Pink Panda’, a high multiplication rate associated with a high vigor of shoots was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l AIB + 0.1 mg/l GA3. The same combination of growth regulators, added in MS medium in higher concentrations, namely 1.0 mg/l BAP + 0.2 mg/l AIB + 0.1 mg/l GA3 led to the highest rate of multiplication in ‘Pink Panda’ intergeneric hybrid of Fragaria × Potentilla.

Sterilization of explants is a prerequisite step for carrying out any plant tissue culture strategy. The type of chemicals used as fungicides viz. Carbendazim & Fenbendazole etc. and surface sterilants viz., sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and mercuric chloride, etc. are being used in tissue culture to decontaminate the explants tissues. These sterilants have their adverse effect depending upon the type of explants, nature of sterilants and their specific duration when applied individually or in combination. In the present study, the effect of fungicide (Carbendazim) and surface sterilant (sodium hypochlorite) was documented on different type explants of tomato cv. Solan Lalima. During sterilization treatment, 0.2% Carbendazim for 10 min followed by different durations of 10% sodium hypochlorite viz., 8 min for true leaf (77.08%) and epicotyl (66.66%), 10 min for hypocotyl (74.30%), 6 min for cotyledon (61.80%) and 20 min for seeds (77.77%), respectively was found to be effective for getting maximum survival rate in vitro. Hence, the reported sterilization treatments could be useful for carrying out any biotechnological strategies such as in vitro cell line selection and development of transgenics against various biotic and abiotic stresses as well as for other qualitative parameters in tomato crop improvement programme.

High frequency of calli was obtained from leaf and spadix segments of Anthurium andraeanum L. when cultured on N6 medium containing 2.5 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l 2,4-D in dark condition. The calli were maintained in dark condition on the same medium containing same hormonal supplements by subculturing up to three months but no shoot formation occurred during this period. Leaf and spadix segments derived calli were then tried for multiple shoot regeneration by culturing onto MS fortified with BAP and Kn singly or in combination with NAA in light condition. Best response towards multiple shoot regeneration was observed from both leaf and spadix segments derived calli on MS fortified with 1.0 mg/l BAP. In this combination an average of 18 shoot buds regenerated from leaf segment derived callus while 14 shoot buds regenerated from spadix segment derived callus. The number of shoot buds increased three to four-folds after subculturing in the same medium. Regenerated multiple shoots were excised and cultured onto half strength of MS with different concentrations of IBA and IAA for root induction. Best root development was obtained in half strength MS containing 1.0 mg/l IBA. About 85 per cent of the regenerated plantlets survived in natural conditions.

E R T AND W.M. W A I T E S . 1992. When Murashige and Skoog's liquid plant medium was inoculated with 10 different bacterial species in the absence of plants only Bacillus subtilis showed significant growth. T h e numbers of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Erwinia carotovora and Staphylococcus saprophyticus decreased rapidly and were not detected at 28 d. Bacillus subtilis, Lact. plantarum, Ps. maltophilia, Erw. carotovora and Staph. saprophyticus grew and persisted in the same medium in the presence of Delphinium plants, while only Lact. plantarum and Erw. carotovora grew and persisted in the presence of Hemerocallis plants.

Aswagandha (Withania somnifera) is an ornamental and medicinal plant. It is used as a medicinal plant from the ancestor era. Parts of this plant used as a medicine for curing different diseases. Aurveda describes its medicinal use for human beings. The Sanskrit name " ashva " meaning horse and " gandha " meaning smelling was given to this plant due to the smell of the roots resembling a sweating horse. [1] Currently around 200 traditional medicinal formulae are prepared in Ayurveda, Sid-dha and Unani systems using this plant. All the plant parts are credited with medicinal properties. [2] Parts of plant used for curing different types of diseases. Property of curing a disease is depending upon the phytochemical/active compound composition of plant part. Different plant parts contain different types of active compounds. As a medicine all parts of this plant are used. Withanaloid is major active compound of Withania somnifera. This active compound show different types of pharmacological effect. Withanaloid is a lipid compound and show maximum medicinal activity against different types of diseases and disorders. This plant used for diuretic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-stress agent. It is also used for increasing body energy, so it is now days used in food supplements for increasing body energy. Ashwagandha is taken for treating cold and coughs,

The effects of potato, papaya, and tomato organic extracts, prepared at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30%) were examined for the successful proliferation of in vitro Vanda Kasem's Delight (VKD) orchid's protocorm-like bodies (PLBs). Results obtained indicated that the growth of PLBs treated with organic extracts was significantly different compared to that of the control which lacked both carbon source and plant growth regulators. The use of Vacin and Went (VW) medium supplemented with coconut water and organic extracts appreciably enhanced the proliferation of PLBs of VKD, although no significant differences were detected among the treatments. It was concluded that VW medium, when supplemented with coconut water and 20% tomato extract, produced the highest proliferation rate for PLBs of VKD. Observations from this treatment included the production of healthy, green and freshlooking PLBs, and a reduction in the occurrence of culture browning. Therefore, this treatment has successfully resolved problems involving the long reproductive cycle and slower proliferation nature of VKD orchid plant.

Plants produced vegetatively in tissue culture may differ from the plants from which they have been derived. Two major classes of off-types occur: genetic ones and epigenetic ones. This review is about epigenetic aberrations. We discuss recent studies that have uncovered epigenetic modifications at the molecular level, viz., changes in DNA methylation and alterations of histone methylation or acetylation. Various studies have been carried out with animals, and with plant cells or tissues that have grown in tissue culture but only little work has been done with shoots generated by axillary branching. We present various molecular methods that are being used to measure epigenetic variation. In micropropagated plants mostly differences in DNA methylation have been examined. Epigenetic changes are thought to underlie various well-known tissue-culture phenomena including rejuvenation, habituation, and morphological changes such as flower abnormalities, bushiness, and tumorous outgrowths in, among others, oil palm, gerbera, Zantedeschia and rhododendron.

The study was conducted to optimize different compositions of modified MS media as treatments for explant establishment, shoot initiation, shoot proliferation and root induction. Establishment of the cultures (58%) and shoot initiation rate (75%) increased significantly at P=0.05 on T1C, MS supplemented with Kinetin (0.5mg/l), BAP (3mg/l), GA3 (0.5mg/l) and fenbendazole (100mg/l). It was also observed that although kinetin stimulates shoot initiation and proliferation but at the same time it induced slight callusing at the base of the explants. Shoot proliferation showed best result in T2C, MS supplemented with Kinetin (1.5mg/l), BAP (4mg/l), GA3 (0.5mg/l) and fenbndazole (100mg/l). Development of calli was observed at the base of the shoots and failed in regenerating roots when cultured on rooting media (T3 and T4) Thus, it was inferred that treatment T1C and T2C were most effective for the establishment, shoot initiation and multiple shoot regeneration of the som explant.

We have examined a number of antifungal agents which might prove useful in plant tissue culture. We find that carbendazim, fenbendazole and imazali! can be used relatively safely and also have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. Fungicides in clinical use do not prove to be as effective. Abbreviations YEPD = yeast potato dextrose, MS medium is Murashige and Skoog medium purchased from Flow Laboratories. 2,4 D = 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. BAP = 6-Benzylamino purine. Benomyl is methyl-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate. MBC is Carbendazim (methyl benzimidazole-2-yl-carbamate). TBZ is Thiabendazole; 2-(Thiazol-4-y-1) benzimidazole. FBZ is Fenbendazole [5-(Phenylthio)-lH-benzimidazole-2-yl] carbamic acid methyl ester.

The efficacy of partial substitution of agar by galactomannans (GMs) obtained from different sources was tested in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne) cv. Pelican micropropagation. GMs extracted from seeds of Cassia fastuosa (cassia) and Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (guar gum -a commercial GM) were mixed with agar in the proportion of 0.3/0.3% (w/v) in MS medium, and the performance was compared with behaviour of medium containing agar only (0.6%, w/v) as gelling agent. The results obtained showed that agar could be partially replaced by GMs, since the rheological measurements confirmed a good interaction between the polysaccharides. Also, better performance and enhanced proliferation of strawberry shoots were observed; where in the modified medium the length of roots was higher. Thus, the behaviour of the agar/galactomannans gels and the commercial cost effectiveness, which is lower for the modified medium compared with the system solidified with agar only, showed the potential use of these galactomannans for application in plant tissue culture. #

The forests of Papua and New Guinea have a rich variety of flowering plants. One orchid species from Papua and New Guinea is the Dendrobium spectabile. The D. spectabile has unique characteristics in which the flowers are slightly different in a florescent light. The flowers of D. spectabile are dissimilar with most of the other Dendrobium sp. Unlike the common Dendrobium, the D. spectabile will not flower without much higher levels of light. They will even take full sunlight for longer periods of time. The D. spectabile will start flowering when it reaches 4-5 years old. Recently, many people exploit this species, causing it to become very rare. Therefore, it is important to study the propagation method in order to conserve this species. In this study, in vitro propagation using different culture media were explored. The aim of this study is to compare two different media, i.e. medium VW with modification and medium W3, which has been known to give highest respond for growth of D. spectabile. The experiment was carried out at Tissue Culture Laboratory, CV Ayu Orchid Bali, from April-August 2012. The experiment employs Completely Randomized Design (CRD) design with 20 replications for each media. The result of the experiment showed that the highest respond for growth of D. spectabile was VW medium. This was indicated by higher number of plantlets (average 306.75), number of leaves (average 3.45) and plant height (average 2.65 cm). However, the leaves of plantlets using medium W3 showed dark green and the explants were stronger than explants in medium VW.

In order to develop a protocol for high efficiency in vitro propagation of two intergeneric Fragaria x Potentilla
varieties, ‘Serenata’ and ‘Pink Panda’ respectively, the influence of season on the rate of multiplication was investigated in shoot
cultures on Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Lee and Fossard (LF) media, supplemented with different combinations of growth
regulators. In vitro performance of explants indicated a positive correlation between shoot proliferation and season in both
genotypes of ornamental strawberry. The mean number of shoots formed per explant was higher when ‘Serenata’ and ‘Pink Panda’ varieties were subcultured on MS or LF media, in the active growing season, irrespective of the culture medium composition. In both ornamental strawberry varieties, the mean number of shoots formed per explant was slightly higher when subcultured on MS medium, in the spring and summer season, as compared to LF medium, which was proven to be the most effective in the cold season.

Paulownia is a fast-growing woody tree, native to the forests of China. It belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae and is mainly used as a source of wood for furniture and musical instruments. Due to its fast-growing nature and high-quality of wood, there has been growing interest in cultivation and research of Paulownia in Nepal. Growth comparison was performed by measuring shoot length in in vitro condition. Among two species of Paulownia-Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud and Paulownia fortuneii (Seem.) Hemsl., the growth rate of P. tomentosa was found to be 0.355 cm/week while that of P. fortuneii was found to be 0.637 cm/week in in-vitro conditions in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA and 1mg/l BAP. Optimization of rooting methods was also performed, in which, sand rooting was found to be easier and more effective than in-vitro rooting. Dipping the plantlets in 1 mg/l of NAA was found to produce longer and denser roots than lower or higher concentrations during sand rooting.

Auxin is a plant hormone involved in an extraordinarily broad variety of biological mechanisms. These range from basic cellular processes, such as endocytosis, cell polarity, and cell cycle control over localized responses such as cell elongation and differential growth, to macroscopic phenomena such as embryogenesis, tissue patterning, and de novo formation of organs. Even though the history of auxin research reaches back more than a hundred years, we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of how auxin governs such a wide range of responses. Some answers to this question may lie in the auxin molecule itself. Naturally occurring auxin-like substances have been found and they may play roles in specific developmental and cellular processes. The molecular mode of auxin action can be further explored by the utilization of synthetic auxin-like molecules. A second area is the perception of auxin, where we know of three seemingly independent receptors and signalling systems, some better understood than others, but each of them probably involved in distinct physiological processes. Lastly, auxin is actively modified, metabolized, and intracellularly compartmentalized, which can have a great impact on its availability and activity. In this review, we will give an overview of these rather recent and emerging areas of auxin research and try to formulate some of the open questions. Without doubt, the manifold facets of auxin biology will not cease to amaze us for a long time to come.

Problem statement: Various media formulations differing in basal salt composition are arbitrary selected to provide essential nutrients for plant in vitro cultures. Evidence suggests that in vitro response to various media formulations varies among genotypes and depends on the culture stage. This study examined the efficacy of five basal salt formulations on callus growth and somatic embryogenesis in date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. using three commercial cultivars, Khusab, Berny and Barhee. Approach: Callus from shoot tip explants maintained on MS medium was introduced to various media formulations including SH, W, MS, WPM and NN media containing 53.7 μM NAA and 7.4 μM 2iP. To assess the effect on callus growth, fresh callus weight was measured 4 and 8 weak later. To evaluate embryogenesis response, callus was transferred to hormone-free media corresponding to those during callus growth stage. Results: The optimum medium formulation varied according to cultivar and culture stage. Extending callus growth to 8 weak allowed for greater discernment of differences as compared to 4 weak because of the inherent slow growth nature of date palm callus. The best callus growth was achieved in cv. Khusab using W and WPM media, cv. Berny using SH and NN medium and cv. Barhee using SH, W and MS media. An optimal medium for callus growth was not necessarily the best for somatic embryogenesis. The highest regeneration percentage in cv. Berny occurred on WPM medium, cv. Khusab on W medium and cv. Barhee using W and WPM media. The highest number of resultant embryos was achieved in cv. Khusab using W and SH media, cv. Berny on WPM and MS media and cv. Barhee using W and SH media. Conclusion: This study provides important information to optimize medium formulation in micropropagation protocols of various date palm cultivars, particularly recalcitrant genotypes. It showed that the best basal salt formulation differed among date palm genotypes and suggested culture stage-specific requirement.

ABSTRACT
A pot experiment was carried out on during the two successive seasons of 2011 and 2012 at Ornamental Plants
Research Branch, Antoniades Botanical Gardens, Alex, Egypt, to evaluate the effect of different amino acids mixture
concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 ml/l) as foliar application on growth, flowering, bulbs production as well as some
chemical constituents of two Longiflorum-Asiatic lily (L.A) Hybrids namely., 'Rubino' and 'Red Alert' The results
revealed that all studied vegetative growth parameters weresignificantly affected by amino acid treatments. Spraying the
plants with 900 mg/l amino acid gave the highest significant records of plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weights of
leaves in both seasons. The "Red Alert" cultivar showed higher significant response than "Rubino" cultivar for the
vegetative growth parameters of plant height, leaf number/plant, and leaf area. Whereas, the "Rubino" cultivar gave higher
significant records with respect to leaf fresh weight. As for the "Rubino" ,the results indicated that foliar spray with 2 ml/l
amino acid gave the highest significant records in fresh and dry weight of leaves. While applying the aforementioned
treatment on "Red Alert" cultivar resulted in the highest records for plant height, leaf number/plant and leaf area. Spraying
the plants with the highest concentration (2 ml/l) gave the highest significant values of flowering duration, petiole length
and flower fresh and dry weights as well as advanced the flowering compared to the control. The "Rubino" cultivar gave
higher significant records than the "Red Alert" cultivar in spike length, petiole length, flower fresh and dry weights and
flower bud length, while the "Red Alert" cultivar gave higher significant records in number of flowers, flowering duration
and flower diameter as well as advanced the flowering. The results revealed that spraying the plants with the highest level
of amino acid (2 ml/l) resulted in the highest significant records in flowering duration, flower diameter and flower fresh
and dry weights for both of lilium cultivars. All the studiedbulb parameters (bulb circumference and fresh and dry
weights of bulbs) significantly affected as a result of spraying with amino acid treatments compared to the control. The
results revealed that foliar application with the highest level of amino acid (2 ml/l) gave the best significant records for
bulb circumference and fresh and dry weights of bulbs. The "Red Alert" cultivar gave higher significant records than
"Rubino" cultivar in bulb circumference and fresh and dry weights of bulbs. Spraying the plants with 2 ml/l amino acid
resulted in the highest significant records in all of the studied bulb parameters for both lilium cultivars. The amino acid
treatments caused significant increases in leaf chlorophyll (a and b), leaf total carbohydrates and leaf NPK contents. The
highest significant records, in the previously mentioned parameters, were observed due to foliar application with 2 ml/l
amino acid for both of the studied cultivars.

Key words: amino acids mixture, Amino Mix, Longiflorum-Asiatic (L.A) Hybrid Lily, foliar spray,
vegetative growth, flowering, chemical constituents,photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.

Plant Propagation: Basics of single and multiple rooting hormone applications. Cuttings taken from stock plants are used to propagate new plants. Using needed rooting hormones, growers are sometimes confronted with slow-to-root and hard-to-root cuttings. Multiple Rooting Solution foliar applications may improve root formation. Solutions may be applied once or multiple times in ten day to two week internals, and customized programs. Multiple solution applications use the foliar Spray Drip Down® Method which does not disturb planted cuttings.

Penelitian dunia pertanian modern membuktikan bahwa pupuk organik memiliki berbagai keunggulan dibandingkan pupuk kimiawi atau sintetis. Dalam artikel ini, Tim Embrio akan berbagi banyak hal seperti apa itu pupuk organic? Apa saja jenis-jenis pupuk organik? Bagaimana cara membuatnya? dan bagaimana cara pengunaannya? Simak ulasannya.

- Pengertian pupuk organik
- Jenis pupuk organik
1. Pupuk hijau
2. Pupuk Kompos
3. Pupuk Kandang
4. Pupuk Humus

- Bentuk Pupuk Organik
1. Pupuk Organik Cair
2. Pupuk Organik Padat

-Keunggulan pupuk organik
- Kekurangan pupuk organik
- Cara membuat membuat pupuk organik cair dan padat
- Pupuk Organik Ecofarming untuk berbagai keperluan pertanian dan perkebunan Anda

Berdasarkan hasil riset kami di lapangan, tim Embrio sangat merekomendasikan pengunaan pengunaan pupuk organik Eco Farming, terutama untuk merevitaliasi lahan Anda agar menjadi gembur dan subur. Eco Farming efektif digunakan seminggu sebelum masa tanam. Pupuk Eco Farming ini bersifat sistemik dan akan terasa optimal setelah masa 3 tahun pengunaan dengan catatan pengunaan pupuk kimia dikurangi.

Untuk penggunaannya, 1 dus Ecofarming bisa untuk penyemprotan lahan seluas 1 Hektar dengan dosis, 1 botol untuk 140 liter air. Caranya yaitu dari 1 botol, dilarutkan ke dalam 1 liter air, dari satu liter dibagi sepuluh (100 ml) untuk 1 tangki (14 liter air)

Dapatkan pupuk organik Eco Farming di CV. Embrio Multi Agro, harga termurah dan dijamin asli.

Salam Petani Cerdas!

———

EMBRIO MULTI AGRO

Web: embriostore.com
Email: embriostoreid@gmail.com
FB: Embrio Store
Twitter: @embriostore
IG: @embriostoredotcom

———

Plant Propagation from Cuttings produces new plants identical to stock plants. Rooting Hormones are essential to develop roots on cuttings. This Guide describes five successful foliar and basal propagation methods: Five methods of plant propagation from cuttings:. Dry Dip, Basal Quick Dip, Foliar Spray Drip Down, Foliar Total Immerse, Basal Long Soak. The methods use the rooting hormones Hortus IBA Water Soluble Salts® (rooting solutions) & Rhizopon® AA (rooting solutions & dry powders).