MOBILE COMPUTING: PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE

Author: Miss. Sailaja Thippabhotla GITAM UNIVERSITY

ABSTRACT:
In this paper gives an overview of existing cellular networks and describe in detail the CDPD technology which allows data communications across these networks. Finally, gives the applications of obile Computing in the real world. obile data communication has become a very important and rapidly evolving technology as it allows users to transmit data from remote locations to other remote or fixed locations. !his proves to be the solution to the biggest problem of business people on the move " mobility.

INTRODUCTION:
Computers are one o the major in!entions o the "orl#. The in!ention o $omputer has $han%e# the "orl#. &urin% these #a's e!er' iel# o li e seems to be $omputeri(e#. )ater in the *+st $entur' a ne" te$hnolo%' "as intro#u$e# in the "orl# ,no"n as mobile $omputin%. No"-a-#a's $omputers are mo#i ie# into mobile $omputers ,no"n as laptops. A small intro#u$tion o mobile $omputin% is that 'ou $an #o 'our "or, in motion. In simple "or#s it means that 'ou $an #o 'our "or, "hile sittin% an'"here in the "orl#. You #o not ha!e to sit at one pla$e to #o 'our "or,. Mobile #ata $ommuni$ation has be$ome a !er' important an# rapi#l' e!ol!in% te$hnolo%' as it allo"s users to transmit #ata rom remote lo$ations to other remote or i.e# lo$ations. This pro!es to be the solution to the bi%%est problem o business people on the mo!e - mobilit'. Mobile Computin : A te$hnolo%' that allo"s transmission o #ata/ !ia a $omputer/ "ithout ha!in% to be $onne$te# to a i.e# ph'si$al lin,. P!in"iple: Mobile !oi$e $ommuni$ation is "i#el' establishe# throu%hout the "orl# an# has ha# a !er' rapi# in$rease in the number o subs$ribers to the !arious $ellular net"or,s o!er the last e" 'ears. An e.tension o this te$hnolo%' is the abilit' to sen# an# re$ei!e #ata a$ross these $ellular net"or,s. This is the prin$iple o mobile $omputin%.

E#ISTING CELLULAR NET$OR% ARC&ITECTURE

A $ellular net"or, $onsists o mobile units lin,e# to%ether to s"it$hin% e0uipment/ "hi$h inter$onne$t the #i erent parts o the net"or, an# allo" a$$ess to the i.e# 1ubli$ S"it$he# Telephone Net"or, 21STN3. This te$hnolo%' in$orporate# in a number o trans$ei!ers $alle# 4ase Stations 24S3. E!er' 4S is lo$ate# at a strate%i$all' sele$te# pla$e an# $o!ers a %i!en area or $ell. 5en$e/ it $alle# as $ellular $ommuni$ations. A number o a#ja$ent $ells %roupe# to%ether orm an area an# the $orrespon#in% 4Ss $ommuni$ate throu%h/ also $alle# Mobile S"it$hin% Centre 2MSC3. The MSC is the heart o a $ellular ra#io s'stem. It is responsible or routin% or s"it$hin%/ $alls rom the ori%inator to the #estinator. It $an be thou%ht o mana%in% the $ell/ bein% responsible or set-up/ routin% $ontrol an# termination o the $all/ or mana%ement o inter-MSC han# o!er an# supplementar' ser!i$es an# or $olle$tin% $har%in% an# a$$ountin% in ormation. The MSC ma' be $onne$te# to other MSCs on the same net"or, or to the 1STN as sho"n in i%2+3. The re0uen$ies use# !ar' a$$or#in% to the $ellular net"or, te$hnolo%' implemente#. 6or GSM/ 789 - 8+: M5( ran%e is use# or ea$h $ell has a number o $hannels asso$iate# "ith it. These are assi%ne# to subs$ribers on #eman#. ;hen a Mobile Station 2MS3 be$omes <a$ti!e< it re%isters "ith the nearest 4S. The $orrespon#in% MSC stores the in ormation about that MS an# its position. This in ormation is use# to #ire$t in$omin% $alls to the MS.

Fi '() : Mobile S*it"+in Cent!e

I #urin% a $all the MS mo!es to an a#ja$ent $ell then a $han%e o

re0uen$' "ill

ne$essaril' o$$ur. Sin$e/ a#ja$ent $ells ne!er use the same $hannels. This pro$e#ure is $alle# han# o!er an# is the ,e' to Mobile $ommuni$ations. As the MS is approa$hin% the e#%e o a $ell/ the 4S monitors the #e$rease in si%nal po"er. The stren%th o the si%nal is $ompare# "ith a#ja$ent $ells an# the $all is han#e# o!er to the $ell "ith the stron%est si%nal. &urin% the s"it$h/ the line is lost or about =99ms. ;hen the MS is %oin% rom one area to another it re%isters itsel to the ne" MSC. Its lo$ation in ormation is up#ate#/ thus allo"in% MSs to be use# outsi#e their <home< areas transmission an# 8>: -8?9 M5( or re$eption.

MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS O,ER,IE$:

&ata Communi$ations is the e.$han%e o #ata usin% e.istin% $ommuni$ation

net"or,s. The term #ata $o!ers a "i#e ran%e o appli$ations in$lu#in% 6ile Trans er 26T3/ inter$onne$tion bet"een ;i#e-Area-Net"or,s 2;AN3/ a$simile 2 a.3/ ele$troni$ mail/ a$$ess to the Internet an# the ;orl# ;i#e ;eb 2;;;3.

Fi - '.) : Mobile Communi"/tion0 O1e!1ie*

Cir$uit s"it$hin% implies that #ata rom one user 2sen#er3 to another 2re$ei!er3 has to ollo" a prespe$i ie# path. I a lin, to be use# is bus' / the messa%e $an not be re#ire$te# / a propert' "hi$h $auses man' #ela's. 1a$,et s"it$hin% is an attempt to ma,e better utilisation o the e.istin% net"or, b' splittin% the messa%e to be sent into pa$,ets. Ea$h pa$,et $ontains in ormation about the sen#er/ the re$ei!er/ the position o the pa$,et in the messa%e as "ell as part o the a$tual messa%e. There are man' proto$ols #e inin% the "a' pa$,ets $an be sen# rom the sen#er to the re$ei!er. The most "i#el' use# are the Virtual Cir$uit-S"it$hin% s'stem/ "hi$h implies that pa$,ets ha!e to be sent throu%h the same path/ an# the &ata%ram s'stem "hi$h allo"s pa$,ets to be sent at !arious paths #epen#in% on the net"or, a!ailabilit'. 1a$,et s"it$hin% re0uires more e0uipment at the re$ei!er/ "here re$onstru$tion o the messa%e "ill ha!e to be #one.

CDPD TEC&NOLOG2 : T&E &OT COO%IE

To#a'/ the mobile #ata $ommuni$ations mar,et is be$omin% #ominate# b' a te$hnolo%' $alle# C&1&. There are other alternati!es to this te$hnolo%' namel' Cir$uit S"it$he# Cellular/ Spe$ialise# Mobile Ra#io an# ;ireless &ata Net"or,s C&1&<s prin$iple lies in the usa%e o the i#le time in bet"een e.istin% !oi$e si%nals that are bein% sent a$ross the $ellular net"or,s. The major a#!anta%e o this s'stem is the a$t that the i#le time is not $har%eable an# so the $ost o #ata transmission is !er' lo". This ma' be re%ar#e# as the most important $onsi#eration b' business in#i!i#uals. C&1& net"or,s allo" i.e# or mobile users to $onne$t to the net"or, a$ross a i.e# lin, an# a pa$,et s"it$he# s'stem respe$ti!el'. 6i.e# users ha!e a i.e# ph'si$al lin, to the C&1& net"or,. In the $ase o a mobile en# user/ the user $an/ i C&1& net"or, a$ilities are non-e.istent/ $onne$t to e.istin% $ir$uit s"it$he# net"or,s an# transmit #ata !ia these net"or,s. This is ,no"n as Cir$uit S"it$he# C&1& 2CS-C&1&3.

Fi - '3) : Ci!"uit S*it"+e4 CDPD Ser!i$e $o!era%e is a un#amental element o pro!i#in% e e$ti!e "ireless solutions to users an# usin% this metho# a$hie!es this obje$ti!e. ;here C&1& is a!ailable #ata is split into pa$,ets an# a 1a$,et S"it$he# Net"or, proto$ol is use# to transport the pa$,ets a$ross the net"or,. This ma' be o either &ata%ram or Virtual Cir$uit S"it$hin% orm.

CDPD O1e!1ie*:
C&1& net"or,s ha!e a net"or, hierar$h' "ith ea$h le!el o the hierar$h' #oin% its o"n spe$i ie# tas,s.

Fi - '5) : CDPD O1e!1ie*

The hierar$h' $onsists o the ollo"in% le!els :

Mobile En4 U0e! Inte!6/"e Usin% a sin%le #e!i$e su$h as a 1ersonal &i%ital Assistant or personal $omputer "hi$h

ha!e been $onne$te# to a Ra#io 6re0uen$' 2R63 Mo#em "hi$h is spe$iall' a#apte# "ith the antennae re0uire# to transmit #ata on the $ellular net"or,/ the mobile en# user $an transmit both #ata an# !oi$e si%nals. Voi$e si%nals are transmitte# !ia a mobile phone $onne$te# to the R6 Mo#em Unit.

Mobile D/t/ B/0e St/tion 'MDBS)

In ea$h $ell o the $ellular re$eption area/ there is a Mobile &ata 4ase Station 2M&4S3 "hi$h is responsible or #ete$tion o i#le time in !oi$e $hannels/ or rela'in% #ata bet"een the mobile units an# the Mobile &ata Interme#iate S'stems 2M&IS3/ sen#in% o pa$,ets o #ata onto the appropriate uno$$upie# re0uen$ies as "ell as re$ei!in% #ata pa$,ets an# passin% them to the appropriate Mobile en# user "ithin its #omain. A Dete"tion o6 i4le time : This is a$hie!e# usin% a s$annin% re$ei!er2also ,no"n as sni er3 house# in the M&4S. A Rel/7in 4/t/ p/"8et0 bet*een mobile unit0 /n4 net*o!80 : I the sni er #ete$ts t"o i#le $hannels then the M&4S establishes t"o R6 air-lin,s bet"een the en# user unit an# itsel . T"o $hannels are re0uire# to a$hie!e bi#ire$tional $ommuni$ations. Bne $hannel is or or"ar# $ommuni$ation rom the M&4S to the mobile units. This $hannel is uni0ue to ea$h mobile unit an# hen$e $ontentionless. The !e1e!0e $hannels are share# bet"een a number o Mobile units an# as a result/ t"o mobile units sharin% a re!erse lin, $annot $ommuni$ate to ea$h other. Re!erse $hannels are a$$esse# usin% a &i%ital Sense Multiple A$$ess "ith Collision &ete$tion 2&SMA - C&3 proto$ol "hi$h is similar to the proto$ol use# in Ethernet $ommuni$ation "hi$h utilises Carrier Sense Multiple A$$ess "ith Collision &ete$tion 2CSMA - C&3. This proto$ol allo"s the $ollision o t"o #ata pa$,ets on a $ommon $hannel to be #ete$te# so that the Mobile unit $an be alerte# b' the M&4S to retr' transmission at a later time.

C+/nnel +oppin : Bn$e a lin, is establishe#/ the M&4S $an 0ui$,l' #ete$t i an# "hen a !oi$e si%nal is rampin% up 2re0uestin%3 this lin, an# "ithin the =9ms it ta,es or the !oi$e si%nal to ramp up an# %et a lin,/ the M&4S #is$onne$ts rom the $urrent air-lin, an# in#s another i#le $hannel establishin% a ne" lin,. This is ,no"n as $hannel hoppin%.

Mobile D/t/ Inte!me4i/te S70tem0 'MDIS)

The M&IS maintains a #atabase or ea$h o the M-ES in its ser!in% area. Ea$h mobile unit has a i.e# home area but ma' be lo$ate# in an' area "here re$eption is a!ailable. So/ i a M&IS unit re$ie!es a #ata pa$,et a##resse# to a mobile unit that resi#es in its #omain/ it sen#s the #ata pa$,et to the appropriate M&4S in its #omain "hi$h "ill or"ar# it as re0uire#. I the #ata pa$,et is a##resse# to a mobile unit in another %roup o $ells/ then the M&IS or"ar#s the #ata pa$,et to the appropriate M&IS usin% the or"ar# $hannel. The M&IS units hi#e all mobilit' issues rom s'stems in hi%her le!els o the net"or, hierar$h'.

Inte!me4i/te S70tem0 'IS)

M&IS are inter$onne$te# to these IS "hi$h orm the ba$,bone o the C&1& s'stem. The IS<s rela' #ata bet"een M&IS<s an# other IS<s throu%hout the net"or,. The' $an be $onne$te# to routers that support Internet an# Bpen S'stems Inter$onne$tion Conne$tionless Net"or, Ser!i$es 2BSI-C)NS3/ to allo" a$$ess to other $ellular $arriers an# e.ternal lan#- base# net"or,s.

. Fi - '9) : CDPD Net*o!8

CDPD NET$OR% RELIABILIT2:

There are some a$tions that are ne$essar' in or#er to obtain reliabilit' o!er a net"or,.

U0e! Aut+enti"/tion The pro$e#ure "hi$h $he$,s i the i#entit' o the subs$riber trans erre# o!er the ra#io path $orrespon#s "ith the #etails hel# in the net"or,.

U0e! Anon7mit7 Instea# o the a$tual #ire$tor' telephone number / the International Mobile Subs$riber I#entit' 2IMSI3 number is use# "ithin the net"or, to uni0uel' i#enti ' a mobile subs$riber.

F!/u4 P!e1ention 1rote$tion a%ainst impersonation o authorise# users an# rau#ulent use o the net"or, is re0uire#.

P!ote"tion o6 u0e! 4/t/ All the si%nals "ithin the net"or, are en$r'pte# an# the i#enti i$ation ,e' is ne!er transmitte# throu%h the air. This ensures ma.imum net"or, an# #ata se$urit'.

C&1& ollo"s the BSI stan#ar# mo#el or pa$,et s"it$he# #ata $ommuni$ations. The C&1& ar$hite$ture e.ten#s a$ross la'ers one/ t"o an# three o the BSI la'er mo#el. The mobile en# users han#le the la'er = un$tions 2transport3 an# hi%her la'ers o the BSI mo#el su$h as user inter a$e.

TEC&NICAL AND OT&ER LIMITATIONS OF MOBILE COMPUTING:

A In0u66i"ient b/n4*i4t+ Mobile internet a$$ess is %enerall' slo"er than #ire$t $able $onne$tions/ usin% te$hnolo%ies su$h as G1RS an# E&GE/ an# more re$entl' >Gnet"or,s. These net"or,s are usuall' a!ailable "ithin ran%e o $ommer$ial $ell phone to"ers. 5i%her spee# "ireless )ANs are ine.pensi!e/ but ha!e !er' limite# ran%e.

A Se"u!it7 0t/n4/!40 ;hen "or,in% mobile one is #epen#ent on publi$ net"or,s/ re0uirin% $are ul use o V1Ns.

A Po*e! "on0umption ;hen a po"er outlet or portable %enerator is not a!ailable/ mobile $omputers must rel' entirel' on batter' po"er. Combine# "ith the $ompa$t si(e o man' mobile #e!i$es/ this o ten means unusuall' e.pensi!e batteries must be use# to obtain the ne$essar' batter' li e.

A T!/n0mi00ion inte!6e!en"e0 ;eather/ terrain/ an# the ran%e rom the nearest si%nal point $an all inter ere "ith si%nal re$eption. Re$eption in tunnels/ some buil#in%s/ an# rural areas is o ten poor.

A Potenti/l +e/lt+ +/:/!40 More $ar a$$i#ents are relate# to #ri!ers "ho "ere tal,in% throu%h a mobile #e!i$e. Cell phones ma' inter ere "ith sensiti!e me#i$al #e!i$es. There are alle%ations that $ell phone si%nals ma' $ause health problems.

A &um/n inte!6/"e *it+ 4e1i"e S$reens an# ,e'boar#s ten# to be small/ "hi$h ma' ma,e them har#er to use. Alternate input metho#s su$h as spee$h or han#"ritin% re$o%nition re0uire trainin%.

APPLICATIONS OF MOBILE COMPUTING:

The 0uestion that al"a's arises "hen a business is thin,in% o bu'in% a mobile $omputer is C;ill it be "orth itDC In man' iel#s o "or,/ the abilit' to ,eep on the mo!e is !ital in or#er to utilise time e i$ientl'. E i$ient utilisation o resour$es 2ie: sta 3 $an mean substantial sa!in%s in transportation $osts an# other non 0uanti 'able $osts su$h as in$rease# $ustomer attention/ impa$t o on site maintenan$e an# impro!e# inter$ommuni$ation "ithin the business. The importan$e o Mobile Computers has been hi%hli%hte# in man' iel#s o "hi$h a e" are #es$ribe# belo":

A Fo! E0t/te A ent0 Estate a%ents $an "or, either at home or out in the iel#. ;ith mobile $omputers the' $an be more pro#u$ti!e. The' $an obtain $urrent real estate in ormation b' a$$essin% multiple listin% ser!i$es/ "hi$h the' $an #o rom home/ o i$e or $ar "hen out "ith $lients. The' $an pro!i#e $lients "ith imme#iate ee#ba$, re%ar#in% spe$i i$ homes or nei%hborhoo#s/ an# "ith aster loan appro!als/ sin$e appli$ations $an be submitte# on the spot. There ore/ mobile $omputers allo" them to #e!ote more time to $lients.

A Eme! en"7 Se!1i"e0 Abilit' to re$ie!e in ormation on the mo!e is !ital "here the emer%en$' ser!i$es are in!ol!e#. In ormation re%ar#in% the a##ress/ t'pe an# other #etails o an in$i#ent $an be #ispat$he# 0ui$,l'/ !ia a C&1& s'stem usin% mobile $omputers/ to one or se!eral appropriate mobile units "hi$h are in the !i$init' o the in$i#ent.

A In "ou!t0 &e ense $ounsels $an ta,e mobile $omputers in $ourt. ;hen the opposin% $ounsel re eren$es a $ase "hi$h the' are not amiliar/ the' $an use the $omputer to %et #ire$t/ real-time a$$ess to on-line le%al #atabase ser!i$es/ "here the' $an %ather in ormation on the $ase an# relate# pre$e#ents. There ore mobile $omputers allo" imme#iate a$$ess to a "ealth o in ormation/ ma,in% people better in orme# an# prepare#.

A In "omp/nie0 Mana%ers $an use mobile $omputers in/ sa'/ $riti$al presentations to major $ustomers. The' $an a$$ess the latest mar,et share in ormation. At a small re$ess/ the' $an re!ise the presentation to ta,e a#!anta%e o this in ormation. The' $an $ommuni$ate "ith the o i$e about possible ne" o ers an# $all meetin%s or #is$ussin% respon#s to the ne" proposals. There ore/ mobile $omputers $an le!era%e $ompetiti!e a#!anta%es.

A Sto"8 In6o!m/tion Coll/tion;Cont!ol In en!ironments "here a$$ess to sto$, is !er' limite# ie: a$tor' "arehouses. The use o small portable ele$troni$ #atabases a$$esse# !ia a mobile $omputer "oul# be i#eal. &ata $ollate# $oul# be #ire$tl' "ritten to a $entral #atabase/ !ia a C&1& net"or,/ "hi$h hol#s all sto$, in ormation hen$e the nee# or trans er o #ata to the $entral $omputer at a later #ate is not ne$essar'. This ensures that rom the time that a sto$, $ount is $omplete#/ there is no in$onsisten$' bet"een the #ata input on the portable $omputers an# the $entral #atabase.

A C!e4it C/!4 ,e!i6i"/tion At 1oint o Sale 21BS3 terminals in shops an# supermar,ets/ "hen $ustomers use $re#it $ar#s or transa$tions/ the inter$ommuni$ation re0uire# bet"een the ban, $entral $omputer an# the 1BS terminal/ in or#er to e e$t !eri i$ation o the $ar# usa%e/ $an ta,e pla$e 0ui$,l' an# se$urel' o!er $ellular $hannels usin% a mobile $omputer unit. This $an spee# up the transa$tion pro$ess an# relie!e $on%estion at the 1BS terminals.

A T/<i;T!u"8 Di0p/t"+ Usin% the i#ea o a $entrall' $ontrolle# #ispat$her "ith se!eral mobile units 2ta.is3/ mobile $omputin% allo"s the ta.is to be %i!en ull #etails o the #ispat$he# job as "ell as allo"in% the ta.is to $ommuni$ate in ormation about their "hereabouts ba$, to the $entral #ispat$h o i$e. This s'stem is also e.tremel' use ul in se$ure #eli!eries ie: Se$uri$or. This allo"s a $entral $omputer to be able to tra$, an# re$ie!e status in ormation rom all o its mobile se$ure #eli!er' !ans. A%ain/ the se$urit' an# reliabilt' properties o the C&1& s'stem shine throu%h.

Fi - '=) : T/<i Di0p/t"+ Net*o!8 A Ele"t!oni" M/il;P/ in Usa%e o a mobile unit to sen# an# rea# emails is a !er' use ul asset or an' business in#i!i#ual/ as it allo"s himEher to ,eep in tou$h "ith an' $ollea%ues as "ell as an' ur%ent #e!elopments that ma' a e$t their "or,. A$$ess to the Internet/ usin% mobile $omputin% te$hnolo%'/ allo"s the in#i!i#ual to ha!e !ast arra's o ,no"le#%e at hisEher in%ertips. 1a%in% is also a$hie!able here/ %i!in% e!en more inter$ommuni$ation $apabilit' bet"een in#i!i#uals/ usin% a sin%le mobile $omputer #e!i$e.

T&E FUTURE:
The "or,in% li est'le "ill $han%e/ "ith the majorit' o people "or,in% rom home/ rather than $ommutin%. This ma' be bene i$ial to the en!ironment as less transportation "ill be utilise#. This mobilit' aspe$t ma' be $arrie# urther in that/ e!en in so$ial spheres/ people "ill intera$t !ia mobile stations/ eliminatin% the nee# to !enture outsi#e o the house. This s$ar' $on$ept o a "orl# ull o inanimate (ombies sittin%/ lo$,e# to their mobile stations/ a$$essin% e!er' sphere o their li!es !ia the $omputer s$reen be$omes e!er more real as te$hnolo%'/ espe$iall' in the iel# o mobile #ata $ommuni$ations/ rapi#l' impro!es an#/ as sho"n belo"/ tren#s are !er' mu$h to"ar#s ubi0uitous or mobile $omputin%.

In#ee#/ te$hnolo%ies su$h as Intera$ti!e tele!ision an# Vi#eo Ima%e Compression alrea#' impl' a $ertain #e%ree o mobilit' in the home/ ie. home shoppin% et$. Usin% the mobile #ata $ommuni$ation te$hnolo%ies #is$usse#/ this mobilit' ma' be pushe# to e.treme.

CONCLUSION:
;ith the rapi# te$hnolo%i$al a#!an$ements in Arti i$ial Intelli%en$e/ Inte%rate# Cir$uitr' an# in$reases in Computer 1ro$essor spee#s/ the uture o mobile $omputin% loo,s in$reasin%l' e.$itin%. ;ith the emphasis in$reasin%l' on $ompa$t/ small mobile $omputers/ it ma' also be possible to ha!e all the pra$ti$alit' o a mobile $omputer in the si(e o a han# hel# or%ani(er or e!en smaller. ;hen people $an #o their "or, "hile sittin% an'"here the' "ill #o more "or,. This "ill pla' an important role in the e$onom' o the $ountr' an# the "orl#. &urin% these #a's there is no problem or a stu#ent to sear$h an' in ormation that he nee#s or his assi%nment. Man' people use these mobile $omputers or entertainment. Chil#ren pla' !i#eo %ames on these $omputers. You $an $hat online "ith 'our rien#s an# amil' members "hile sittin% on a bea$h. You $an #o 'our o i$e "or, "hile sittin% an'"here. The uture o Mobile Computin% is !er' promisin% in#ee#/ althou%h te$hnolo%' ma' %o too ar/ $ausin% #etriment to so$iet'.

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ABOUT T&E AUT&OR:

Miss. Sailaja Thippabhotla / stu#ent o Gitam Uni!ersit' / stu#'in% in se$on# 'ear Computer En%ineerin%. I "rote this paper or un#erstan#in% appli$ations o Mobile Computin% in the real "orl#. I re erre# number o topi$s/ oun# this topi$ interestin% in uture s$ope. M' &epartment 5ea# an# Sta members %ui#e# an# en$oura%e# me to "rite this paper.