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    Physics Chapter 4 - Electronics

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    Chew Han Hoong
    The document discusses cathode-ray oscilloscopes and thermionic emission. Thermionic emission is the emission of electrons from a hot metal surface, such as from a tungsten filament heated as a cathode. When the filament is heated, electrons gain enough kinetic energy to escape the metal surface. These emitted electrons are then accelerated toward a positively charged anode. Thermionic emission is analogous to evaporation, where enough energy must be absorbed for particles (electrons or molecules) to escape the surface. Properties of cathode rays include traveling in straight lines at high speeds in a vacuum, carrying momentum and energy from the moving electrons, and producing fluorescence when striking materials.

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    Physics Chapter 4 - Electronics

    Uploaded by

    Chew Han Hoong
    94 views3 pages
    The document discusses cathode-ray oscilloscopes and thermionic emission. Thermionic emission is the emission of electrons from a hot metal surface, such as from a tungsten filament heated as a cathode. When the filament is heated, electrons gain enough kinetic energy to escape the metal surface. These emitted electrons are then accelerated toward a positively charged anode. Thermionic emission is analogous to evaporation, where enough energy must be absorbed for particles (electrons or molecules) to escape the surface. Properties of cathode rays include traveling in straight lines at high speeds in a vacuum, carrying momentum and energy from the moving electrons, and producing fluorescence when striking materials.

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    The document discusses cathode-ray oscilloscopes and thermionic emission. Thermionic emission is the emission of electrons from a hot metal surface, such as from a tungsten filament heated as a cathode. When the filament is heated, electrons gain enough kinetic energy to escape the metal surface. These emitted electrons are then accelerated toward a positively charged anode. Thermionic emission is analogous to evaporation, where enough energy must be absorbed for particles (electrons or molecules) to escape the surface. Properties of cathode rays include traveling in straight lines at high speeds in a vacuum, carrying momentum and energy from the moving electrons, and producing fluorescence when striking materials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    94 views3 pages

    Physics Chapter 4 - Electronics

    Uploaded by

    Chew Han Hoong
    The document discusses cathode-ray oscilloscopes and thermionic emission. Thermionic emission is the emission of electrons from a hot metal surface, such as from a tungsten filament heated as a cathode. When the filament is heated, electrons gain enough kinetic energy to escape the metal surface. These emitted electrons are then accelerated toward a positively charged anode. Thermionic emission is analogous to evaporation, where enough energy must be absorbed for particles (electrons or molecules) to escape the surface. Properties of cathode rays include traveling in straight lines at high speeds in a vacuum, carrying momentum and energy from the moving electrons, and producing fluorescence when striking materials.

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    Chapter 4 : Electronics

    1

    4.1 Cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO)
    4.1.1 Thermionic emission

    1. A metal surface has many free electrons.
    The electrons do not have enough kinetic energy to break free.
    Will keep binding to the surface of metal.

    2. Thermionic emission = emission of electrons from a hot metal
    surface (cathode)

    Current passes through tungsten filament (cathode) > hot


    Electrons gain kinetic energy > sufficiently high k.e.
    e
    -
    escape (from surface of tungsten filament to surroundings)


    Electrons emitted are accelerated towards anode (by the high
    potential difference between cathode and anode)

    Cathode ray = a beam of electrons moving at high speed in a
    vacuum






    Thermionic emission is like evaporation
    Thermionic emission Evaporation
    Enough energy must be
    absorbed before electrons are
    emitted from metal surface
    Enough energy must be absorbed
    before water molecules escape
    from the water surface
    Negatively charged electrons
    are emitted
    Neutral whole molecules escape

    Demonstration of thermionic emission (using thermionic diode)

    Factor Rate of thermionic emission
    Temperature of the cathode Temp ( ) , r.o.t.e. ( )
    Surface area of cathode S.A. ( ), r.o.t.e. ( )
    Potential difference
    between anode and cathode
    P.d. ( ), r.o.t.e. ( )
    Emitted electrons accelerate faster
    towards the anode
    Types of cathode
    Nature of metal oxide
    Chapter 4 : Electronics

    2

    Properties of cathode rays
    Electrons move fast in a straight line in vacuum
    Carry momentum and energy (due to moving electrons)
    Produce fluorescence/bright spot (when strike fluorescent material)
    Charged negative (deflect towards +ve plate by elec. and mag. field)


    Energy change in a cathode ray







    When a potential difference V is applied across the cathode and
    anode in a vacuum tube, electrons emitted have electric potential
    energy

    Electric potential energy = eV
    e = charge on 1 electron = 1.6 10
    -19
    C

    Emitted electrons will be accelerated by the potential difference V
    to the maximum velocity of v, hence

    Kinetic energy =

    mv
    2

    m = mass of an electron = 9.1 10
    -31
    kg
    v = maximum velocity of the electrons

    By using principle of conservation of energy,

    mv
    2
    = eV

    Maximum velocity of electron, v =




    Chapter 4 : Electronics

    3

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