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    Basic Tutorial For Beginners On R: Start - All Programs - Teaching - Math - R 2.7.0

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    Nikher Verma
    This document provides a basic tutorial for beginners on using the R programming language. It covers setting the working directory, reading data files, performing simple operations and plots, basic statistics, using random number generators and distributions, and saving R sessions. The tutorial demonstrates important R commands like setwd, read.table, plot, mean, sd, runif, and quit.

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    Basic Tutorial For Beginners On R: Start - All Programs - Teaching - Math - R 2.7.0

    Uploaded by

    Nikher Verma
    37 views6 pages
    This document provides a basic tutorial for beginners on using the R programming language. It covers setting the working directory, reading data files, performing simple operations and plots, basic statistics, using random number generators and distributions, and saving R sessions. The tutorial demonstrates important R commands like setwd, read.table, plot, mean, sd, runif, and quit.

    Original Description:

    Introduction to R

    Original Title

    R_intro

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    This document provides a basic tutorial for beginners on using the R programming language. It covers setting the working directory, reading data files, performing simple operations and plots, basic statistics, using random number generators and distributions, and saving R sessions. The tutorial demonstrates important R commands like setwd, read.table, plot, mean, sd, runif, and quit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    37 views6 pages

    Basic Tutorial For Beginners On R: Start - All Programs - Teaching - Math - R 2.7.0

    Uploaded by

    Nikher Verma
    This document provides a basic tutorial for beginners on using the R programming language. It covers setting the working directory, reading data files, performing simple operations and plots, basic statistics, using random number generators and distributions, and saving R sessions. The tutorial demonstrates important R commands like setwd, read.table, plot, mean, sd, runif, and quit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Basic tutorial for beginners on R

    1) Start the program R (in the classroom W036. On your computer you may have
    different configuration).
    Start - All programs - Teaching - Math - R 2.7.0
    o have a folder for R e!ercises inside your "#y $ocuments" folder and therefore
    visi%le from all the computers on the campus do the follo&ing.
    Open "#y $ocuments".
    'reate a ne& folder inside "#y $ocuments"( say "R tutorial"( and open it.
    'opy the address. )or e!ample( my &as "**user)S*staff)S*aal10+*&,-*R tutorial".
    he follo&ing R command assigns this address as the R &or-ing directory(
    setwd("\\\\userS\\sta!!S\\aal"0#\\w2$\\R\ tutorial"%
    .ote dou%le %ac-slashes instead of single %ac-slashes and a %ac-slash %efore the
    space. his is %ecause %oth the space and the %ac-slash are special sym%ols for R.
    he space is a &ord separator and the %ac-slash is a special sym%ol cancelling the
    special meaning (if any) of the ne!t sym%ol.
    /our address &ill %e different from the one a%ove( %ut hopefully the same for all
    the computers on the campus.
    'hec- that the &or-ing directory is set correctly(
    getwd(%
    his setup &ill %e needed to read0&rite files and to save your R1sessions.
    ,) R help
    Open the help &indo& %y typing
    help.start(%
    "2n 3ntroduction to R" is &hat you &ill need for learning the general concept of
    the R1language. #ore information can %e found using "Search 4ngine 5
    6ey&ords".
    o open a help page on a particular R command type & follo&ed %y the name of
    the command. )or e!ample(
    &getwd
    &setwd
    3t is a good idea to read the help page %efore using the command for the first time.
    3) Simple assignments
    #a-e a vector of length 11 and assign values from 0 to 10
    a ' 0("0
    a
    2ssign list of values to a vector
    ) ' c("*2.+*+.0*0.0*-".0*2.0%
    )
    7ere( a and ) are shortcuts to print(a% and print()% &ith default options.
    +) Simple operations and plots
    ype the follo&ing and analyse &hat is going on
    a ' a,"0
    a
    - ' e-p(a%
    -
    #ost of the operations in R are vectorised( so is the plot command(
    a'2.pi."("00,"00
    plot(a*sin(a%%
    plot(a*sin(a%*t/pe'0l0%
    8lot appears in a separate &indo&. /ou can save it. 'lic- on the &indo& &ith the
    plot( then clic- on !ile( sa1e as and then choose one of the formats. 3 find png
    format more convenient %ecause of its porta%ility(

    9) Reading data
    Open a te!t editor and type in some data. his should %e a ta%le( for e!ample:
    " 2 2 # +
    2 " + 2 #
    2 # 2 + "
    # + 2 " 2
    Save the ta%le as a te!t only file in your "R tutorial" folder. o read the file &ith R(
    append an e!tension ".t!t" to the file name. )or e!ample( if the ta%le &as saved as
    "ta%1"( then
    c ' read.ta)le("ta)".t-t"%
    o ma-e sure that everything is fine print or &rite the ta%le to the terminal(
    c
    write.ta)le(c%
    o &rite the ta%le into a te!t only file "ta%,"( define the file name as the second
    argument(
    write.ta)le(c*"ta)2.t-t"%
    'hec- the structure of the o%;ect c(
    str(c%
    3t is a data.!rame( an o%;ect type( &hich &ill %e most fre<uently used in our
    course. here is also a command data.!rame used to generate data.!rame o%;ects
    from simpler o%;ects. 7elp on this command &or-s as usual
    &data.!rame
    he command read.ta)le is not efficient for large data sets. he command scan is
    another option meant to %e more efficient. o read more a%out these commands
    type:
    &read.ta)le
    &scan
    6) 7andling data sets from R pac-ages.
    ype
    data(%
    to see the list of availa%le data sets. 7elp is availa%le on each of them( for
    e!ample(
    &chic$wts
    $eclare this data set and attach it:
    data(chic$wts%
    attach(chic$wts%
    he last command puts chic$wts in the search path. o see the entire search path
    and( in particular( all attached o%;ects( type
    search(%
    2n attached o%;ect can %e detached(
    detach(chic$wts%
    search(%
    $o not forget to attach chic$wts again(
    attach(chic$wts%
    o see elements of the attached o%;ect use ls or o)3ects. )or e!ample(
    ls("chic$wts"%
    or
    ls(2%
    he argument 2 is the position of an o%;ect in the search path. (=y default( a ne&
    o%;ect is attached at the position 2( and the old positions 2( 2( ... are incremented
    %y ")
    3f data set is attached( its columns can %e accessed directly( &ithout reference to
    the data set. )or e!ample( print the elements of chic$wts(
    !eed
    weight
    he command ls &ithout arguments sho&s the glo%al environment( &hich
    occupies the position " in the search path and contains o%;ects created %y a user(
    ls(%
    ls("%
    ls(".4lo)al5n1"%
    >se rm(% to cleanup the environment. )or e!ample( to remove the o%;ects a and -
    created previously( type
    rm(a*-%
    and see that a and - no longer e!ist
    ls(%
    ?) Specialised plots
    he output of the plot command depends on the o%;ect the plot is operating on.
    /ou have already dra&n a plot from t&o vector arguments. ry no& the follo&ing(
    plot(weight%
    3n addition( there are several specialised plotting commands( for e!ample(
    )o-plot(weight%
    )o-plot(weight6!eed''"casein"7*weight6!eed''"so/)ean"7%

    Other useful plot commands are hist( 88plot( 88norm. ry
    hist(weight%
    88norm(weight%
    plot(!eed*weight%

    @) Simple statistics
    ry the follo&ing commands
    a ' weight6!eed''"casein"7
    mean(a%
    1ar(a%
    sd(a)
    summar/(weight6!eed''"casein"7%
    summar/(chic$wts%
    t.test(weight%
    t.test(weight6!eed''"casein"7*weight6!eed''"so/)ean"7%
    and analyse the results.
    A) Random num%er generators and distri%utions
    >sing %uild1in random generators you can sample from( for e!ample( uniform
    distri%ution(
    a ' runi!("000%
    hist(a%
    normal distri%ution(
    a ' rnorm("000%
    hist(a%
    e!ponential distri%ution(
    a ' re-p("000%
    hist(a%

    Other possi%ilities can %e found in the section "A. 8ro%a%ility distri%utions" of "2n
    3ntroduction to R". 2lso( you can search for "$istri%ution" in the "Search 4ngine
    5 6ey&ords".
    10) Saving R session.
    3f you &ant to interrupt your R session and to resume it later( you need to save the
    &or-space image. o do so( <uit your R session %y typing
    8("/es"%
    2lternatively(
    8(%
    and /es &hen prompted.
    o resume the saved session( go to the &or-ing directory (folder)( &hich you have
    previously defined &ith the command setwd. $ou%le1clic- on the icon of the
    &or-space image. 3f R does not start( Open With B %ro&se B R B R1,.?.0 B %in
    Rgui B Open B O6. .e!t time the dou%le1clic- on the icon &ill hopefully &or-.
    >se
    histor/(%
    and
    ls(%
    to see the latest commands of the previous session and the o%;ects you have
    previously created. .ote that data sets are detached.

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