STUDY ON A IRLIFT P UMP AS A P UMPING AND

AERATION S YSTEM IN AQUACULTURE

SAMIR AHMAD A LI
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to study the performance of using the airlift pump as
a pumping and aeration system in the aquacultural systems. Water flow
rates, dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured, and standard
aeration efficiencies (SAE) were determined in airlift pumps 5.0, 7.5 and
10.0cm in diameter, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m in length and submergence of airlifts
were 70, 80 and 90% from pipe length to develop performance data that
might be useful to aquaculturists. Air was injected through leaky pipes (
13mm).
The results indicated that, the water flow rate and standard aeration
efficiency (SAE) increased with increasing of both length and diameter of
airlift pumps and submergence ratio. The water flow rate increased with air
injection until it reaches to the peak then it decreased. The standard aeration
efficiency (SAE) increased in narrow range with increasing the air flow rate,
after this range it decreased with increasing the air flow rate.
Keywords: Airlift Pump Aeration Aquaculture - SAE

1. INTRODUCTION.
Next to centrifugal pumps, air lift pumps are probably the most
common type of the pump used in the aquaculture industry (Lawson, 1995).
Air lift pumps are described by Wheaton (1992) and Spotte (1979).
An air lift pump uses a rising column of air to generate flow in a liquid
system. The most common type air lift consists of an open-ended tupe or
pipe that is partially submerged in fluid into which air is injected. Air lift
pumps operate due to the difference in specific gravity between the fluid on
the outside and the air fluid-mixture on the inside of the tube. Air injection
*

Agric. Eng. Dept., Fac. Agric., Moshtohor, Toukh, Qalubia, P.O. Box, 13736, Egypt.
Phone: +2 013 2467 034 Fax: +2 013 2467 786
E-Mail samirali66@yahoo.com

into the tube causes the specific gravity of the fluid mixture in the tube to be
lowered.
Airlift pumps have been used to move liquids since at least 1797
(Ivens 1914). Small water reuse systems such as aquaria for hobby fish use
airlift pumps to move water through the filter system. The simplicity of
airlift pumps makes them a first choice for use in aquaria (Castro et al.,
1975, Spotte 1979). However, maintaining an even flow of air and water
from multiple pumps connected to a common air source has been a problem.
The water flow is usually adjusted with a series of small valves which
control air delivery to individual pumps. In larger systems it is difficult to
properly balance air flow with a series of valves, but, systems properly
designed with fixed orifices to regulate airflow will work reliably.
Water circulation and aeration in aquaculture ponds have increased
primary productivity, reduced stratification, increased nutrient solubility,
reduced organic accumulation on the bottom, and increased fish production.
Pond aeration techniques have been investigated to increase the growth,
survival, and production of both fish (Ito et al., 1974; Sarig and Marek,
1974; Parker, 1979, 1983; Parker et al., 1984) and crustaceans (Morrissy,
1979; Apud and Camacho, 1980). Airlift pumps of various sizes and
configurations have been used to circulate and aerate pond water, but due to
fluctuating water level in ponds, not all systems have worked reliably and
efficiently. The design and flow predictions for airlift pumps have typically
been based on data derived from small systems suitable for aquaria and
tanks, or from performance charts showing the vertical lift capacity of airlifts
that are 40-90% submerged (Spotte, 1970; Castro et al., 1975; Murray et al.,
1981).
Several investigators have reported the flow rates of small-diameter
airlift pumps used to lift water vertically. Spotte (1970) presented data on the
vertical lift capacity of airlift "pumps 2.5-15 cm in diameter and 40-70%
submerged. Castro et al. (1975) reported on the pumping rate of airlift pumps
1.27-7.62 cm in diameter, 0.3 to 3.7 m long, and 40-70% submerged.
Airlift pumps used to circulate water in ponds operate almost totally
submerged and need to move water only from the bottom of the pond to the
surface. The theory of operation and equations describing performance for
275

airlift pumps operated in this mode has previously been reported by Nicklin
(1963). Murray et al. (1981) defined the nomenclature used to describe airlift
pumps, discussed theory of operation, and presented performance data on
pumps of 1.78-3.65 cm in diameter operated at 50-80% submergence.
One of the main factors affecting the efficiency of an air lift is the
submergence of the lift tube. Submergence is the percentage of the overall
length of the lift tube beneath the surface of the liquid, expressed as a
decimal value. As the submergence increases, the efficiency increases. The
submergence ratio is the ratio of the length of the tube beneath the surface to
the total tube length. The minimum acceptable value for submergence ratio
for the operation of aquaculture air lifts is 80%.
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of four
variables: pipe length, pipe diameter, submergence ratio and volume of air
injected on the water flow rate and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) of
airlift pumps suitable for use in aquaculture ponds.

2. EXPERIMENTAL P ROCEDURE
The present study aimed to study the performance of air lift pump as
a pumping and aeration systems in the aquacultural systems. The study was
carried out at a private farm, near Cairo, Egypt. The effect of airflow rate,
pipe length, pipe diameter and submergence of stand pipe on airlift pump
discharge and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) in the aeration tank was
studied.

2.1. System description:

This system consists of a pressure air blower, PVC pipes (50mm in
diameter), leaky pipes (13mm in diameter), and PVC couples (elbow and Tshape). The pressure air blower (3 Phase) works on Maximum Duty 2.0m
H2 O at free air. A PVC pipe (50mm in diameter) was fitted on the blower, as
shown in Figure (1). This pipe was ended by a T-shape PVC couple, which
was branched into two directions (0.5 meter each). The leaky pipes were
mounted on these branches. Aeration tank was built of concrete and its

276

dimensions were 1.01.01.5m for width, length and depth, respectively.

Airflow was regulated using 2 ball valve.
Airlift pumps with nominal diameters of 5.0, 7.5 and 1.0cm were
constructed from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. Each pump consisted of a
vertical section of pipe with lengths of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m, fitted with a 90
elbow at the upper end (Figure 1). Air was injected through a leaky pipe
13mm placed at the center of stand pipe.

Lift

Air Blower

Submergence
0.7, 0.8 and 0.9
from total length
Leaky Pipe
13mm 0.6 fom
submergence

Pipe Length
0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m

Pipe Diameter
5.0, 7.5 and 10.0cm

Figure (1): Layout of the experimental procedure.

Air volume was regulated with a ball valve type. Measurements were
made when water and air temperature was about 20-25C. All measurements
of water and air represent the mean of three independent measurements
made at approximately 5- min intervals after flows were stabilized. The
standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency
(SAE) in the aeration tank at different treatments were determined.
277

2.2. Measurements:
Airflow rate was measured and controlled by measuring the air
velocity in the pipe. It was measured using a hot wire anemometer
(Service: Testo, GmbH &Co., Germany). The air pressure was measured
with a manometer, which was inserted in the air stream before and after the
air blower through a small opening on the PVC pipe. The dissolved oxygen
concentration and temperature in aeration tank were measured by a dissolved
oxygen meter (Cole-Parmer Instrument Co., Model #53012-Series). Water
flow coming out of the airlift pump is collected in a wooden box with a
rectangular weir. The dimensions of the box are 0.70.130.3m. Water
pumped out by the airlift flows into the weir box from the bottom, goes over
the weir head and then discharges back into tank.

2.3. The standard aeration efficiency (SAE) determination:

To determine the standard aeration efficiency (SAE) in the aeration
tank, the current dissolved oxyge n concentration was measured, and the
water in the tank was deoxygenated with 0.1- mg/L cobalt chloride (CoCl2 .
6H2 O) and 10.0-12.0 mg/L sodium sulfite (Na2 SO3 ) for each mg/L of
dissolved oxygen (Boyd, 1986). The cobalt chloride and sodium sulfite were
dissolved in a pail of water from the tank and splashed over the water surface
in the tank. The dissolved oxygen meter probe was immersed in the middle
of the water tank. The dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) were
measured at one- minute intervals until the dissolved oxygen reached 85% of
saturation.
The dissolved oxygen deficits (OD) were obtained by subtracting
dissolved oxygen concentrations in the tank from dissolved oxygen
concentrations at saturation (Ce), which estimated, using the following
equatio n (Soderberg, 1995):

Ce = 125.9 / (32 + 1.8 T) 0.625

(1)

where:
278

Ce

= the equilibrium concentration of oxygen, mg/L at

atmospheric pressure;
T
= the water temperature, C.
The oxygen transfer coefficient was computed by using the points
representing 10% and 70% oxygen saturation (Boyd and Watten, 1989) and
using the following equation:
(K La)T = [LN (OD1 ) LN (OD2 )] / [(t2 - t1 )/60]
(2)
where:
(K La)T = overall oxygen transfer coefficient at temperature of test
water, h-1 ;
OD1 = oxygen deficit at point 1, mg/L;
OD2 = oxygen deficit at point 2, mg/L;
t1
= time at point 1, min;
t2
= time at point 2, min.
Water temperature influences oxygen transfer. The oxygen transfer
coefficient was adjusted at 20 C using the following equation:
(K La)20 = (K La)T T-20
(3)
where:
(K la)20 = oxygen transfer coefficient at 20 C, h-1 ;
= it ranges from 1.016-1.047, 1.024 is recommended. (Lawson,
1995).
The overall oxygen coefficient was used to estimate the standard
oxygen transfer rate in the aeration tank. The oxygen transfer rate was
calculated at standard conditions (0 mg/L-dissolved oxygen, 20 C, and clear
water) using the following equation:
SOTR = (K la)20 DOC20 V 10-3
(4)
where:
SOTR = standard oxygen transfer rate, kgO 2 /h.
DOC20 = dissolved oxygen at saturation for 20o C and standard
pressure, mg/L.
V
= volume of water in tank, m3 .
The ideal gas law was used to correct the air flow meter data
collected at test temperature and pressure to standard conditions. The
279

compressibility factor deviation was neglected at the modest pressures

achieved (i.e. assumed Z=1).
Power usage was calculated by the polytropic compression curve
which expresses the relation of absolute pressure, P, to volume, V, as:
PVn =constant (Perry et al., 1993).
Using the adiabatic assumption that n is equal to the ratio of specific
heats, Cp/Cv, commonly known as k, is valid for blowers where the
compression ratios and discharge pressures are low (WPCF, 1988).
Equating the work done in a compression cycle to the weight of gas
moved through a resistance yields the adiabatic head. This head times the
mass flow rate gives an expression for the work per unit time, or power. For
air k=1 (Perry et al., 1993) and thus:
P 0. 286
kWad = 9.73 10 66.67 Q1P1 2
1
(5)
P1

where kWad is adiabatic power (kW),

Q1 is air volumetric flow rate (l min-1 ) and
P1 , P2 are blower inlet and discharge pressures (kPa).
The standard aeration efficiency (SAE) was calculated by dividing
the transfer rates by the delivered blower power calculated from equation (5)
(adapted from ASCE, 1992):
SAE (kg O2 kWh-1 ) = SOTR / kWad
(6)

280

3. RESULTS AND D ISCUSSION .

3.1. Water Flow Rate.
Numerous researchers have developed empirical and theoretical
descriptions of the fluid delivery function for various air-lift configurations
(Nicklin, 1963; Castro and Zielinski, 1980, Bronikowski and McCormick,
1983; Reinemann, 1987; Wurts et al., 1994). However, the predictive
accuracy of such tools is somewhat restricted because of the significant
effect of specific configuration details such as entrance conditions and
injector type. For the air-lift design tested in this research, Polynomial
regression provided the best-fit model for empirically derived water flow
rates for airlift pumps, water delivery increased with air injection until it
reach to the peak then it decreased, as shown in Fig. 2. Water flow also
increased with the depth of submergence, but decreased with lift height.
Thus, Table (1) illustrates the constants, regression determination and
standard error for an equation for predicting fluid flow.
Figures (2) shows the water flow rate (l min-1 ) for three pipe lengths
(0.5 (L1), 1.0 (L2) and 1.5m (L3)), three pipe diameter (5.0 (D1), 7.5 (D2)
and 10cm (D3)) and three submergence ratio (70% (S1), 80% (S2) and 90%
(S3)) respectively, at different airflow rates (8.4-3387.0 liters min-1 ).
The no-flow conditions described by Murray et al. (1981) were
approached in our test at 0.5m length in the diameter pipes 7.5cm at 70%
submergence ratio and 10.0cm at 70% and 80% submergence ratio.
Pickert (1932) cautioned that only flows from airlifts of identical
submergence and length could be compared with each other. Recognizing
that caution, we compared the flow rates of our 5.0cm diameter and 1.0m
length air-lift pump with air injected at 72 liters min-l, at submergence ratio
70, 80 and 90% (Fig. 2) with flow rates studied by Loyless and Malone
(1998).
Our flow rates were 72, 102 and 138 liters min- l, respectively, for
the 70, 80 and 90% submergence ratio, compared with the rates of 50.3, 68.6
and 102.5 liters min-1 studied by Loyless and Malone. These differences
were probably due to differences in air diffuser. Our measurements were

281

made with the leaky pipes as an air diffuser. Loyless and Malone measured
flow with use air stone as an air diffuser.

D2

D3

L1S1
L1S2
L1S3
L2S1
L2S2
L2S3
L3S1
L3S2
L3S3
L1S1
L1S2
L1S3
L2S1
L2S2
L2S3
L3S1
L3S2
L3S3
L1S1
L1S2
L1S3
L2S1
L2S2
L2S3
L3S1
L3S2
L3S3
*
**

**

-0.15
-0.23
1.310-2
-1.310-4
-3
-2.84
0.76
-2.010
-2.810-5
-2
-11.1
2.58
-3.110
1.510-4
-3
-4.12
1.22
-4.110
5.110-6
8.73
1.50
-5.510-3 7.310-6
47.7
1.49
-5.710-3 7.710-6
-6.9
1.37
-4.410-3 5.510-6
13.9
1.45
-4.110-3 4.210-6
71.5
1.22
-3.610-3 3.610-6
-28.0
0.80
-4.510-3 8.710-6
-9.8
1.83
-1.310-2 4.010-5
-59.6
1.57
-4.510-3 5.310-6
-28.2
1.91
-5.410-3 5.910-6
76.3
1.58
-4.510-3 4.810-6
-19.1
1.32
-1.810-3 9.810-7
31.2
1.49
2.210-3
1.210-6
-3
159.0 1.19
-1.810
9.610-7
-66.4
2.31
-1.410-2 3.610-5
-98.3
1.11
-2.410-3 2.510-6
-87.3
1.96
-4.810-3 4.910-6
94.9
1.37
-2.710-3 2.010-6
-86.3
1.50
-1.610-3 6.710-7
-26.2
1.90
-2.710-3 1.010-6
4.6
-0.007 6.510-6
-2.310-9
D1=5.0cm, D2=7.5cm, D3=10.0cm.
L1=0.5m, L2=1.0m, L3=1.5m.
S1=0.7, S2=0.8, S3=0.9.

SE

Peak

D1

Length &
Submergence

Pipe
Diameter*

Table 1: The constants, regression determination (R), standard error (SE) and
the peak for an equation for predicting water flow as a polynomial
regression (Y=a+bX+cX2 +dX3 +eX4 )

4.010-7
1.010-7
-2.810-7
-2.210-9
-3.310-9
-3.610-9
-2.410-9
-1.410-9
-1.210-9
-9.510-9
-4.710-8
-2.410-9
-2.310-9
1.810-9
-1.710-10
-2.210-10
-1.710-10
-3.510-8
-1.210-9
-1.910-9
-5.910-10
-1.010-10
-1.610-10
2.910-13

0.86
2.67
7.84
7.20
11.0
15.8
6.5
14.1
11.7
0.4
0.2
1.2
8.6
7.5
15.5
19.3
20.3
0.54
2.8
2.13
16.8
11.2
25.1
0.12

0.99
0.98
0.96
0.98
0.97
0.95
0.99
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99

72
72
72
198
198
198
258
258
258
129
129
368
368
368
478
478
478
189
415
415
415
912
912
912

282

The effect of diameter of airlift pump was evaluated. For example, in a

airlift operated with about 200.0 liters min-1 of air injected at a submergence
ratio of 90%, the flow in a 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m length airlift increased about
32.0, 14.0 and 26.0% respectively, when the diameter of airlift pump was
increased from 7.5 to 10.0cm.
The effect of length of airlift pump was also evaluated. For example, in
a 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0cm diameter airlift operated with about 200.0 liters min-1
of air injected at a submergence ratio of 90%, the flow rate was about 19.0%,
45.9% and 96.0% greater when the airlift length was 1.5m than when it was
1.0m, respectively.
The flow rates presented in figure 2 are about 19.6-85.3% greater
than the maximum flows obtainable from airlifts of similar size with similar
rates of air injection at difference of submergence ratio. For example, in a
5.0cm diameter airlift operated with about 200.0 liters min-1 of air injected at
a length of 1.5m, the flow rate was about 27.6% greater when the
submergence ratio was 80% than when it was 70%, and about 19.6% greater
when the submergence ratio was 90% than when it was 80% (Fig. 2). The
flow in a 7.5cm diameter airlift increased about 36.4% when the
submergence ratio was increased from 70% to 80%, and about 27.8% when
the submergence ratio was increased from 80% to 90% (Fig. 2). Changing
the submergence ratio in a 10cm diameter airlift from 70% to 80% increased
flows about 85.3%, whereas changing the submergence ratio in the same
diameter airlift from 80% to 90% increased flows about 55.2% (Fig. 2). The
depth of submergence or, conversely, the vertical lift, affected flow rates in
proportion to the diameter of the airlift. The effect of change in depth of
submergence on flow was only slight in small-diameter airlifts, but was very
substantial in large diameter pipes.

283

L1S1

L1S2

L1S3

L2S1

L2S2

L2S3

L3S1

L3S2

L3S3

Water Flow Rate (l min-1 )

D= 5.0 cm

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2500

3000

3500

2500

3000

3500

-1

Air Flow Rate (l min )

-1

Water Flow Rate (l min )

D= 7.5 cm
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000
-1

Air Flow Rate (l min )

-1

Water Flow Rate (l min )

D= 10.0 cm
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000
-1

Air Flow Rate (l min )

Figure: 2. Water flow rates of airlift pump s.

284

3.2. Standard Aeration Efficiency (SAE).

Figure (3) shows the standard aeration efficiency (kgO 2 kWh-1 ) for
three pipe lengths (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m), three pipe diameter (5.0, 7.5 and
10cm) and three submergence ratio (70%, 80% and 90%) respectively, at
different airflow rates (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0m min-1 ). The results clarity
that the standard aeration efficiency (SAE) increased in narrow range with
increasing the air flow rate, which was 0-90.0, 0-167.6 and 0-349,4 for 5.0,
7.5 and 10.0cm airlift diameter, respectively. After this range it decreased in
increasing the air flow rate. For example, in a 1.5m length it decreased from
3.72-0.24, 4.24-0.37 and 4.18-0.39 kgO 2 kWh-1 when the air flow rate
increased from 19.2-1260, 45.0-2310 and 86-2604 l min-1 at 90%
submergence ratio for 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0m airlift diameter, respectively. This
may be due to increasing the flow rate required more power and according to
Boyd and Moore, 1993, the SAE is inversely proportional to the power.
The effect of diameter of airlift pump was evaluated. For example, in a
airlift operated with about 200.0 liters min-1 of air injected at a submergence
ratio of 90%, the standard aeration efficiency in a 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m length
airlift increased about 38.0, 30.0 and 40.0% respectively, when the diameter
of airlift pump was increased from 7.5 to 10.0cm.
The effect of length of airlift pump was also evaluated. For example, in
a 7.5 and 10.0cm diameter airlift operated with about 200.0 liters min-1 of air
injected at a submergence ratio of 90%, the standard aeration efficiency was
about 12.1% and 20.9% greater when the airlift length was 1.5m than when
it was 1.0m, respectively.
For example, in a 7.5cm diameter airlift operated with about 200.0
liters min-1 of air injected at a length of 1.5m, the standard aeration
efficiency was about 6.8% greater when the submergence ratio was 80%
than when it was 70%, and about 5.5% greater when the submergence ratio
was 90% than when it was 80% (Fig. 3).

285

L1S1

L1S2

L1S3

L2S1

L2S2

L2S3

L3S1

L3S2

L3S3

5.0

-1

SAE (kg O2 kWh )

D= 5.0 cm

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

2500

3000

3500

2500

3000

3500

-1

Air Flow Rate (l min )

-1

SAE (kg O2 kWh )

D= 7.5 cm
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0

500

1000

1500

2000
-1

Air Flow Rate (l min )

SAE (kg O2 kWh -1 )

D= 10.0 cm
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0

500

1000

1500

2000
-1

Air Flow Rate (l min )

Figure: 3. Standard aeration efficiency (SAE) of airlift pumps.

286

3.3. Feasibility Study.

On the basis of the cost of materials, installation, and operation, we
found 7.5 and 10cm diameter and 1.0m length airlift pumps to be more
appropriate than either larger or smaller ones for decertifying 0.02 to 2.0
hectares ponds. According to Soderberg (1995), one airlift pump per 0.02 or
0.05 hectare pond prevented stratification when 110 liters min-1 of air was
injected into the vertical riser at a point 90 cm below the surface of the
water. In larger ponds 7.5 and 10 cm diameter pumps have been installed at
the rate of 20 per hectare.
This means that, a regenerative blower with a nameplate rating of
1.12 kW (1.5 hp) can serve airlift pumps required per one hectare. Vertical
lift was essentially 10cm as these airlifts were adjusted for maximum flow to
produce circulation and vertical mixing of water in ponds.
On the other hand, extensive fish farming in Egypt is mainly
dependent on paddle wheel for aeration, where, one hectare needs eight
paddle wheels which require 4.0 kW (Boyd, 1986).
This means replacing paddle wheels with airlift pumps saves almost
72 % of the energy required for aeration.

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aeration system on the survival and growth of hatchery bred sugpo
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BOYD, C.E. 1986. A method for testing aerators for fish tanks. Progressive
Fish-Culturist, 48: 25-26.
BOYD, C.E. AND B.J. WATTEN. 1989. Aeration system in aquaculture, CRC
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BRONIKOWSKI, E.J. AND D.J. M CCORMICK. 1983. The airlift pumps as an
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airlift pumps. Proc. World Mariculture Soc., 11,163-74.
CASTRO, W.E., P.B. ZIELINSKI AND P.A. SANDIFER. 1975. Performance
characteristics of airlift pumps of short length and small diameter.
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ITO, T., J. TOI AND Y. SATOMI. 1974. The effect of artificial pond water
circulation and feeding on productivity in carp culture ponds. Bull.
Freshwater Fisheries Res. Lab. (Tokyo), 24(2), 65-77.
IVENS, E.M. 1914. Pumping by Compressed Air, John Wiley & Sons, New
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LAWSON, T.B. 1995. Fundamental of Aquacultural Engineering. Elsiver
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